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Kumar MP, G M, Amaladass P, Manikandan C, Dhayalan V. Recent synthetic strategies for the construction of functionalized carbazoles and their heterocyclic motifs enabled by Lewis acids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32596-32626. [PMID: 37936643 PMCID: PMC10626344 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06396h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This article demonstrates recent innovative cascade annulation methods for preparing functionalized carbazoles and their related polyaromatic heterocyclic compounds enabled by Lewis acid catalysts. Highly substituted carbazole scaffolds were synthesized via Lewis acid mediated Friedel-Crafts arylation, electrocyclization, intramolecular cyclization, cycloaddition, C-N bond-formations, aromatization and cascade domino reactions, metal-catalyzed, iodine catalyzed reactions and multi-component reactions. This review article mainly focuses on Lewis acid-mediated recent synthetic methods to access a variety of electron-rich and electron-poor functional groups substituted carbazole frameworks in one-pot reactions. Polyaromatic carbazole and their related nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds were found in several synthetic applications in pharma industries, energy devices, and materials sciences. Moreover, the review paper briefly summarised new synthetic strategies of carbazole preparation approaches will assist academic and pharma industries in identifying innovative protocols for producing poly-functionalized carbazoles and related highly complex heterocyclic compounds and discovering active pharmaceutical drugs or carbazole-based alkaloids and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marappan Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal-609609 Union Territory Puducherry India https://vasudeva49.wixsite.com/catalysislab
| | - Mahantesh G
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal-609609 Union Territory Puducherry India https://vasudeva49.wixsite.com/catalysislab
| | - P Amaladass
- Department of Chemistry, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science Madanapalle 517325 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Chitrarasu Manikandan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal-609609 Union Territory Puducherry India https://vasudeva49.wixsite.com/catalysislab
| | - Vasudevan Dhayalan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Puducherry Karaikal-609609 Union Territory Puducherry India https://vasudeva49.wixsite.com/catalysislab
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The Journey of 1-Keto-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazole Based Fluorophores: From Inception to Implementation. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:2023-2052. [PMID: 35829843 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbazole is a unique template associated with several biological activities. It is due to the diverse and versatile biological properties of carbazole derivatives that they are of immense interest to the research community. 1-keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazoles are important synthetic intermediates to obtain carbazole derivatives. Several members of this family emit fluorescence on photoexcitation. In the context of biochemical and biophysical research, designing and characterising small molecule environment sensitive fluorophores is extremely significant. This article aims to be a state of the art review with synthetic and photophysical details of a variety of fluorophores based on 1-keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole skeleton.
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Al‐Rifai NM, Mubarak MS. α‐Substituted Chalcones: A Key Review. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nafisah M. Al‐Rifai
- Pharmaceutical and chemical engineering department School of Medical Sciences German-Jordanian University, P.O. Box 35247 Amman 111800 Jordan
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Hullaert J, Winne JM. (5,6-Dihydro-1,4-dithiin-2-yl)methanol as a Versatile Allyl-Cation Equivalent in (3+2) Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 55:13254-13258. [PMID: 27653810 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The title heterocyclic alcohol readily generates a sulfur-substituted allylic cation upon simple treatment with a protic acid, thus facilitating a synthetically useful stepwise (3+2) cycloaddition reaction pathway with a range of conjugated-olefin-type substrates. The introduction of an allyl fragment in this way provided rapid access to a variety of cyclopentanoid scaffolds. The cyclic nature of the cation precursor alcohol was shown to be instrumental for efficient cycloaddition reactions to take place, thus indicating an attractive strategy for controlling the reactivity of heteroatom-substituted allyl cations. The formal cycloaddition reaction is highly regio- and stereoselective and was also used for a short total synthesis of the natural product cuparene in racemic form through a cycloaddition-hydrodesulfurization sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hullaert
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Gent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Johan M Winne
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, Gent, 9000, Belgium.
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Chen J, Han X, Lu X. Atom-Economic Synthesis of Pentaleno[2,1-b]indoles via Tandem Cyclization of Alkynones Initiated by Aminopalladation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1977-1985. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiuling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Hullaert J, Winne JM. (5,6-Dihydro-1,4-dithiin-2-yl)methanol as a Versatile Allyl-Cation Equivalent in (3+2) Cycloaddition Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hullaert
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 Gent 9000 Belgium
| | - Johan M. Winne
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 Gent 9000 Belgium
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Sato AH, Ohashi K, Ito K, Iwasawa T. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 1-(1-halovinyl)-1H-indoles from 1-ethynyl-1H-indoles with in situ generated HX. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Volkova YA, Budynina EM, Kaplun AE, Ivanova OA, Chagarovskiy AO, Skvortsov DA, Rybakov VB, Trushkov IV, Melnikov MY. Duality of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropane Reactivity as a Three-Carbon Component in Five-Membered Ring Construction: [3+2] Annulation Versus [3+2] Cycloaddition. Chemistry 2013; 19:6586-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Prasad B, Sreenivas BY, Krishna GR, Kapavarapu R, Pal M. Pd-mediated construction of a cyclopentane ring fused with indoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6716-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chen B, Fan W, Chai G, Ma S. Electronic Effect Directed Au(I)-Catalyzed Cyclic C2–H Bond Functionalization of 3-Allenylindoles. Org Lett 2012; 14:3616-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301408g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Lu, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Lu, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Guobi Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Lu, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Lu, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China, and Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Sureshbabu R, Saravanan V, Dhayalan V, Mohanakrishnan AK. Lewis Acid Mediated One-Pot Synthesis of Aryl/Heteroaryl-Fused Carbazoles Involving a Cascade Friedel-Crafts Alkylation/Electrocyclization/Aromatization Reaction Sequence. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ramesh N, Rajeshwaran GG, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis of di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted carbazole analogs involving annulation methodology. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Deagostino A, Prandi C, Toppino A, Venturello P. Palladium-catalysed Heck reaction on 1,2-dien-1-ols: a stereoselective synthesis of α-arylated α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Rapid progress in the synthetic application of benzotriazole derivatives in the last 20 years has resulted in over 1000 scientific papers on the subject. This fact is reflected in Section 5.01.7, which involves almost a half of the volume of this chapter. The section is arranged according to hybridization of the C-α atom and atomic numbers of the atoms in positions β and γ to allow an easy access to the material of interest. Recent discovery of copper catalysis in [3+2] cycloadditions of azides to acetylenes, the so-called ‘click chemistry’, which boosted application of the 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, especially in medicinal chemistry, is presented in Section 5.01.9. From the point of view of practical applications, Section 5.01.11 is organized according to the number, position, and combination of the substituents at the aromatic rings. Another novel feature that has no precedence in the previous editions of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry is an addition of triazole and benzotriazole complexes with various transitions metals to Section 5.01.4.
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Katritzky AR, Button MAC, Denisenko SN. Efficient synthesis of 3,5-functionalized isoxazoles and isoxazolinesvia1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of 1-propargyl- and 1-allylbenzotriazoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570370616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Katritzky AR, Lan X, Yang JZ, Denisko OV. Properties and Synthetic Utility of N-Substituted Benzotriazoles. Chem Rev 1998; 98:409-548. [PMID: 11848906 DOI: 10.1021/cr941170v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Kumar U, Patra PK, Ila H, Junjappa H. Benzoannelation of 2-methylindole via 1-N-carboxy-2-methylindole dianion: A direct regiospecific route to substituted and annelated carbazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Synthesis of 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazolesvia intermolecular [4+2] cycloaddition. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Katritzky AR, Serdyuk L, Xie L, Ghiviriga I. Efficient Syntheses of 2-Functionalized Thiophenes, Cyclopent[b]thiophenes, and Polysubstituted Benzo[b]thiophenes from 2-(Benzotriazol-1-ylmethyl)thiophenes. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo970672g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Larisa Serdyuk
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Linghong Xie
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
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Katritzky AR, Zhang G, Xie L. Novel Route to Functionalized IndansviaFormal [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of 1-Benzylbenzotriazoles with Alkenes. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919708004110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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An Expedient New Synthesis of Substituted Carbazoles via α-Oxoketene Acetals through Heteroaromatic Annelation Methodology. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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