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BF3–Catalyzed Diels–Alder Reaction between Butadiene and Methyl Acrylate in Aqueous Solution—An URVA and Local Vibrational Mode Study. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigate the Diels–Alder reaction between methyl acrylate and butadiene, which is catalyzed by BF3 Lewis acid in explicit water solution, using URVA and Local Mode Analysis as major tools complemented with NBO, electron density and ring puckering analyses. We considered four different starting orientations of methyl acrylate and butadiene, which led to 16 DA reactions in total. In order to isolate the catalytic effects of the BF3 catalyst and those of the water environment and exploring how these effects are synchronized, we systematically compared the non-catalyzed reaction in gas phase and aqueous solution with the catalyzed reaction in gas phase and aqueous solution. Gas phase studies were performed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level of theory and studies in aqueous solution were performed utilizing a QM/MM approach at the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)/AMBER level of theory. The URVA results revealed reaction path curvature profiles with an overall similar pattern for all 16 reactions showing the same sequence of CC single bond formation for all of them. In contrast to the parent DA reaction with symmetric substrates causing a synchronous bond formation process, here, first the new CC single bond on the CH2 side of methyl acrylate is formed followed by the CC bond at the ester side. As for the parent DA reaction, both bond formation events occur after the TS, i.e., they do not contribute to the energy barrier. What determines the barrier is the preparation process for CC bond formation, including the approach diene and dienophile, CC bond length changes and, in particular, rehybridization of the carbon atoms involved in the formation of the cyclohexene ring. This process is modified by both the BF3 catalyst and the water environment, where both work in a hand-in-hand fashion leading to the lowest energy barrier of 9.06 kcal/mol found for the catalyzed reaction R1 in aqueous solution compared to the highest energy barrier of 20.68 kcal/mol found for the non-catalyzed reaction R1 in the gas phase. The major effect of the BF3 catalyst is the increased mutual polarization and the increased charge transfer between methyl acrylate and butadiene, facilitating the approach of diene and dienophile and the pyramidalization of the CC atoms involved in the ring formation, which leads to a lowering of the activation energy. The catalytic effect of water solution is threefold. The polar environment leads also to increased polarization and charge transfer between the reacting species, similar as in the case of the BF3 catalyst, although to a smaller extend. More important is the formation of hydrogen bonds with the reaction complex, which are stronger for the TS than for the reactant, thus stabilizing the TS which leads to a further reduction of the activation energy. As shown by the ring puckering analysis, the third effect of water is space confinement of the reacting partners, conserving the boat form of the six-member ring from the entrance to the exit reaction channel. In summary, URVA combined with LMA has led to a clearer picture on how both BF3 catalyst and aqueous environment in a synchronized effort lower the reaction barrier. These new insights will serve to further fine-tune the DA reaction of methyl acrylate and butadiene and DA reactions in general.
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Jayathilaka PB, Molley TG, Huang Y, Islam MS, Buche MR, Silberstein MN, Kruzic JJ, Kilian KA. Force-mediated molecule release from double network hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8484-8487. [PMID: 34350435 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02726c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of mechanosensitive linkages into polymers has led to materials with dynamic force responsivity. Here we report oxanorbornadiene cross-linked double network hydrogels that release molecules through a force-mediated retro Diels-Alder reaction. The molecular design and tough double network of polyacrylamide and alginate promote significantly higher activation at substantially less force than pure polymer systems. Activation at physiologically relevant forces provides scope for instilling dynamic mechanochemical behavior in soft biological materials.
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Negishi N, Yokogawa D. Analytical energy gradient for the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory coupled with the reference interaction site model self-consistent field explicitly including spatial electron density distribution. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:154101. [PMID: 33887918 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvatochromic shifts of the activation free energies are important aspects to consider for reaction control. To predict the energies, the stationary points in a solution must be accurately determined along the reaction pathway. In this study, the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation (MP2) theory combined with the reference interaction site model was applied using our fitting approach, and the MP2 analytical energy gradient was determined. The coupled-cluster energy and thermal correction were calculated using the MP2 optimized geometry with solvent effect, and the activation free energies of the Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl vinyl ketone are within an error of 2 kcal/mol compared with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Negishi
- Department of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yokogawa
- Department of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Tomanik M, Hsu IT, Herzon SB. Fragment Coupling Reactions in Total Synthesis That Form Carbon-Carbon Bonds via Carbanionic or Free Radical Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1116-1150. [PMID: 31869476 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragment coupling reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are valuable transformations in synthetic design. Advances in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in the early 2000s brought a high level of predictability and reliability to carbon-carbon bond constructions involving the union of unsaturated fragments. By comparison, recent years have witnessed an increase in fragment couplings proceeding via carbanionic and open-shell (free radical) intermediates. The latter has been driven by advances in methods to generate and utilize carbon-centered radicals under mild conditions. In this Review, we survey a selection of recent syntheses that have implemented carbanion- or radical-based fragment couplings to form carbon-carbon bonds. We aim to highlight the strategic value of these disconnections in their respective settings and to identify extensible lessons from each example that might be instructive to students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tomanik
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ian Tingyung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth B Herzon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, USA
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Tomanik M, Hsu IT, Herzon SB. Fragmentverknüpfungen in der Totalsynthese – Bildung von C‐C‐Bindungen über intermediäre Carbanionen oder freie Radikale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tomanik
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
| | - Ian Tingyung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
| | - Seth B. Herzon
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
- Department of Pharmacology Yale University 333 Cedar St New Haven CT USA
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Yang X, Zou J, Wang Y, Xue Y, Yang S. Role of Water in the Reaction Mechanism and endo/exo Selectivity of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions Elucidated by Quantum Chemistry and Machine Learning. Chemistry 2019; 25:8289-8303. [PMID: 30887586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides with activated olefins are among the most important and versatile methods for the synthesis of enantioenriched pyrroline and pyrrolidine derivatives. Despite both theoretical and practical importance, the role of water molecules in the reactivity and endo/exo selectivity remains unclear. To explore how water accelerates the reactions and improves the endo/exo selectivity of the cycloadditions of 1,3-dipole phthalazinium-2-dicyanomethanide (1) and two dipolarophiles, an ab initio-quality neural network potential that overcomes the computational bottleneck of explicitly considering water molecules was used. It is demonstrated that not only the nature of both the dipolarophile and the 1,3-dipole, but also the solvent medium, can perturb or even alter the reaction mechanism. An extreme case was found for the reaction of 1,3-dipole 1 with methyl vinyl ketone, in which the reaction mechanism changes from a concerted to a stepwise mode on going from MeCN to H2 O as solvent, with formation of a zwitterionic intermediate that is a very shallow minimum on the energy surface. Thus, high stereocontrol can still be expected despite the stepwise nature of the mechanism. The results indicate that water can induce global polarization along the reaction coordinate and highlight the role of microsolvation effects and bulk-phase effects in reproducing the experimentally observed aqueous acceleration and enhanced endo/exo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P.R. China
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Rajaeian E, Monajjemi M, Gholami M. Ab Initio Study of Solvent Effects on Rate of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Benzonitrile Oxide and Various Dipolarophiles. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823403103173075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to investigate the structures and the transition states of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between benzonitrile oxide with ethylene, cyclopentene, acrylonitrile and tetracyanoethylene in heptane and water: calculations reveal enhanced hydrogen bonding of a water molecule to the transition states for the cycloaddition 1,3-dipolar of reaction of benzonitrile oxide with cyclopentene, the optimal interaction energies being 0.7 kcal/mol more favourable for hydrogen bonding to the oxygen atom in the transition states than for the reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rajaeian
- Chemistry Department, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 38135-567, Arak, Iran
| | - M. Monajjemi
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 14515-775, Tehran, Iran
| | - M.R. Gholami
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Ansari MI, Hussain MK, Hajela K. Silica-Impregnated Polyphosphoric Acid Catalyzed an Eco-Friendly Rapid Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydroquinolines and Quinazolin-4-ones in Water. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Imran Ansari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension; Sitapur Road Uttar Pradesh Lucknow-226031 India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, PHN706; 20 N. Pine Street Baltimore MD-21201 USA
| | - Mohd. Kamil Hussain
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension; Sitapur Road Uttar Pradesh Lucknow-226031 India
- Department of Chemistry; Government Raza Post graduate College; Rampur 244901 India
| | - K. Hajela
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension; Sitapur Road Uttar Pradesh Lucknow-226031 India
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Cantín Á, Gomez MV, de la Hoz A. Diels-Alder reactions in confined spaces: the influence of catalyst structure and the nature of active sites for the retro-Diels-Alder reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2181-2188. [PMID: 27829925 PMCID: PMC5082480 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diels-Alder cycloaddition between cyclopentadiene and p-benzoquinone has been studied in the confined space of a pure silica zeolite Beta and the impact on reaction rate due to the concentration effect within the pore and diffusion limitations are discussed. Introduction of Lewis or Brønsted acid sites on the walls of the zeolite strongly increases the reaction rate. However, contrary to what occurs with mesoporous molecular sieves (MCM-41), Beta zeolite does not catalyse the retro-Diels-Alder reaction, resulting in a highly selective catalyst for the cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cantín
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Victoria Gomez
- Área Química Orgánica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, and Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, E-13071-Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio de la Hoz
- Área Química Orgánica, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, and Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, E-13071-Ciudad Real, Spain
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Soto-Delgado J, Tapia RA, Torras J. Multiscale Treatment for the Molecular Mechanism of a Diels-Alder Reaction in Solution: A QM/MM-MD Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4735-4742. [PMID: 27640742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamics and the solvent role in the acceleration of the Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene (CPD) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) have been revisited. In this work we use an ab initio hybrid QM/MM-MD scheme combined with multiple steered molecular dynamics to extract the free energy pofile in water and methanol using the bidirectional Minh-Adib estimator. We obtain 18.7 kcal mol-1 and 20.8 kcal mol-1 free energy barrier for the reaction in water and methanol, respectively. This methodology reproduces experimental values with an absolute error of about 0.8 kcal mol-1. The experimental difference between the activation free-energy barriers of water and methanol is also reproduced with an absolute error of about 0.1 kcal mol-1. We explore the charge transfer evolution along reaction coordinates to characterize the electronic behavior for this reaction. It is shown that the solvent molecules around the reaction system produce a global polarization along the reaction coordinate which is consistent with the solvent polarity. The results highlight the role of hydrogen bonding formed in the transition state to stabilize the system charge reorganization in the reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Soto-Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello , Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ricardo A Tapia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Vicuña Mackenna, 4860 Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Torras
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , C. Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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Arkan F, Izadyar M. Quantum chemical aspects of solvent effects on the Diels–Alder reaction of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and diethyl azodicarboxylate. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/146867816x14702227410256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive theoretical study was performed regarding the solvent effect on the Diels–Alder reaction of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and the hetero-dienophile, diethyl azodicarboxylate. Reaction rates in the various solutions were studied using SCRF–DFT theory and good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. According to natural bond orbital analysis, it was confirmed that the stabilisation energy of the C–N bonds contributes to the strong interaction between the solvents and transition state (TS) structures. Topological analyses showed a linear correlation between the interaction energy and the sum of electron density at the bond critical point of C–N at the TS. Moreover, with an increase in the overall electron density of the C–N bond critical point, the vibrational frequencies were decreased. Finally, some correlations between the quantum reactivity indices and the rate constants in the presence of 23 solvents were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foroogh Arkan
- Department of Chemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, International Campus, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadyar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Gupta S, Alam MI, Khan TS, Sinha N, Haider MA. On the mechanism of retro-Diels–Alder reaction of partially saturated 2-pyrones to produce biorenewable chemicals. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11697c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Partially saturated 2-pyrone molecules undergo ring-opening and decarboxylation via retro-Diels–Alder (rDA) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelaka Gupta
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Md. Imteyaz Alam
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Tuhin Suvra Khan
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | | | - M. Ali Haider
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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Khan TS, Gupta S, Alam MI, Haider MA. Reactivity descriptor for the retro Diels–Alder reaction of partially saturated 2-pyrones: DFT study on substituents and solvent effects. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22303f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The retro-Diels–Alder (rDA) reaction of partially saturated 2-pyrones were studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations in polar and non-polar solvents, and fundamental descriptors were proposed to understand the electronic and solvent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin S. Khan
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Shelaka Gupta
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - Md. Imteyaz Alam
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
| | - M. Ali Haider
- Renewable Energy and Chemicals Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi-110016
- India
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Nagare AS, Manna A, Kumar A. Can a Diels–Alder reaction be accelerated in a supersaturated solvent at room temperature? NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New carbohydrate-based supersaturated solvent for superior rates and high product yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Nagare
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Arpan Manna
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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17
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Kötteritzsch J, Hager MD, Schubert US. Tuning the self-healing behavior of one-component intrinsic polymers. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Lyu B, Cha W, Mao T, Wu Y, Qian H, Zhou Y, Chen X, Zhang S, Liu L, Yang G, Lu Z, Zhu Q, Ma H. Surface confined retro Diels-Alder reaction driven by the swelling of weak polyelectrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6254-6259. [PMID: 25734373 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the type of reactions driven by mechanical force has increased significantly; however, the number of methods for activating those mechanochemical reactions stays relatively limited. Furthermore, in situ characterization of a reaction is usually hampered by the inherent properties of conventional methods. In this study, we report a new platform that utilizes mechanical force generated by the swelling of surface tethered weak polyelectrolytes. An initiator with Diels-Alder (DA) adduct structure was applied to prepare the polyelectrolyte-carboxylated poly(OEGMA-r-HEMA), so that the force could trigger the retro DA reaction. The reaction was monitored in real time by quartz crystal microbalance and confirmed with atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Compared with the conventional heating method, the swelling-induced retro DA reaction proceeded rapidly with high conversion ratio and selectivity. A 23.61 kcal/mol theoretical energy barrier supported the practicability of this retro DA reaction being triggered mechanically at ambient temperature. During swelling, the tensile force was controllable and persistent. This unique feature imparts this mechanochemical platform the potential to "freeze" an intermediate state of a reaction for in situ spectroscopic observations, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and frequency generation spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beier Lyu
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Cha
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- #Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Mao
- §State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanzi Wu
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hujun Qian
- ∥State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitian Zhou
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Shen Zhang
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanying Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zhongyuan Lu
- ∥State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- §State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- †Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Manna A, Kumar A. Invoking Pairwise Interactions in Water-Promoted Diels-Alder Reactions by using Ionic Liquids as Cosolvents. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3067-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Chia M, Haider MA, Pollock G, Kraus GA, Neurock M, Dumesic JA. Mechanistic Insights into Ring-Opening and Decarboxylation of 2-Pyrones in Liquid Water and Tetrahydrofuran. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5699-708. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312075r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chia
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. Ali Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way,
P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United States
| | - Gerald Pollock
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2759 Gilman, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111,
United States
| | - George A. Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2759 Gilman, Ames, Iowa 50011-3111,
United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers’ Way,
P.O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4741, United States
| | - James A. Dumesic
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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21
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Manna A, Kumar A. Why Does Water Accelerate Organic Reactions under Heterogeneous Condition? J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:2446-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4002934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Manna
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, National
Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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Malwal SR, Gudem M, Hazra A, Chakrapani H. Benzosultines as Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Donors. Org Lett 2013; 15:1116-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satish R. Malwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahesh Gudem
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anirban Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Pune 411 008, Maharashtra, India
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Nguyen TB, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. Brown carbon formation from ketoaldehydes of biogenic monoterpenes. Faraday Discuss 2013; 165:473-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Soto-Delgado J, Aizman A, Contreras R, Domingo LR. On the catalytic effect of water in the intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction of quinone systems: a theoretical study. Molecules 2012; 17:13687-703. [PMID: 23169266 PMCID: PMC6268198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reaction of benzoquinone 1, in the absence and in the presence of three water molecules, 1w, has been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) methods, using the M05-2X and B3LYP functionals for exploration of the potential energy surface (PES). The energy and geometrical results obtained are complemented with a population analysis using the NBO method, and an analysis based on the global, local and group electrophilicity and nucleophilicity indices. Both implicit and explicit solvation emphasize the increase of the polarity of the reaction and the reduction of activation free energies associated with the transition states (TSs) of this IMDA process. These results are reinforced by the analysis of the reactivity indices derived from the conceptual DFT, which show that the increase of the electrophilicity of the quinone framework by the hydrogen-bond formation correctly explains the high polar character of this intramolecular process. Large polarization at the TSs promoted by hydrogen-bonds and implicit solvation by water together with a high electrophilicity-nucleophilicity difference consistently explains the catalytic effects of water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Soto-Delgado
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Casilla 653, Chile
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.S.-D.); (L.R.D.); Tel.: +56-2-978-7272 (J.S.-D.); Fax: +56-2-271-3888 (J.S.-D.); Tel.: +34-963-543-106 (L.R.D.); Fax: +34-963-544-328 (L.R.D.)
| | - Arie Aizman
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Casilla 110-V, Chile
| | - Renato Contreras
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Casilla 653, Chile
| | - Luis R. Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Valencia, Spain
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.S.-D.); (L.R.D.); Tel.: +56-2-978-7272 (J.S.-D.); Fax: +56-2-271-3888 (J.S.-D.); Tel.: +34-963-543-106 (L.R.D.); Fax: +34-963-544-328 (L.R.D.)
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Wei HL, Yang Z, Chen Y, Chu HJ, Zhu J, Li ZC. Characterisation of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-based hydrogels prepared by a Diels–Alder click reaction in water. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Dzudza A, Marks T. Efficient Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Unactivated Alkenols Mediated by Recyclable Lanthanide Triflate Ionic Liquids: Scope and Mechanism. Chemistry 2010; 16:3403-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Meir R, Chen H, Lai W, Shaik S. Oriented Electric Fields Accelerate DielsâAlder Reactions and Control theendo/exoSelectivity. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:301-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Sverko E, Reiner EJ, Tomy GT, McCrindle R, Shen L, Arsenault G, Zaruk D, MacPherson KA, Marvin CH, Helm PA, McCarry BE. Compounds structurally related to Dechlorane Plus in sediment and biota from Lake Ontario (Canada). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:574-579. [PMID: 20025285 DOI: 10.1021/es9025535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The historical occurrence of Dechlorane Plus (DP) and detection of novel compounds structurally related to DP is described in a dated Lake Ontario sediment core. Our core was collected near the mouth of the Niagara River, which is known to be a major source of DP to the lake. Maximum DP concentrations (920 ng g(-1), dry weight) were observed between 1976 and 1980, the highest reported to date. Following that time, we observed a dramatic decrease in DP concentration which coincided with the enactment of United States federal and state laws to mitigate free release of chemicals into the Niagara River and installation of an industrial wastewater treatment facility. During the course of our research, four new substances structurally related to DP were also identified. These compounds were thought to arise from the Diels-Alder reactions resulting from impurities present in 1,5-cyclooctadiene, a feedstock used in production of DP. To confirm our hypothesis, Diels-Alder reactions were performed on the individual impurities. Using different stationary-phase capillary gas chromatography columns and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we were able to positively identify some of these novel compounds in the core. Interestingly, we also were able to identify a monoadduct compound, formed by addition of 1 mol of hexachlorocyclopentadiene to 2 mol of 1,3-cyclooctadiene, in lake trout. The concentration of this monoadduct was approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of DP, suggesting that it is more bioaccumulative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Sverko
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.
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Youcef RA, Santos MD, Roussel S, Baltaze JP, Lubin-Germain N, Uziel J. Huisgen Cycloaddition Reaction of C-Alkynyl Ribosides under Micellar Catalysis: Synthesis of Ribavirin Analogues. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4318-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900594x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Aït Youcef
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, UMR CNRS 8123, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Sélective et Chimie Organométallique, F-95000 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France, and Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS 8182, ICMMO, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Mickaël Dos Santos
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, UMR CNRS 8123, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Sélective et Chimie Organométallique, F-95000 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France, and Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS 8182, ICMMO, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Roussel
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, UMR CNRS 8123, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Sélective et Chimie Organométallique, F-95000 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France, and Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS 8182, ICMMO, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baltaze
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, UMR CNRS 8123, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Sélective et Chimie Organométallique, F-95000 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France, and Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS 8182, ICMMO, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Nadège Lubin-Germain
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, UMR CNRS 8123, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Sélective et Chimie Organométallique, F-95000 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France, and Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS 8182, ICMMO, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Uziel
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, UMR CNRS 8123, Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Sélective et Chimie Organométallique, F-95000 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France, and Université Paris-Sud XI, UMR CNRS 8182, ICMMO, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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32
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Kinetic medium effects on organic reactions in aqueous colloidal solutions. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(08)00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Haqghu M, Irani M, Gholami MR. Theoretical Study of Solvent and Substituent Effects on the Reactions of 1,4-Benzoquinone with Cyclopentadiene and Cyclohexadiene. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2008. [DOI: 10.3184/146867808x315742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio quantum mechanics and ONIOM calculations were used to study solvent and substituent effects on the reactions of 1,4-benzoquinone with cyclopentadiene and cyclohexadiene derivatives in tetrahydrofuran and greater water solvents. These calculations revealed (i) that increasing the number of electron donating methyl group substituents and (ii) the proximity of substituents to the reacting carbons (carbon atoms which contribute to the forming C—C bonds) on the diene, promote charge transfer from the diene to the dienophile in the transition state. These effects increase the negative charge on the oxygen atoms, destabilize the transition state in the organic solvent by increasing steric interactions, and stabilize the transition state in water solvent by increasing the strength of hydrogen bonding. These results, along with consideration of variations in the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) confirmed that the dramatic acceleration in the rate of the studied reactions in water solvent arise in part from hydrophobic association of the reactants, but predominantly arise from hydrogen bonding between water molecules and the polarized transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Haqghu
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
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34
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Dzudza A, Marks TJ. Lanthanide Triflate-Catalyzed Arene Acylation. Relation to Classical Friedel–Crafts Acylation. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4004-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800158k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Dzudza
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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35
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Tiwari S, Kumar A. Unusual temperature dependence of salt effects for “on water” Wittig reaction: hydrophobicity at the interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4445-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b809127g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Sugimoto H, Nakamura S, Ohwada T. Retro-Diels−Alder Reaction of 4H-1,2-Benzoxazines to Generate o-Quinone Methides: Involvement of Highly Polarized Transition States. J Org Chem 2007; 72:10088-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702246w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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37
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Acevedo O, Jorgensen WL. Understanding Rate Accelerations for Diels−Alder Reactions in Solution Using Enhanced QM/MM Methodology. J Chem Theory Comput 2007; 3:1412-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ct700078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - William L. Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, and Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
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38
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Ess D, Jones G, Houk K. Conceptual, Qualitative, and Quantitative Theories of 1,3-Dipolar and Diels–Alder Cycloadditions Used in Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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39
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Timko MT, Allen AJ, Danheiser RL, Steinfeld JI, Smith KA, Tester JW. Improved Conversion and Selectivity of a Diels−Alder Cycloaddition by Use of Emulsions of Carbon Dioxide and Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0507225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Timko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Andrew J. Allen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Rick L. Danheiser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jeffrey I. Steinfeld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Kenneth A. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jefferson W. Tester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Laboratory for Energy and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 25 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Li CJ. Organic reactions in aqueous media with a focus on carbon-carbon bond formations: a decade update. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3095-165. [PMID: 16092827 DOI: 10.1021/cr030009u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1698] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada.
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41
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Rispens T, Engberts JBFN. Cycloadditions in mixed aqueous solvents: the role of the water concentration. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Substrate dependence in aqueous Diels-Alder reactions of cyclohexadiene derivatives with 1,4-benzoquinone. Molecules 2005; 10:244-50. [PMID: 18007292 PMCID: PMC6147714 DOI: 10.3390/10010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A reactivity difference based on the position of substituents on cyclohexa-1,3-diene was observed for the title reaction. The effect of water as solvent was more distinct for 1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexa-1,3-diene than for 2-methyl-5-isopropylcyclohexa-1,3-diene or non-substituted cyclohexa-1,3-diene. The effect of NaCl (salting-out) and guanidium chloride (salting-in) was also large for 1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexa-1,3-diene.
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Tolocka MP, Jang M, Ginter JM, Cox FJ, Kamens RM, Johnston MV. Formation of oligomers in secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:1428-1434. [PMID: 15046344 DOI: 10.1021/es035030r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The formation of oligomeric molecules, an important step in secondary organic aerosol production, is reported. Aerosols were produced by the reaction of alpha-pinene and ozone in the presence of acid seed aerosol and characterized by exact mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometry. Oligomeric products between 200 and 900 u were detected with both electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. The exact masses and dissociation products of these ions were consistent with various combinations of the known primary products of this reaction ("monomers") with and/or without the expected acid-catalyzed decomposition products of the monomers. Oligomers as large as tetramers were detected. Both aldol condensations and gem-diol reactions are suggested as possible pathways for oligomer formation. Exact mass measurements also revealed reaction products that cannot be explained by simple oligomerization of monomers and monomer decomposition products, suggesting the existence of complex reaction channels. Chemical reactions leading to oligomer formation provide a reasonable answer to a difficult problem associated with secondary organic aerosol production in the atmosphere. It is unlikely that monomers alone play an important role in the formation and growth of nuclei in the atmosphere as their Kelvin vapor pressures are too high for them to significantly partition into the particle phase. Polymerization provides a mechanism by which partitioning to the particle phase becomes favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Tolocka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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44
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Gholami MR, Talebi BA. Gas-phase Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction in the presence of methanol and water vapor. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf M Lindström
- Bioorganic Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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46
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Chandrasekhar J, Shariffskul S, Jorgensen WL. QM/MM Simulations for Diels−Alder Reactions in Water: Contribution of Enhanced Hydrogen Bonding at the Transition State to the Solvent Effect. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020326p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Shariffskul
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
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Dual-parameter correlations on rate of dehydration step of a condensation reaction in aqueous solutions of ethanol, propan-2-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Itami K, Nokami T, Yoshida JI. 2-Pyridyldimethylsilyl as a Removable Hydrophilic Group in Aqueous Diels-Alder Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010316)113:6<1108::aid-ange11080>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Itami K, Nokami T, Yoshida Ji JI. 2-Pyridyldimethylsilyl as a Removable Hydrophilic Group in Aqueous Diels-Alder Reactions This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan, and in part by the Mitsubishi Foundation. We thank Professor Kazunari Akiyoshi (Kyoto University) for assistance with dynamic light-scattering experiments and fruitful discussions. Professor Susumu Yoshikawa and Professor Masahiro Kinoshita (Kyoto University) are gratefully acknowledged for critical discussions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:1074-1076. [PMID: 11268078 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010316)40:6<1074::aid-anie10740>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501 (Japan)
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Fringuelli F, Piermatti O, Pizzo F, Vaccaro L. Recent Advances in Lewis Acid Catalyzed Diels−Alder Reactions in Aqueous Media. European J Org Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200102)2001:3<439::aid-ejoc439>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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