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Glaser F, Schmitz M, Kerzig C. Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in solution. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:123-137. [PMID: 38054748 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion offers an attractive possibility to replace a high-energy photon by two photons with lower energy through the combination of a light-harvesting triplet sensitizer and an annihilator for the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. Typically, high annihilator concentrations are required to achieve an efficient initial energy transfer and as a direct consequence the most highly energetic emission is often not detectable due to intrinsic reabsorption by the annihilator itself. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of a charge-adapted mediator drastically improves the energy transfer efficiency at low annihilator concentrations via an energy transfer cascade. Inspired by molecular dyads and recent developments in nanocrystal-sensitized upconversion, our system exploits a concept to minimize intrinsic filter effects, while boosting the upconversion quantum yield in solution. A sensitizer-annihilator combination consisting of a ruthenium-based complex and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) is explored as model system and a sulfonated pyrene serves as mediator. The impact of opposite charges between sensitizer and mediator - to induce coulombic attraction and subsequently result in accelerated energy transfer rate constants - is analyzed in detail by different spectroscopic methods. Ion pairing and the resulting static energy transfer in both directions is a minor process, resulting in an improved overall performance. Finally, the more intense upconverted emission in the presence of the mediator is used to drive two catalytic photoreactions in a two-chamber setup, illustrating the advantages of our approach, in particular for photoreactions requiring oxygen that would interfere with the upconversion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Glaser F, Wenger OS. Sensitizer-controlled photochemical reactivity via upconversion of red light. Chem Sci 2022; 14:149-161. [PMID: 36605743 PMCID: PMC9769107 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05229f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
By combining the energy input from two red photons, chemical reactions that would normally require blue or ultraviolet irradiation become accessible. Key advantages of this biphotonic excitation strategy are that red light usually penetrates deeper into complex reaction mixtures and causes less photo-damage than direct illumination in the blue or ultraviolet. Here, we demonstrate that the primary light-absorber of a dual photocatalytic system comprised of a transition metal-based photosensitizer and an organic co-catalyst can completely alter the reaction outcome. Photochemical reductions are achieved with a copper(i) complex in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, whereas oxidative substrate activation occurs with an osmium(ii) photosensitizer. Based on time-resolved laser spectroscopy, this changeover in photochemical reactivity is due to different underlying biphotonic mechanisms. Following triplet energy transfer from the osmium(ii) photosensitizer to 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) and subsequent triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, the fluorescent singlet excited state of DCA triggers oxidative substrate activation, which initiates the cis to trans isomerization of an olefin, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition, an aryl ether to ester rearrangement, and a Newman-Kwart rearrangement. This oxidative substrate activation stands in contrast to the reactivity with a copper(i) photosensitizer, where photoinduced electron transfer generates the DCA radical anion, which upon further excitation triggers reductive dehalogenations and detosylations. Our study provides the proof-of-concept for controlling the outcome of a red-light driven biphotonic reaction by altering the photosensitizer, and this seems relevant in the greater context of tailoring photochemical reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056 BaselSwitzerland
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Piane JJ, Huss S, Alameda LT, Koehler SJ, Chamberlain LE, Schubach MJ, Hoover AC, Elacqua E. Single‐chain
polymers as homogeneous oxidative photoredox catalysts. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Piane
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Steven Huss
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lucas T. Alameda
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Stephen J. Koehler
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Lauren E. Chamberlain
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Matthew J. Schubach
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ashley C. Hoover
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Elizabeth Elacqua
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
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Suenobu T, Arahori I, Nakayama KI, Suzuki T, Katoh R, Nakagawa T. Reaction of Oxygen with the Singlet Excited State of [n]Cycloparaphenylenes (n = 9, 12, and 15): A Time-Resolved Transient Absorption Study Seamlessly Covering Time Ranges from Subnanoseconds to Microseconds by the Randomly-Interleaved-Pulse-Train Method. J Phys Chem A 2019; 124:46-55. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Suenobu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ikuya Arahori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nakayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Ryuzi Katoh
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8642, Japan
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Cullen W, Takezawa H, Fujita M. Demethylenation of Cyclopropanes via Photoinduced Guest‐to‐Host Electron Transfer in an M
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Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9171-9173. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William Cullen
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hiroki Takezawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Makoto Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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6
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Cullen W, Takezawa H, Fujita M. Demethylenation of Cyclopropanes via Photoinduced Guest‐to‐Host Electron Transfer in an M
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Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Cullen
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Hiroki Takezawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Makoto Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry School of Engineering The University of Tokyo Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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7
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Noto N, Tanaka Y, Koike T, Akita M. Strongly Reducing (Diarylamino)anthracene Catalyst for Metal-Free Visible-Light Photocatalytic Fluoroalkylation. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Brasholz M. “Super-reduzierende” Photokatalyse: konsekutive Energie- und Elektronentransfers mit polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Brasholz
- Fachbereich Chemie - Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg Deutschland
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Brasholz M. "Super-Reducing" Photocatalysis: Consecutive Energy and Electron Transfers with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [PMID: 28643362 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Donation welcome: Recent developments in visible-light photocatalysis allow the utilization of increasingly negative reduction potentials. Successive energy and electron transfer with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons enables the catalytic formation of strongly reducing arene radical anions, classical stoichiometric reagents for one-electron reduction in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Brasholz
- Department of Chemisty-Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
The interaction between an electronically excited photocatalyst and an organic molecule can result in the genertion of a diverse array of reactive intermediates that can be manipulated in a variety of ways to result in synthetically useful bond constructions. This Review summarizes dual-catalyst strategies that have been applied to synthetic photochemistry. Mechanistically distinct modes of photocatalysis are discussed, including photoinduced electron transfer, hydrogen atom transfer, and energy transfer. We focus upon the cooperative interactions of photocatalysts with redox mediators, Lewis and Brønsted acids, organocatalysts, enzymes, and transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimer
L. Skubi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Travis R. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Tang J, Yue JJ, Tao FF, Grampp G, Wang BX, Li F, Liang XZ, Shen YM, Xu JH. A Three-Component Reaction by Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanism with N-Protected Pyrroles as Neutral Carbon Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7572-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5013114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Jia-Jun Yue
- Institute
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Fei-Fei Tao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Guenter Grampp
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse
9/Z2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bing-Xiang Wang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
| | - Fang Li
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Xue-Zheng Liang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yong-Miao Shen
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- Institute
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Riener M, Nicewicz DA. Synthesis of cyclobutane lignans via an organic single electron oxidant-electron relay system. Chem Sci 2013; 4. [PMID: 24349680 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50643f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct method to synthesize lignan cyclobutanes and analogs via photoinduced electron transfer is presented. A variety of oxygenated alkenes are employed to furnish terminal or substituted cyclobutane adducts with complete regiocontrol, yielding cycloadducts with trans stereochemistry. Key to minimizing competing cycloreversion is the inclusion of an aromatic electron relay (ER). This method has been adapted to the synthesis of the natural products magnosalin and pellucidin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Riener
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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13
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Tojo S, Fujitsuka M, Majima T. Site-selective bimodal absorption and emission of distonic radical cation. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3618-25. [PMID: 20450220 DOI: 10.1021/jo1003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An acyclic 1,4-distonic dimer radical cation (DAE(2)(*+)) was generated from the dimerization of 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylene radical cation (DAE(*+)) with the neutral molecule (DAE) in solution. The absorption spectrum of DAE(2)(*+) shows bimodal absorption bands with peaks at 350 and 500 nm corresponding to the 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl radical (An(2)C(*)CH(3)) and 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl cation (An(2)C(+)CH(3)), respectively. Therefore, DAE(2)(*+) in the ground state has the spin and positive charge localized on the 1- and 4-positions, respectively. The bimodal characteristic emissions by the site-selective excitation of radical and cation sites of DAE(2)(*+) were observed at 77 K, showing that the excitation energy is localized on the radical or cation site of DAE(2)(*+) in the excited state. The interaction between radical and cation sites of DAE(2)(*+) in the ground and excited states are discussed on the basis of the steady-state spectroscopic and transient absorption measurements, as well as theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Tojo
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Regioselective photoalkylation of 2-cyano-6-methoxynaphthalene by methoxy-substituted 1,2-diarylcyclopropanes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Lu ZF, Shen YM, Yue JJ, Hu HW, Xu JH. Photoinduced Three-Component Reactions of Tetracyanobenzene with Alkenes in the Presence of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds as Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8010-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801448v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Yong-Miao Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jun Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wen Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Peopleʼs Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Peopleʼs Republic of China
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Bonesi SM, Fagnoni M, Albini A. Photosensitized Electron Transfer Oxidation of Sulfides: A Steady-State Study. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Maeda H, Matsukawa N, Shirai K, Mizuno K. Photoalkylation of 2,3-dicyanonaphthalene by methoxy-substituted 1,2-diarylcyclopropanes. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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9,10-Dicyanoanthracene photosensitized oxidation of aryl alkanols: evidence for an electron transfer mechanism. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Maeda H, Miyata Y, Mizuno K. A novel photoreaction of 1,2-diarylcyclopropanes with 9-cyanophenanthrene: the formation of (3+2) photocycloadducts. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mizuno K, Sugita H, Hirai T, Maeda H, Otsuji Y, Yasuda M, Hashiguchi M, Shima K. A novel (3+2) photocycloaddition of electron-deficient alkenes to diarylvinylidenecyclopropanes: regioselective formation of vinylidenecyclopentanes. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Anelli PL, Beltrami A, Franzini M, Paoli P, Rossi P, Uggeri F, Virtuani M. Gd(III) complexes of poly(hydroxymethyl)substituted derivatives of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid. Inorganica Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(01)00364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A novel cis–trans photoisomerization of vinylidenecyclopropanes via an electron-transfer chain process. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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