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Wu S, Gong C, Wang Z, Xu S, Feng W, Qiu Z, Yan Y. Continuous Spinning of High-Tough Hydrogel Fibers for Flexible Electronics by Using Regional Heterogeneous Polymerization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2305226. [PMID: 37888848 PMCID: PMC10754135 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel fibers have attracted substantial interest for application in flexible electronics due to their ionic conductivity, high specific surface area, and ease of constructing multidimensional structures. However, universal continuous spinning methods for hydrogel fibers are yet lacking. Based on the hydrophobic mold induced regional heterogeneous polymerization, a universal self-lubricating spinning (SLS) strategy for the continuous fabrication of hydrogel fibers from monomers is developed. The universality of the SLS strategy is demonstrated by the successful spinning of 10 vinyl monomer-based hydrogel fibers. Benefiting from the universality of the SLS strategy, the SLS strategy can be combined with pre-gel design and post-treatment toughening to prepare highly entangled polyacrylamide (PAM) and ionic crosslinked poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/Fe3+ (W-PAMAA/Fe3+ ) hydrogel fibers, respectively. In particular, the W-PAMAA/Fe3+ hydrogel fiber exhibited excellent mechanical properties (tensile stress > 4 MPa, tensile strain > 400%) even after 120 days of swelling in the pH of 3-9. Furthermore, owing to the excellent multi-faceted performance and one-dimensionality of W-PAMAA/Fe3+ hydrogel fibers, flexible sensors with different dimensions and functions can be constructed bottom-up, including the one-dimensional (1D) strain sensor, two-dimensional (2D) direction sensor, three-dimensional (3D) pressure sensor, and underwater communication sensor to present the great potential of hydrogel fibers in flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoji Wu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641P. R. China
| | - Caihong Gong
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641P. R. China
| | - Zichao Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641P. R. China
| | - Sijia Xu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641P. R. China
| | - Wen Feng
- Guangzhou Fiber Product Testing InstituteGuangzhou511447P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Qiu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641P. R. China
| | - Yurong Yan
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510641P. R. China
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property & Functional Polymer MaterialsGuangzhou510640P. R. China
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2
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Liu E, Xia X, Chen Q, Xu S. Gradient hydrogel actuator with fast response and self-recovery in air. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:560-564. [PMID: 36598010 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02471c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The driving principle of a thermal-responsive hydrogel that loses water at high temperature and absorbs water at low temperature limits its application in an aqueous environment. Here, a gradient hydrogel actuator was developed by introducing sodium hyaluronate into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel by an asymmetric mold method. The hydrogel exhibited a fast response above the LCST in air and unusual self-recovery without the need for further temperature stimuli. The actuation behavior was related to conversion from free water to bound water and water retention within the gradient matrix. The self-recovery mechanism was explored. This work provides a new insight into designing bionic hydrogels applied in a non-aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xuehuan Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Qiuyue Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Shimei Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Thanh Truc NT, Le HA, Lee BK. Sono-oxidation treatment of hazardous ABS/PC surface for its selective separation from ESR styrene plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:24771-24784. [PMID: 33244696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the selective hydrophilization of the ABS/PC blend surface using the peroxide-sonochemical system and then its selective separation by froth flotation technique from other ABS-based plastics (ABS, ABS/PMMA) and PS/HIPS in electronic shredder residue (ESR). FT-IR and XPS measurements confirm that the hydrophilic moiety development on the ABS/PC surface led to increasing the wettability of ABS/PC and then decreased its floatability. The confocal scanning results also support the enhancement of microscale roughness of the treated ABS/PC surface. The enhanced surface roughness is attributed to the oxidative process which degrades hydrophobic moieties and promotes hydrophilic functional groups on the ABS/PC surface using commercial oxidant peroxide and ultrasound. This study also investigated removal of Br-containing compounds on the ABS/PC surface. The optimum conditions for selectively ABS/PC separation are peroxide concentration 2%, power cycle 70%, treatment time 5 min, temperature 50 °C, floating agent concentration 0.4 mg/L, flotation time 2 min, and airflow rate 0.5 L/min. ABS/PC was selectively separated from ESR styrene plastics with high recovery and purity of 98.9% and 99.8%, respectively. Hence, the developed novel surface treatments having removal of hazardous Br chemicals and none-formation of secondary pollutants should be applied for upgrading plastic recycling quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thanh Truc
- Institute for the Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No.12, Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Hung Anh Le
- Institute for the Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No.12, Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam
| | - Byeong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea.
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Apte G, Lindenbauer A, Schemberg J, Rothe H, Nguyen TH. Controlling Surface-Induced Platelet Activation by Agarose and Gelatin-Based Hydrogel Films. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10963-10974. [PMID: 34056249 PMCID: PMC8153948 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-surface interaction is of paramount importance in biomedical applications as well as in vitro studies. However, controlling platelet-surface activation is challenging and still requires more effort as they activate immediately when contacting with any nonphysiological surface. As hydrogels are highly biocompatible, in this study, we developed agarose and gelatin-based hydrogel films to inhibit platelet-surface adhesion. We found promising agarose films that exhibit higher surface wettability, better controlled-swelling properties, and greater stiffness compared to gelatin, resulting in a strong reduction of platelet adhesion. Mechanical properties and surface wettability of the hydrogel films were varied by adding magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. While all of the films prevented platelet spreading, films formed by agarose and its nanocomposite repelled platelets and inhibited platelet adhesion and activation stronger than those of gelatin. Our results showed that platelet-surface activation is modulated by controlling the properties of the films underneath platelets and that the bioinert agarose can be potentially translated to the development of platelet storage and other medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurunath Apte
- Junior
Research Group, Department of Bioprocess Technique,
and Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement
Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Annerose Lindenbauer
- Junior
Research Group, Department of Bioprocess Technique,
and Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement
Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Jörg Schemberg
- Junior
Research Group, Department of Bioprocess Technique,
and Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement
Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Holger Rothe
- Junior
Research Group, Department of Bioprocess Technique,
and Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement
Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Thi-Huong Nguyen
- Junior
Research Group, Department of Bioprocess Technique,
and Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement
Techniques (iba), Rosenhof, 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
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5
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang C. Surface modification and selective flotation of waste plastics for effective recycling——a review. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Santander-Borrego M, Taran E, Shadforth AMA, Whittaker AK, Chirila TV, Blakey I. Hydrogels with Lotus Leaf Topography: Investigating Surface Properties and Cell Adhesion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:485-493. [PMID: 28054787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of cells with the surface of materials is known to be influenced by a range of factors that include chemistry and roughness; however, it is often difficult to probe these factors individually without also changing the others. Here we investigate the role of roughness on cell adhesion while maintaining the same underlying chemistry. This was achieved by using a polymerization in mold technique to prepare poly(hydroxymethyl methacrylate) hydrogels with either a flat topography or a topography that replicated the microscale features of lotus leaves. These materials were then assessed for cell adhesion, and atomic force microscopy and contact angle analysis were then used to probe the physical reasons for the differing behavior in relation to cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriem Santander-Borrego
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elena Taran
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian National Fabrication Facility-Queensland Node , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Audra M A Shadforth
- Queensland Eye Institute , 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute , 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - Traian V Chirila
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland , Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute , 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
- Science & Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Idriss Blakey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute , 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
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7
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Thanh Truc NT, Lee CH, Lee BK, Mallampati SR. Development of hydrophobicity and selective separation of hazardous chlorinated plastics by mild heat treatment after PAC coating and froth flotation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:193-202. [PMID: 27619965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing chlorine can release highly toxic materials and persistent organic pollutants if improperly disposed of. The combined technique of powder activated carbon (PAC) coating and mild heat treatment has been found to selectively change the surface hydrophobicity of PVC, enhancing its wettability and thereby promoting its separation from heavy plastic mixtures included polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) by means of froth flotation. The combined treatments helped to rearrange the surface components and make PVC more hydrophobic, while the remaining plastics became more hydrophilic. After the treatments at 150°C for 80s the contact angle of the PVC was greatly increased from 90.5 to 97.9°. The SEM and AFM reveal that the surface morphology and roughness changes on the PVC surface. XPS and FT-IR results further confirmed an increase of hydrophobic functional groups on the PVC surface. At the optimized froth flotation and subsequent mixing at 150rpm, 100% of PVC was recovered from the remaining plastic mixture with 93.8% purity. The combined technique can provide a simple and effective method for the selective separation of PVC from heavy plastics mixtures to facilitate easy industrial recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thanh Truc
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyeon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Mallampati
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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8
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Thanh Truc NT, Lee BK. Sustainable and Selective Separation of PVC and ABS from a WEEE Plastic Mixture Using Microwave and/or Mild-Heat Treatment with Froth Flotation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10580-10587. [PMID: 27602948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports simple, selective, and sustainable separation of chlorinated plastic (polyvinyl chloride, PVC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs) from mixed waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) plastics using microwave and/or mild-heat treatment. Microwave treatment after plastic coating with powdered activated carbon (PAC) selectively increased the hydrophilicity of the PVC surface, which facilitated PVC separation (100% recovery and purity) from the WEEE plastic mixture under the optimum flotation conditions. A further mild-heat treatment for 100 s facilitated selective separation with the highest recovery and purity (100%) of PAC-coated ABS containing BFRs from the remaining plastic mixture due to selective formation of a twisted structure with a lower density than water and the untreated ABS. Mild-heat treatment only of PAC-coated WEEE plastic mixture resulted in successful recovery of (100%) the ABS and PVC. However, the recovered PVC had slightly reduced purity (96.8%) as compared to that obtained using the combined heat and microwave treatments. The combination of both treatments with flotation facilitated selective and sustainable separation of PVC and ABS from WEEE plastics to improve their recycling quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thanh Truc
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan , Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan , Daehakro 93, Namgu, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
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9
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Vives CM, Pastoriza A. Poly(N-vinyl imidazole) hydrogels polymerized in molds of different materials. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Yadav R, Balasubramanian K. Metallization of electrospun PAN nanofibers via electroless gold plating. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03531g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An electroless gold plating process was investigated for the metallization of an electropun PAN fibre by utilizing a non-cyanide based gold complex i.e. gold thiosulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdayal Yadav
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
- Ministry of Defence
- Pune-411025
- India
| | - K. Balasubramanian
- Defence Institute of Advanced Technology
- Ministry of Defence
- Pune-411025
- India
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11
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Siriviriyanun A, Imae T. Solvo-affinity property of glass surfaces modified by self-assembled monolayers of organic and/or inorganic chemicals. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Laser engineered graphene paper for mass spectrometry imaging. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1415. [PMID: 23475267 PMCID: PMC3593214 DOI: 10.1038/srep01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A pulsed laser engineering approach is developed to prepare novel functional graphene paper with graphitic nanospheres homogeneously decorated on the surface and the superior performance of engineered paper is revealed in matrix-free mass spectrometry (MS) detection and imaging. We demonstrate that the stability of graphene paper under intense irradiation can be dramatically increased through a designed laser engineering process by forming densely packed graphitic nanospheres on the paper surface. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity is enhanced and electric conductivity is improved. The engineered graphene paper can image the invisible micro-patterns of trace amount molecules and increases the detection limit towards diverse molecules by over two orders of magnitude compared to the pristine graphene paper and commercial products in MS analysis.
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Sudre G, Hourdet D, Cousin F, Creton C, Tran Y. Structure of surfaces and interfaces of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12282-12287. [PMID: 22823739 DOI: 10.1021/la301417x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the surface structure of hydrogels of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) hydrogels synthesized and cross-linked simultaneously by redox free radical polymerization. We demonstrate the existence of a less cross-linked layer at the surface of the gel at least at two different length scales characterized by shear rheology and by neutron reflectivity, suggesting the existence of a gradient in cross-linking. The composition of the layer is shown to depend on the degree of hydrophobicity of the mold surface and is weaker for more hydrophobic molds. While the macroscopic tests proved the existence of a relatively thick under-cross-linked layer, we also demonstrated by neutron reflectivity that the gel surface at the submicrometric scale (500 nm) was also affected by the surface treatment of the mold. These results should have important implications for the measurement of macroscopic surface properties of these hydrogels such as friction or adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Sudre
- Laboratoire de Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, UMR 7615 CNRS/UPMC/ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
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15
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Peng M, Ping Gong J, Osada Y. Substrate effect on the formation of hydrogels with heterogeneous network structure. CHEM REC 2003; 3:40-50. [PMID: 12552530 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It was found that when an aqueous solution of vinyl monomers is polymerized on a hydrophobic substrate, obvious heterogeneity occurs in the region of the interface. This substrate effect was observed on polytetrafluroethylene (Teflon), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinylchloride (PVC), but not on hydrophilic substrates. Compared with synthesis on hydrophilic surfaces, the surfaces of hydrogels synthesized on a hydrophobic substrate exhibit a larger degree of swelling, a lower surface coefficient of friction and elastic modulus, weaker interfacial adhesion, and reduced interaction with biological cells. This substrate effect has been observed for many types of aqueous monomer solutions. It was found that the above properties are related to the loosely cross-linked architecture, containing some graft-like polymer chains, that is formed on the gel surface when the gel is prepared on a hydrophobic substrate. To understand the mechanism of the substrate effect, two novel optical methods, electric speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) and real-time laser sheet refraction (RT-LSR), were developed. It was found that oxygen trapped in the composite interface between the monomer solution and rough hydrophobic substrates played an important role in the substrate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Peng
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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17
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Kurokawa T, Gong JP, Osada Y. Substrate Effect on Topographical, Elastic, and Frictional Properties of Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma020453j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, and PRESTO, JST, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - J. P. Gong
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, and PRESTO, JST, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Y. Osada
- Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, and PRESTO, JST, Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
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