Studies toward the Total Synthesis of the Oxindole Alkaloid Gelsedine: An Efficient Allene-Terminated N-Acyliminium Ion Cyclization

Some Reactions of 3-Chloroisoindolium Salts with Nucleophiles: Access to Isoindole Derivatives and Ellipticine Analogues as Potential Antiviral Agents

3-Chloro-2-substituted-1-oxoisoindolium hexachloroantimonate (1) reacted with water, ethanol and dimethyl-cyanamide to give the corresponding phthalimide derivatives 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Reaction of 1a with nitriles afforded the intermediate 2-azoniaallene salts 5 which underwent cyclisation reaction upon heating to furnish the ellipticine analogues 6. The biological activities of 6a–e against HIV-1 and HBV viruses were determined.

Novel Hybrid Prins/Aza-Prins Oxocarbenium/N-Acyliminium Cascade: Expedient Access to Complex Indolizidines

Heavy silyl enol ethers (mostly TIPS and TBS) combine with cyclic N-alkenyl N-acyliminium salts generated in situ from their N,O-acetal precursors, to furnish highly functionalized indolizidines through an unprecedented double Mukaiyama-Mannich-Prins cascade transformation. This novel cascade annulation process demonstrates a promising scope, and takes place mostly catalytically with interesting stereocontrol. Furthermore, an appealing facet of this chemistry is emphasized with a bicatalytic approach by which the Mannich-Prins cascade follows a Ru-catalyzed N-allylamide to N-(E)-propenyl isomerization of the aminal counterpart in a one-pot operation.

Chemical Synthesis of Deoxynivalenol-3-β-d-[(13)C₆]-glucoside and Application in Stable Isotope Dilution Assays

Modified mycotoxins have been gaining importance in recent years and present a certain challenge in LC-MS/MS analysis. Due to the previous lack of a labeled isotopologue of the modified mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, in our study we synthesized the first (13)C-labeled internal standard. Therefore, we used the Königs-Knorr method to synthesize deoxynivalenol-3-β-d-[(13)C₆]-glucoside originated from unlabeled deoxynivalenol and [(13)C₆]-labeled glucose. Using the synthesized isotopically-labeled standard deoxynivalenol-3-β-d-[(13)C₆]-glucoside and the purchased labeled standard [(13)C15]-deoxynivalenol, a stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method was firstly developed for deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and deoxynivalenol in beer. The preparation and purification of beer samples was based on a solid phase extraction. The validation data of the newly developed method gave satisfying results. Intra- and interday precision studies revealed relative standard deviations below 0.5% and 7%, respectively. The recoveries ranged for both analytes between 97% and 112%. The stable isotope dilution assay was applied to various beer samples from four different countries. In summary, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and deoxynivalenol mostly appeared together in varying molar ratios but were quantified in rather low contents in the investigated beers.

Dichloroketene-Induced Cyclizations of Vinyl Sulfilimines: Application of the Method in the Synthesis of (±)-Desoxyeseroline

The reactions of several aryl-, furanyl-, and vinyl-substituted sulfilimines with dichloroketene proceeded at 25 degrees C to yield thioalkyl-substituted gamma-lactams. The overall process involves nucleophilic addition of the nitrogen atom of the sulfilimine onto the highly electrophilic dichloroketene to first generate a zwitterionic intermediate. A subsequent [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement is followed by intramolecular trapping of the Pummerer cation by the amido anion to furnish the observed gamma-lactam product. Incorporation of donor groups on the aromatic ring of the sulfonyl functionality had little effect when aryl-substituted sulfilimines were used but exhibited a major effect on the efficiency of the reaction with furanyl-substituted systems. The placement of an electron donor group (i.e., OMe) on the sulfonyl aryl group enhances the nucleophilicity of the amido anion contained within the sulfonium ion intermediate and facilitates the rate of the 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement. Styryl-substituted sulfilimines cyclize in a stereospecific manner and produce a 3:2-mixture of gamma-lactams and the isomeric imino-lactone system. The heavily functionalized gamma-lactams are easily converted to a variety of nitrogen containing substrates. The vinyl sulfilimine cyclization method was applied to the total synthesis of the Calabar alkaloid (+/-)-desoxyeseroline.

A New Synthesis of γ-Lactams Based on the Reaction of Vinyl Sulfilimines with Dichloroketene

The reactions of several aryl-, furanyl-, and vinyl substituted sulfilimines with dichloroketene proceeded at 25 degrees C to yield thioalkyl substituted gamma-lactams which, in turn, were converted to a variety of nitrogen-containing substrates. [reaction: see text]

Tandem Functionalization of Nonactivated Alkenes and Alkynes in Intramolecular N-Acyloxyiminium Ion Carbocyclization. Synthesis of 6-Substituted Hydroindole 2-Carboxylic Acids

[reaction: see text] Five-membered N-Boc acyliminium ions derived from L-pyroglutamic acid harboring 4-butenyl and 4-butynyl tethers undergo Lewis acid-mediated halo and tandem Friedel-Crafts carbocyclization within minutes at -78 degrees C to give stereodefined 6-substituted octahydroindole and hexahydroindole 2-carboxylic acid methyl esters, respectively. The cyclic vinyl bromides are excellent substrates for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck, and Stille couplings. The method also provides access to enantiopure sp2- and sp3-arylated azabicyclics that are novel and versatile scaffolds for chemical diversification.

First total synthesis of ent-gelsedine via a novel iodide-promoted allene N-acyliminium ion cyclization

The first total synthesis of the oxindole alkaloid gelsedine (1) starting from (S)-malic acid is described. The key step is a novel iodide-promoted intramolecular reaction of an allene with an N-acyliminium ion intermediate which provided in a single step the bicyclic vinyl iodide 11. Other important steps are the highly stereoselective Pd-catalyzed Heck cyclization of N-methylanilide 23a which led to the desired spiro-oxindole 24a, the fully regioselective intramolecular oxymercuration of 25a to the desired cyclic ether, and the remarkable oxindole N-demethylation of 29 via a radical mechanism by using dibenzoyl peroxide. The total synthesis was concluded by the stereoselective introduction of the ethyl group from the bis-Boc compound 41 followed by methoxylation of the oxindole nitrogen. This total synthesis leads to the unnatural (+)-enantiomer of gelsedine in 21 steps and 0.10% overall yield.