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Johnson GE, Gunaratne D, Laskin J. Soft- and reactive landing of ions onto surfaces: Concepts and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2016; 35:439-479. [PMID: 25880894 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soft- and reactive landing of mass-selected ions is gaining attention as a promising approach for the precisely-controlled preparation of materials on surfaces that are not amenable to deposition using conventional methods. A broad range of ionization sources and mass filters are available that make ion soft-landing a versatile tool for surface modification using beams of hyperthermal (<100 eV) ions. The ability to select the mass-to-charge ratio of the ion, its kinetic energy and charge state, along with precise control of the size, shape, and position of the ion beam on the deposition target distinguishes ion soft landing from other surface modification techniques. Soft- and reactive landing have been used to prepare interfaces for practical applications as well as precisely-defined model surfaces for fundamental investigations in chemistry, physics, and materials science. For instance, soft- and reactive landing have been applied to study the surface chemistry of ions isolated in the gas-phase, prepare arrays of proteins for high-throughput biological screening, produce novel carbon-based and polymer materials, enrich the secondary structure of peptides and the chirality of organic molecules, immobilize electrochemically-active proteins and organometallics on electrodes, create thin films of complex molecules, and immobilize catalytically active organometallics as well as ligated metal clusters. In addition, soft landing has enabled investigation of the size-dependent behavior of bare metal clusters in the critical subnanometer size regime where chemical and physical properties do not scale predictably with size. The morphology, aggregation, and immobilization of larger bare metal nanoparticles, which are directly relevant to the design of catalysts as well as improved memory and electronic devices, have also been studied using ion soft landing. This review article begins in section 1 with a brief introduction to the existing applications of ion soft- and reactive landing. Section 2 provides an overview of the ionization sources and mass filters that have been used to date for soft landing of mass-selected ions. A discussion of the competing processes that occur during ion deposition as well as the types of ions and surfaces that have been investigated follows in section 3. Section 4 discusses the physical phenomena that occur during and after ion soft landing, including retention and reduction of ionic charge along with factors that impact the efficiency of ion deposition. The influence of soft landing on the secondary structure and biological activity of complex ions is addressed in section 5. Lastly, an overview of the structure and mobility as well as the catalytic, optical, magnetic, and redox properties of bare ionic clusters and nanoparticles deposited onto surfaces is presented in section 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - Don Gunaratne
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA, 99352
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Cyriac J, Pradeep T, Kang H, Souda R, Cooks RG. Low-Energy Ionic Collisions at Molecular Solids. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5356-411. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Cyriac
- DST Unit of
Nanoscience, Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
| | - T. Pradeep
- DST Unit of
Nanoscience, Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - H. Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747,
Republic of Korea
| | - R. Souda
- International
Center for Materials
Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - R. G. Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
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Desai TV, Hong S, Woll AR, Hughes KJ, Kaushik AP, Clancy P, Engstrom JR. Hyperthermal organic thin film growth on surfaces terminated with self-assembled monolayers. I. The dynamics of trapping. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:224702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3591965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Laskin J, Wang P, Hadjar O. Soft-landing of peptide ions onto self-assembled monolayer surfaces: an overview. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:1079-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b712710c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ma PF, Dube A, Killampalli AS, Engstrom JR. A supersonic molecular beam study of the reaction of tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium with self-assembled alkyltrichlorosilane monolayers. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:34706. [PMID: 16863372 DOI: 10.1063/1.2220562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of a transition metal coordination complex, Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4), with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) possessing-OH, -NH(2), and -CH(3) terminations has been examined using supersonic molecular beam techniques. The emphasis here is on how the reaction probability varies with incident kinetic energy (E(i)=0.4-2.07 eV) and angle of incidence (theta(i)=0 degrees -60 degrees ). The most reactive surface is the substrate underlying the SAMs-SiO(2) with a high density of -OH(a) (>5 x 10(14) cm(-2)), "chemical oxide." On chemical oxide, the dynamics of adsorption are well described by trapping, precursor-mediated adsorption, and the initial probability of adsorption depends only weakly on E(i) and theta(i). The dependence of the reaction probability on substrate temperature is well described by a model involving an intrinsic precursor state, where the barrier for dissociation is approximately 0.2-0.5 eV below the vacuum level. Reaction with the SAMs is more complicated. On the SAM with the unreactive, -CH(3), termination, reactivity decreases continuously with increasing E(i) while increasing with increasing theta(i). The data are best interpreted by a model where the Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4) must first be trapped on the surface, followed by diffusion through the SAM and reaction at the SAMSiO(2) interface with residual -OH(a). This process is not activated by E(i) and most likely occurs in defective areas of the SAM. On the SAMs with reactive end groups, the situation is quite different. On both the-OH and -NH(2) SAMs, the reaction with the Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4) as a function of E(i) passes through a minimum near E(i) approximately 1.0 eV. Two explanations for this intriguing finding are made-one involves the participation of a direct dissociation channel at sufficiently high E(i). A second explanation involves a new mechanism for trapping, which could be termed penetration facilitated trapping, where the Ti[N(CH(3))(2)](4) penetrates the near surface layers, a process that is activated as the molecules in the SAM must be displaced from their equilibrium positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Ma
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Abstract
The reaction of 5-40 eV O(+) and Ne(+) ions with alkanethiolate and semifluorinated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is studied under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. Whereas Ne(+) simply sputters fragments from the surface, O(+) can also abstract surface atoms and break C-C bonds in both the hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon SAM chains. Isotopic labeling experiments reveal that O(+) initially abstracts hydrogen atoms from the outermost two carbon atoms on an alkanethiolate SAM chain. However, the position of the isotopic label quickly becomes scrambled along the chain as the SAM is damaged through continuous ion bombardment. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) monitors changes in the SAM conformational structure at various stages during 5 eV ion bombardment. STM images indicate that O(+) reacts less efficiently with dodecanethiolate molecules packed internally within a structural domain than it does with molecules adsorbed at domain boundaries or near defect sites. STM images recorded after Ne(+) bombardment suggest that Ne(+) attacks the SAM exclusively near the domain boundaries. Taken collectively, these experiments advance our understanding of the degradation pathways suffered by polymeric satellite materials in the low-earth orbit (LEO) space environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Gologan B, Green JR, Alvarez J, Laskin J, Graham Cooks R. Ion/surface reactions and ion soft-landing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:1490-500. [DOI: 10.1039/b418056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Day BS, Shuler SF, Ducre A, Morris JR. The dynamics of gas-surface energy exchange in collisions of Ar atoms with ω-functionalized self-assembled monolayers. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1609971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Scott Day B, Davis GM, Morris JR. The effect of hydrogen-bonding and terminal group structure on the dynamics of Ar collisions with self-assembled monolayers. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)01004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Day BS, Morris JR. Even−Odd Orientation and Chain-Length Effects in the Energy Exchange of Argon Collisions with Self-Assembled Monolayers. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034349v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Scott Day
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - John R. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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Mazurek U, Schwarz H. Carbon–fluorine bond activation—looking at and learning from unsolvated systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b211850e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Mazurek U, Koszinowski K, Schwarz H. C−F Bond Activation in Fluorinated Carbonyl Compounds by Chromium Monocations in the Gas Phase. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020646v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Mazurek
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Koszinowski
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Žabka J, Dolejšek Z, Herman Z. Energy Partitioning in Collisions of Slow Polyatomic Ions with Surfaces: Ethanol Molecular Ions on Surfaces Covered by Self-Assembled Monolayers (CF-SAM, CH-SAM, COOH-SAM). J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014715f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Žabka
- V. Čermák Laboratory, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Dolejšek
- V. Čermák Laboratory, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Herman
- V. Čermák Laboratory, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, CZ-182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Recent experimental advances have uncovered many of the diverse reaction pathways following an energetic collision between a molecular ion and a solid surface. Hyperthermal translational energies (5-500 eV) are sufficient to activate a number of chemical transformations in the near-surface region, including charge transfer, dissociation, abstraction, and deposition. State-of-the-art scattering studies probe the consumption and disposal of energy and the effects of approach geometry and surface electronic structure on the operative reaction mechanisms. These fundamental investigations provide insight relevant to the fabrication of microelectronics devices, the interaction of space vehicles with the earth's atmosphere, and the development of analytical techniques in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.
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Shuler SF, Davis GM, Morris JR. Energy transfer in rare gas collisions with hydroxyl- and methyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1480859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Wade N, Evans C, Jo SC, Cooks RG. Silylation of an OH-terminated self-assembled monolayer surface through low-energy collisions of ions: a novel route to synthesis and patterning of surfaces. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:591-602. [PMID: 12112741 DOI: 10.1002/jms.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using a multi-sector ion-surface scattering mass spectrometer, reagent ions of the general form SiR(3) (+) were mass and energy selected and then made to collide with a hydroxy-terminated self-assembled monolayer (HO-SAM) surface at energies of approximately 15 eV. These ion-surface interactions result in covalent transformation of the terminal hydroxy groups at the surface into the corresponding silyl ethers due to Si--O bond formation. The modified surface was characterized in situ by chemical sputtering, a low-energy ion-surface scattering experiment. These data indicate that the ion-surface reactions have high yields (i.e. surface reactants converted to products). Surface reactions with Si(OCH(3))(3) (+), followed by chemical sputtering using CF(3) (+), yielded the reagent ion, Si(OCH(3))(3) (+), and several of its fragments. Other sputtered ions, namely SiH(OCH(3))(2)OH(2) (+) and SiH(2)(OCH(3))OH(2) (+), contain the newly formed Si--O bond and provide direct evidence for the covalent modification reaction. Chemical sputtering of modified surfaces, performed using CF(3) (+), was evaluated over a range of collision energies. The results showed that the energy transferred to the sputtered ions, as measured by their extent of fragmentation in the scattered ion mass spectra, was essentially independent of the collision energy of the projectile, thus pointing to the occurrence of reactive sputtering.A set of silyl cations, including SiBr(3) (+), Si(C(2)H(3))(3) (+) and Si(CH(3))(2)F(+), were similarly used to modify the HO-SAM surface at low collision energies. A reaction mechanism consisting of direct electrophilic attack by the cationic projectiles is supported by evidence of increased reactivity for these reagent ions with increases in the calculated positive charge at the electron-deficient silicon atom of each of these cations. In a sequential set of reactions, 12 eV deuterated trimethylsilyl cations, Si(CD(3))(3) (+), were used first as the reagent ions to modify covalently a HO-SAM surface. Subsequently, 70 eV SiCl(3) (+) ions were used to modify the surface further. In addition to yielding sputtered ions of the modified surface, SiCl(3) (+) reacted with both modified and unmodified groups on the surface, giving rise not only to such scattered product ions as SiCl(2)OH(+) and SiCl(2)H(+), but also to SiCl(2)CD(3) (+) and SiCl(2)D(+). This result demonstrates that selective, multi-step reactions can be performed at a surface through low-energy ionic collisions. Such processes are potentially useful for the construction of novel surfaces from a monolayer substrate and for chemical patterning of surfaces with functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Wade
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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