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Tan ZS, Jamal Z, Teo DWY, Ko HC, Seah ZL, Phua HY, Ho PKH, Png RQ, Chua LL. Optimization of fluorinated phenyl azides as universal photocrosslinkers for semiconducting polymers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6354. [PMID: 39069548 PMCID: PMC11284223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50257-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated phenyl azides (FPA) enable photo-structuring of π-conjugated polymer films for electronic device applications. Despite their potential, FPAs have faced limitations regarding their crosslinking efficiency, and more importantly, their impact on critical semiconductor properties, such as charge-carrier mobility. Here, we report that azide photolysis and photocrosslinking can achieve unity quantum efficiencies for specific FPAs. This suggests preferential nitrene insertion into unactivated C‒H bonds over benzazirine and ketenimine reactions, which we attribute to rapid interconversion between the initially formed hot states. Furthermore, we establish a structure‒activity relationship for carrier mobility quenching. The binding affinity of FPA crosslinker to polymer π-stacks governs its propensity for mobility quenching in both PM6 and PBDB-T used as model conjugated polymers. This binding affinity can be suppressed by FPA ring substitution, but varies in a non-trivial way with π-stack order. Utilizing the optimal FPA, photocrosslinking enables the fabrication of morphology-stabilized, acceptor-infiltrated donor polymer networks (that is, PBDB-T: ITIC and PM6: Y6) for solar cells. Our findings demonstrate the exceptional potential of the FPA photochemistry and offer a promising approach to address the challenges of modelling realistic molecular interactions in complex polymer morphologies, moving beyond the limitations of Flory‒Huggins mean field theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Siu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zaini Jamal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Desmond W Y Teo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hor-Cheng Ko
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zong-Long Seah
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao-Yu Phua
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter K H Ho
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rui-Qi Png
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117550, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Lay-Lay Chua
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, S117552, Singapore, Singapore.
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Zhang R, Zhang Z, Wang K, Wang J. Difluoroketenimine: Generation from Difluorocarbene and Isocyanide and Its [3 + 2] Cycloadditions with Alkenes or Alkynes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9791-9800. [PMID: 32633508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ketenimines have been explored as useful building blocks for the synthesis of heteroatom-containing cyclic compounds through the cycloaddition with polar multiple bonds. Herein, we report the cycloaddition of difluoroketenimine with nonpolar multiple bonds, namely, the cycloaddition with alkenes or alkynes. The difluoroketenimine is generated from the coupling of tert-butyl isocyanide and difluorocarbene, which is formed in situ from (bromodifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane. The difluoroketenimine then reacts in situ with alkenes or alkynes to afford fluorinated pyrrolidines or pyrroles. DFT study suggests that a fluorinated cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene is involved as the key intermediate in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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From isonitrile to nitrile via ketenimine intermediate: Palladium-catalyzed 1,1-carbocyanation of allyl carbonate by α-isocyanoacetate. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kumar P, Prescher S, Louie J. A Serendipitous Discovery: Nickel Catalyst for the Cycloaddition of Diynes with Unactivated Nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kumar P, Prescher S, Louie J. A serendipitous discovery: nickel catalyst for the cycloaddition of diynes with unactivated nitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10694-8. [PMID: 21932226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South, 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850, USA
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Huenerbein R, Schirmer B, Moellmann J, Grimme S. Effects of London dispersion on the isomerization reactions of large organic molecules: a density functional benchmark study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:6940-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c003951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu W, Song W, Hong D, Lu P, Wang Y. Copper-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of 2-Alkylidene-1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrimidines. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen ZB, Hong D, Wang YG. A Cascade Approach to Pyridines from 2-Azido-2,4-dienoates and α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2008; 74:903-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Deng Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yan-Guang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Thermal isomerizations of ketenimines to nitriles: evaluations of sigma-Dot (sigma(*)) constants for spin-delocalizations. J Org Chem 2000; 65:2919-23. [PMID: 10814178 DOI: 10.1021/jo991186r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rate constants (k(Y)) of the isomerizations of 11 diphenyl N-(substituted benzyl) ketenimines were measured at 40, 50, 60, and 70 degrees C. Activation parameters DeltaH()(Y) and DeltaS()(Y) were obtained using the Eyring equation. The relative rates (k(Y)/k(H)) were fitted into Hammett single correlations (log k(Y)/k(H) = rhosigma and log k(Y)/k(H) = rho(*)sigma(*)). The single correlations have been compared with Hammett dual correlations (log k(Y)/k(H) = rhosigma + rho(*)sigma(*) ). Separate treatments of para and meta substituents yielded even better correlations. Para substituents control the rates through spin-delocalizations and inductive effects. The former outweighs the latter when the latter exerts a modest but distinct influence on the rates. On the other hand, inductive effects are the "major" or the sole interactions triggered by meta substituents.
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Kim SS, Kim CS. Photobrominations of Substituted Cumenes by N-Bromosuccinimide: Charge Delocalizations, Inductive Effects, and Spin Dispersions Triggered by Substituents. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9905468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Dynamics, Inha University, Inchon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Chun Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Chemical Dynamics, Inha University, Inchon 402-751, South Korea
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Billera CF, Dunn TB, Barry DA, Engel PS. Thermolysis of Acylazo O-Trimethylsilyl Cyanohydrins: Azoalkanes Yielding Captodatively Substituted Radicals. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981372h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles F. Billera
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Travis B. Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - David A. Barry
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251
| | - Paul S. Engel
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77251
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