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Abstract
This review deals with the synthesis of naturally occurring alkaloids containing partially or completely saturated pyrimidine nuclei. The interest in these compounds is associated with their structural diversity, high biological activity and toxicity. The review is divided into four parts, each of which describes a number of synthetic methodologies toward structurally different naturally occurring alkaloids containing saturated cyclic six-membered amidine, guanidine, aminal and urea (thiourea) moieties, respectively. The development of various synthetic strategies for the preparation of these compounds has remarkably increased during the past few decades. This is primarily due to the fact that some of these compounds are isolated only in limited quantities, which makes it practically impossible to study their full structural characteristics and biological activity.
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Griggs SD, Martin-Roncero A, Nelson A, Marsden SP. Regioselective side-chain amination of 2-alkyl azacycles by radical translocation: total synthesis of tetraponerine T8. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:919-922. [PMID: 33393538 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07625b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective γ-C-H amination of the side-chain of saturated 2-alkyl nitrogen heterocycles is reported, proceeding through a sulfamide-directed 1,6-radical translocation. The practicality of this rapid access to 1,3-diamines is highlighted in a short synthesis of the alkaloid tetraponerine T8 and non-natural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Adam Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Seo JM, Hassan AH, Lee YS. An expeditious entry to rare tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-c]pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-7(8H)-ones: A single-step gateway synthesis of glochidine congeners. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Davies SG, Fletcher AM, Houlsby ITT, Roberts PM, Thomson JE. Asymmetric Synthesis of the Tetraponerine Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6689-6702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ai M. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Ian T. T. Houlsby
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Paul M. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - James E. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry,
Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield
Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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Bosque I, Gonzalez-Gomez JC, Loza MI, Brea J. Natural tetraponerines: a general synthesis and antiproliferative activity. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3982-91. [PMID: 24731136 DOI: 10.1021/jo500446f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A stereocontrolled general methodology to access all natural tetraponerines from (+)-T1 to (+)-T8 is detailed. Two consecutive indium-mediated aminoallylations with the appropriate enantiomer of chiral N-tert-butylsulfinamide and a thermodynamic control at the aminal stereocenter allow the formation of each natural tetraponerine with excellent stereoselectivity. The use of 4-bromobutanal in the first aminoallylation leads to the formation of 5-6-5 tetraponerines, while 5-bromopentanal is required to build the scaffold of 6-6-5 tetraponerines. A cross-metathesis reaction of the second aminoallylation product with cis-3-hexene is used to elongate the side chain up to 5 carbons so as to prepare the tetraponerines T5 to T8. The anticancer activity of these heavier tetraponerines against four different carcinoma human cell lines is examined, observing a promising cytotoxic activity of (+)-T7 against breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante , Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Bates RW, Kasinathan S. Hydroformylation in Natural Product Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 342:187-223. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Bosque I, González-Gómez JC, Guijarro A, Foubelo F, Yus M. Concise total synthesis and stereochemical analysis of tetraponerines T3 and T4. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10340-6. [PMID: 23092368 DOI: 10.1021/jo302045y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient stereocontrolled preparation of tetraponerines T3 and T4 is detailed. The sequence takes advantage of two consecutive stereoselective aminoallylations of appropriate aldehydes with chiral tert-butanesulfinamide and in situ generated allyl indium species. The absolute configuration of the carbon stereogenic center at the aminal moiety is thermodynamically controlled. This was ascertained on the basis of an exhaustive DFT configurational study of tetraponerines, which fulfils the lack of detailed structural information for these systems. It was found that the trans-transoid-configuration of the AB rings is the most stable geometry for T3 and T4. However, the C ring prefers a cis-configuration in T3 (ttc-T3) and a trans-fusion in T4 (ttt-T4). Regarding their dynamic behavior, low activation barriers were found by DFT calculations for the inversion of the nitrogen at the indolizidine framework, allowing rapid equilibration between the major configurations (ttc and ttt) in T3 and T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Airiau E, Girard N, Pizzeti M, Salvadori J, Taddei M, Mann A. Hydroformylation of Alkenylamines. Concise Approaches toward Piperidines, Quinolizidines, and Related Alkaloids. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8670-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101776y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Airiau
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Nicolas Girard
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marianna Pizzeti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jessica Salvadori
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taddei
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - André Mann
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Graffenstaden, France
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Pettersson S, Pérez-Nueno VI, Ros-Blanco L, Puig de La Bellacasa R, Rabal MO, Batllori X, Clotet B, Clotet-Codina I, Armand-Ugón M, Esté J, Borrell JI, Teixidó J. Discovery of novel non-cyclam polynitrogenated CXCR4 coreceptor inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2009; 3:1549-57. [PMID: 18671217 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HIV cell fusion and entry have been validated as targets for therapeutic intervention against infection. Bicyclams were the first low-molecular-weight compounds to show specific interaction with CXCR4. The most potent bicyclam was AMD3100, in which the two cyclam moieties are tethered by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) bridge. It was withdrawn from clinical trials owing to its lack of oral bioavailability and cardiotoxicity. We have designed a combinatorial library of non-cyclam polynitrogenated compounds by preserving the main features of AMD3100. At least two nitrogen atoms on each side of the p-phenylene moiety, one in the benzylic position and the other(s) in the heterocyclic system were maintained, and the distances between them were similar to the nitrogen atom distances in cyclam. A selection of diverse compounds from this library were prepared, and their in vitro activity was tested in cell cultures against HIV strains. This led to the identification of novel potent CXCR4 coreceptor inhibitors without cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pettersson
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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Bisai A, Singh VK. An efficient approach to 2-substituted N-tosylpiperdines: asymmetric synthesis of 2-(2-hydroxy substituted)piperidine alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Beaufort-Droal V, Pereira E, Théry V, Aitken DJ. Preparation of non-racemic single-stereocentre α-aminonitriles and a study of their fate in Bruylants reactions. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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François D, Poupon E, Kunesch N, Husson HP. Reductive and Oxidative Transformations of theN-(Cyanomethyl)oxazolidine System to Expand the Chiral Pool of Piperidines. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim JT, Butt J, Gevorgyan V. Highly diastereoselective approach toward (+/-)-tetraponerine T6 and analogues via the double cycloisomerization-reduction of bis-alkynylpyrimidines. J Org Chem 2004; 69:5638-45. [PMID: 15307734 PMCID: PMC3686648 DOI: 10.1021/jo049259g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new, short, and efficient approach toward tricyclic alkaloids, involving the double cycloisomerization-reduction of bis-alkynylpyrimidines 3a-m, has been developed. The requisite bis-alkynylpyrimidines 3a-m were readily prepared via regioselective sequential Sonogashira coupling reactions of dibromopyrimidines 1. Bis-alkynylpyrimidines 3a-m were converted into the 5-6-5 tricyclic heteroaromatic cores 4a-m via the Cu(I)-assisted double cycloisomerization reaction. The reaction proceeded stepwise, which was confirmed by the isolation of the mono-pyrrolization intermediate 5. The structure of 5 was assigned by 2D NMR and by independent synthesis. Cycloisomerization of 5 under standard conditions afforded tricyclic 4g in 89% yield. The PtO2-catalyzed hydrogenation of bis-pyrrolopyrimidines 4d, 4g, and 4i in acidic media afforded stable amidinium derivatives, 11a, 11b, and 11c. Further reduction of the latter with LiAlH4 allowed for the highly diastereoselective total synthesis of (+/-)-tetraponerine T6 and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 875 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
| | - Jason Butt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 875 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 875 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7061
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Royer
- Synthèse et Structure de Molécules d'Intérêt Pharmacologique, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, UMR 8638 (CNRS-Université Paris-5), 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris 06, France.
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Theoretical and model studies on the chemoselectivity of a Grignard reagent's reaction with a combined aminonitrile–oxazolidine system. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Renaud T, Hurvois JP, Uriac P. Synthesis of New Quinoxaline Derivatives by Reductive Cyclization of Various 1-(2-Nitrophenyl)-2-cyanoamines. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200103)2001:5<987::aid-ejoc987>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Garraffo HM, Spande TF, Jain P, Kaneko T, Jones TH, Blum MS, Ali TM, Snelling RR, Isbell LA, Robertson HG, Daly JW. Ammonia chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry in structural determination of alkaloids. II. Tetraponerines from pseudomyrmecine ants. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1409-1415. [PMID: 11507752 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (CI-MS/MS) of alkaloids with ammonia reagent gas and collision-activated dissociation as well as EI-MS/MS were applied to the tetraponerine alkaloids in extracts from six pseudomyrmecine ants of the genus Tetraponera. The MS/MS techniques along with gas chromatography Fourier transform infrared (GC/FTIR) spectra allowed identification in two extracts of seven of the eight known tetraponerines. The EI-MS/MS fragmentations proved diagnostic for the ring system and the CI-MS/MS patterns for the C-8 or C-9 substitution, while the Bohlmann bands in FTIR spectra were diagnostic for the C-8 or C-9 configurations. An Indian ant (T. allaborans) had T-2, T-4 and T-8, while a Chinese ant (T. binghami) had T-5, T-6, T-7 and T-8. Four other ants, T. rufonigra (India), T. penzigi (Africa), T. clypeata (Africa) and T. sp. cf. emeryi (Africa), had no tetraponerines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Garraffo
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0820, USA
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Stragies R, Blechert S. Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetraponerines by Pd- and Ru-Catalyzed Domino Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja001688i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Stragies
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Blechert
- Contribution from the Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Leclercq S, Braekman JC, Daloze D, Pasteels JM. The defensive chemistry of ants. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2000; 79:115-229. [PMID: 10838783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6341-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Leclercq
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Free University of Brussels, Belgium
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Plehiers M, Heilporn S, Ekelmans D, Leclercq S, Sangermano M, Braekman JC, Daloze D. An expeditious synthesis of (±)-decahydro-5 H-dipyrrolo [1,2- a:1',2'- c]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile: a formal synthesis of (±)-tetraponerines-1, -2, -5, and -6. CAN J CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/v00-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A short and practical synthesis of (±)-decahydro-5H-dipyrrolo[1,2-a:1',2'-c]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (17), a pivotal intermediate in the synthesis of (±)-tetraponerines-1 (5), -2 (6), -5 (7), and -6 (8), in three steps and 24% overall yield, from simple and inexpensive starting materials, is reported. The key step of our synthesis is a one pot stereoselective multistep process, whereupon two molecules of Δ1-pyrroline (9) react with diethyl malonate (10) to afford the tricyclic lactam ester 13, possessing the tetraponerine skeleton. Hydrolysis of the carboethoxy group of 13 followed by decarboxylation yields lactam 15, which is converted into α-aminonitrile 17. Our fruitless efforts to transform lactam 15 into the tetraponerines through reductive alkylation are also discussed.Key words: alkaloids, tetraponerines, stereoselective synthesis, Robinson-Schöpf reaction, lactams, ants.
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Read RW, Shi XQ. Chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity in the condensation reactions of 4,4′-diethyl-2,2′-perhydrobipyrimidine. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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François D, Lallemand MC, Selkti M, Tomas A, Kunesch N, Husson HP. Einfache enantioselektive biomimetische Synthese derNitraria-Alkaloide (+)-Isonitramin und (−)-Sibirin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19980116)110:1/2<112::aid-ange112>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Martens T, Billon-Souquet F, Gauthier I, Royer J. Anodically induced cycloaddition of vinylethylether to N-cyanomethyl-oxazolidine system. Stereoselective synthesis of β-amino ketal compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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