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El Haber M, Gérard V, Kleinheins J, Ferronato C, Nozière B. Measuring the Surface Tension of Atmospheric Particles and Relevant Mixtures to Better Understand Key Atmospheric Processes. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39177157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol and aqueous particles are ubiquitous in Earth's atmosphere and play key roles in geochemical processes such as natural chemical cycles, cloud and fog formation, air pollution, visibility, climate forcing, etc. The surface tension of atmospheric particles can affect their size distribution, condensational growth, evaporation, and exchange of chemicals with the atmosphere, which, in turn, are important in the above-mentioned geochemical processes. However, because measuring this quantity is challenging, its role in atmospheric processes was dismissed for decades. Over the last 15 years, this field of research has seen some tremendous developments and is rapidly evolving. This review presents the state-of-the-art of this subject focusing on the experimental approaches. It also presents a unique inventory of experimental adsorption isotherms for over 130 mixtures of organic compounds in water of relevance for model development and validation. Potential future areas of research seeking to better determine the surface tension of atmospheric particles, better constrain laboratory investigations, or better understand the role of surface tension in various atmospheric processes, are discussed. We hope that this review appeals not only to atmospheric scientists but also to researchers from other fields, who could help identify new approaches and solutions to the current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella El Haber
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Violaine Gérard
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Judith Kleinheins
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Institut de Recherches sur l'Environnement et la Catalyse de Lyon (IRCELYON), CNRS and Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Barbara Nozière
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 114 28, Sweden
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2
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Li J, Chang Y. Ozone oxidation of cysteine in optically trapped aqueous micro‐droplets. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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3
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Chang YP, Wu SJ, Lin MS, Chiang CY, Huang GG. Ionic-strength and pH dependent reactivities of ascorbic acid toward ozone in aqueous micro-droplets studied using aerosol optical tweezers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10108-10117. [PMID: 33876156 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous oxidation reaction of single aqueous ascorbic acid (AH2) aerosol particles with gas-phase ozone was investigated in this study utilizing aerosol optical tweezers with Raman spectroscopy. The measured liquid-phase bimolecular rate coefficients of the AH2 + O3 reaction exhibit a significant pH dependence, and the corresponding values at ionic strength 0.2 M are (3.1 ± 2.0) × 105 M-1 s-1 and (1.2 ± 0.6) × 107 M-1 s-1 for pH ≈ 2 and 6, respectively. These results measured in micron-sized droplets are in agreement with those from previous bulk measurements, indicating that the observed aerosol reaction kinetics can be solely explained by liquid phase diffusion and AH2 + O3 reaction. Furthermore, the results indicate that high ionic strengths could enhance the liquid-phase rate coefficients of the AH2 + O3 reaction. The results also exhibit a negative ozone pressure dependence that can be rationalized in terms of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanism for the heterogeneous oxidation of AH2 aerosol particles by gas-phase ozone. The results of the present work imply that in acidified airway-lining fluids the antioxidant ability of AH2 against atmospheric ozone will be significantly suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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4
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Gao Y, Zheng H, Xia Y, Cai M. Global scale distribution, seasonal changes and long-range transport potentiality of endosulfan in the surface seawater and air. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127634. [PMID: 32683032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan I, II, and sulfate were detected in the atmosphere and surface seawater on a global scale during three Chinese National Arctic-Antarctic Research Expeditions in 2016 and 2017. Concentrations of the three species displayed seasonal variations in seawater in the Northern Hemisphere but remained steadily low on Antarctic coasts. Endosulfan sulfate was predominant in the Northern Hemisphere, whereas isomer I was more abundant in the Southern Hemisphere. Endosulfan was detected in the atmosphere over the western Pacific Ocean but rarely in the central Arctic and North Atlantic oceans. Its concentration in seawater increased with increasing latitude in the Southern Ocean. Although fugacity ratios indicate a strong potential for deposition of endosulfan, air-seawater exchange may be slow, as suggested by the large differences between atmospheric and seawater concentrations. Ocean current endosulfan loads varied markedly between seasons. Three-day backward trajectories indicate that Northeast Asia is the major source of atmospheric endosulfan in the western Pacific Ocean, whereas the central Arctic and North Atlantic oceans are affected more by local air masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yinyue Xia
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China.
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5
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Mekic M, Wang Y, Loisel G, Vione D, Gligorovski S. Ionic Strength Effect Alters the Heterogeneous Ozone Oxidation of Methoxyphenols in Going from Cloud Droplets to Aerosol Deliquescent Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12898-12907. [PMID: 32946234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols are one of the most abundant classes of biomarker tracers for atmospheric wood smoke pollution. The reactions of atmospheric oxidants (ozone, OH) with methoxyphenols can contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Here, for the first time, we use the well-established vertical wetted wall flow tube (VWWFT) reactor to assess the effect of ionic strength (I), pH, temperature, and ozone concentration on the reaction kinetics of ozone with acetosyringone (ACS), as a representative methoxyphenol compound. At fixed pH 3, typical for acidic atmospheric deliquescent particles, and at I = 0.9 M adjusted by Na2SO4, the uptake coefficient (γ) of O3 increases by 2 orders of magnitude from γ = (5.0 ± 0.8) × 10-8 on neat salt solution (Na2SO4) to γ = (6.0 ± 0.01) × 10-6 on a mixture of ACS and Na2SO4. The comparison of the uptake coefficients of O3 at different pH values indicates that the reaction kinetics strongly depends on the acidity of the phenolic group of ACS. The observed different reactivity of gas-phase ozone with ACS has implications for ozone uptake by the dilute aqueous phase of cloud droplets and by aerosol deliquescent particles loaded with inorganic salts, and it can affect the formation of SOA in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Mekic
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gwendal Loisel
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sasho Gligorovski
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510 640, China
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Jami L, Zemb T, Casas J, Dufrêche JF. How Adsorption of Pheromones on Aerosols Controls Their Transport. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1628-1638. [PMID: 32999938 PMCID: PMC7517414 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose a general transport theory for pheromone molecules in an atmosphere containing aerosols. Many pheromones are hydrophobic molecules containing polar groups. They are low volatile and have some properties similar to those of hydrotropes. They therefore form a nonsoluble film at the water-air interface of aerosols. The fate of a small pheromone puff in air is computed through reaction-diffusion equations. Partitioning of pheromones between the gas and the aerosol surface over time is studied for various climate conditions (available aerosol surface) and adsorption affinities (energy of adsorption). We show that, for adsorption energy above 30 k B T per molecule, transport of pheromones on aerosols dominates over molecular transport typically 10 s after pheromone emission, even when few adsorbing aerosols are present. This new communication path for airborne chemicals leads to distinctive features including enhanced signal sensibility and increased persistence of pheromone concentration in the air due to slow diffusion of aerosols. Each aerosol droplet has the ability to adsorb thousands of pheromones to the surface, keeping a "history" of the atmospheric content between emission and reception. This new mechanism of pheromone transport leads to dramatic consequences on insect sensing revisiting the way we figure the capture of chemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Jami
- ICSM,
CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Thomas Zemb
- ICSM,
CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut
de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS—Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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7
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Rapf RJ, Vaida V. Sunlight as an energetic driver in the synthesis of molecules necessary for life. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:20067-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00980h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This review considers how photochemistry and sunlight-driven reactions can abiotically generate prebiotic molecules necessary for the evolution of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- CIRES
- University of Colorado at Boulder
- Boulder
- USA
| | - Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- CIRES
- University of Colorado at Boulder
- Boulder
- USA
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8
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Hayase S, Yabushita A, Kawasaki M, Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Weak Acids Enhance Halogen Activation on Atmospheric Water’s Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:4935-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2021775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Hayase
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yabushita
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J. Colussi
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Clifford D, Donaldson DJ, Brigante M, D'Anna B, George C. Reactive uptake of ozone by chlorophyll at aqueous surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:1138-1143. [PMID: 18351084 DOI: 10.1021/es0718220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of two complementary studies of the heterogeneous reaction between gas-phase ozone and aqueous chlorophyll. In the first experiment, the chlorophyll is present at the air-water interface and its concentration is measured as a function of time, using laser-induced fluorescence, to obtain the surface kinetics. Under most experimental conditions, these are well described using a Langmuir-Hinshelwood formalism. The second experiment was carried out in a wetted-wall flowtube apparatus and measured the uptake coefficient of ozone by the chlorophyll solution. The uptake coefficient decreases with increasing ozone concentration, consistent with the surface mechanism found in the fluorescence experiment. The two experiments agree that the uptake coefficient for ozone by such chlorophyll samples is approximately 2-5 x 10(-6) with unpolluted boundary layer ozone concentrations. At low wind speed, the reaction between ozone and chlorophyll at the sea surface may represent the driving force for ozone deposition at the ocean surface, significantly increasing its deposition velocity there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clifford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Soule MCK, Blower PG, Richmond GL. Effects of Atmospherically Important Solvated Ions on Organic Acid Adsorption at the Surface of Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:13703-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074986b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Kido Soule
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Patrick G. Blower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Geraldine L. Richmond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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11
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Clifford D, Donaldson DJ. Direct Experimental Evidence for a Heterogeneous Reaction of Ozone with Bromide at the Air−Aqueous Interface. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9809-14. [PMID: 17803288 DOI: 10.1021/jp074315d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental and theoretical evidence has indicated an enhancement of the heavier halide ions at the air-aqueous interface, relative to their bulk concentrations. This, along with an order of magnitude discrepancy between measured and predicted Br2 production in the reaction of ozone with deliquesced NaBr aerosol, has led to the suggestion that an interface reaction occurs between ozone and bromide. We have used harmine, a beta-carboline alkaloid, as an interface-sensitive fluorescent pH probe in order to measure pH changes associated with the interfacial reaction of ozone and bromide. The rate of pH change depends upon the bulk bromide concentration in a way which is well described by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. In the presence of octanol at the interface, the rate of pH change tracks the octanol adsorption isotherm, as expected if octanol enhances the concentration of ozone at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Clifford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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12
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Van Loon LL, Minor RN, Allen HC. Structure of Butanol and Hexanol at Aqueous, Ammonium Bisulfate, and Sulfuric Acid Solution Surfaces Investigated by Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:7338-46. [PMID: 17583325 DOI: 10.1021/jp070625k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The organization of 1-butanol and 1-hexanol at the air-liquid interface of aqueous, aqueous ammonium bisulfate, and sulfuric acid solutions was investigated using vibrational broad bandwidth sum frequency generation spectroscopy. There is spectroscopic evidence supporting the formation of centrosymmetric structures at the surface of pure butanol and pure hexanol. At aqueous, ammonium bisulfate, and at most sulfuric acid solution surfaces, butanol molecules organize in all-trans conformations. This suggests that butanol self-aggregates. The spectrum for the 0.052 M butanol in 59.5 wt % sulfuric acid solution is different from the other butanol solution spectra, that is, the surface butanol molecules are observed to possess a significant number of gauche defects. Relative to surface butanol, surface hexanol chains are more disordered at the surface of their respective solutions. Statistically, an increase in the number of gauche defects is expected for hexanol relative to butanol, a six carbon chain vs a four carbon chain. Yet, self-aggregation of hexanol at its aqueous solution surfaces is not ruled out because the methylene spectral contribution is relatively small. The surface spectra for butanol and hexanol also show evidence for salting out from the ammonium bisulfate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Van Loon
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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13
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Frediani L, Cammi R, Corni S, Tomasi J. A polarizable continuum model for molecules at diffuse interfaces. J Chem Phys 2006; 120:3893-907. [PMID: 15268556 DOI: 10.1063/1.1643727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we illustrate an extension of the polarizable continuum model to describe solvation effects on molecules at the interface between two fluid phases (liquid/liquid, liquid/vapor). This extension goes beyond the naive picture of the interface as a plane dividing two distinct dielectrics, commonly employed in continuum models. The main feature of the model is the use of a diffuse interface with an electric permittivity depending on the position. This characteristic clearly allows the study of simple interfaces as well as more complex membrane or multilayer structures. Moreover the smooth variation of the permittivity in the diffuse interface, in contrast to the sharp boundary between two regions, overcomes the numerical divergences due to charges placed at the boundary. The implementation of the model relies on the integral equation formalism, which allows one to calculate the reaction field acting on a molecule immersed in a dielectric environment once the proper Green's function is known. In the present case, such a Green's function is obtained numerically, allowing a large flexibility in the choice of the dielectric permittivity profile. The applications have been selected with the aim of illustrating the capabilities of the model; its present limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Frediani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 17/A, 43100, Italy
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14
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Mitchem L, Buajarern J, Hopkins RJ, Ward AD, Gilham RJJ, Johnston RL, Reid JP. Spectroscopy of Growing and Evaporating Water Droplets: Exploring the Variation in Equilibrium Droplet Size with Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:8116-25. [PMID: 16805498 DOI: 10.1021/jp061135f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the thermodynamic properties of a single liquid aerosol droplet can be explored through the combination of a single-beam gradient force optical trap with Raman spectroscopy. A single aqueous droplet, 2-6 microm in radius, can be trapped in air indefinitely and the response of the particle to variations in relative humidity investigated. The Raman spectrum provides a unique fingerprint of droplet composition, temperature, and size. Spontaneous Raman scattering is shown to be consistent with that from a bulk phase sample, with the shape of the OH stretching band dependent on the concentration of sodium chloride in the aqueous phase and on the polarization of the scattered light. Stimulated Raman scattering at wavelengths commensurate with whispering gallery modes is demonstrated to provide a method for determining the size of the trapped droplet with nanometer precision and with a time resolution of 1 s. The polarization dependence of the stimulated scatter is consistent with the dependence observed for the spontaneous scatter from the droplet. By characterizing the spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering from the droplet, we demonstrate that it is possible to measure the equilibrium size and composition of an aqueous droplet with variation in relative humidity. For this benchmark study we investigate the variation in equilibrium size with relative humidity for a simple binary sodium chloride/aqueous aerosol, a typical representative inorganic/aqueous aerosol that has been studied extensively in the literature. The measured equilibrium sizes are shown to be in excellent agreement with the predictions of Köhler theory. We suggest that this approach could provide an important new strategy for characterizing the thermodynamic properties and kinetics of transformation of aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mitchem
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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15
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Donaldson DJ, Vaida V. The Influence of Organic Films at the Air−Aqueous Boundary on Atmospheric Processes. Chem Rev 2006; 106:1445-61. [PMID: 16608186 DOI: 10.1021/cr040367c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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16
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Vácha R, Jungwirth P, Chen J, Valsaraj K. Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the air–water interface: Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental atmospheric observations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:4461-7. [PMID: 17001414 DOI: 10.1039/b610253k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene at the aqueous surface is investigated by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Potentials of mean force, i.e., free energy profiles obtained when moving the studied molecules across an aqueous slab were evaluated. In all cases, deep surface free energy minima, corresponding to orders of magnitude of surface enhancement of the aromatic molecule, were located. This enhancement, which increases with the size of the solute, points to the importance of the aqueous surface for the chemistry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Supporting evidence in the atmospheric environment related to the heterogeneous chemistry of PAHs on water droplets and planar surfaces is summarized. There is good agreement between the hydration free energies computed from MD calculations and the experimentally determined values. Data pertaining to the importance of the air-water interface in the adsorption and transport of PAHs on micron sized water droplets are described. The relevant data on adsorption and reaction (ozonation and photochemical) at the air-water interface of planar surfaces and droplets are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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17
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Thornton JA, Abbatt JPD. N2O5 Reaction on Submicron Sea Salt Aerosol: Kinetics, Products, and the Effect of Surface Active Organics. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:10004-12. [PMID: 16838918 DOI: 10.1021/jp054183t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of N(2)O(5) on sea salt aerosol is a sink for atmospheric nitrogen oxides and a source of the Cl radical. We present room-temperature measurements of the N(2)O(5) loss rate on submicron artificial seawater (ASW) aerosol, performed with an entrained aerosol flow tube coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer, as a function of aerosol phase (aqueous or partially crystalline), liquid water content, and size. We also present an analysis of the product growth kinetics showing that ClNO(2) is produced at a rate equal to N(2)O(5) loss, with an estimated lower limit yield of 50% at 50% relative humidity (RH). The reaction probability for N(2)O(5), gamma(N(2)(O)(5)), depends strongly on the particle phase, being 0.005 +/- 0.004 on partially crystalline ASW aerosol at 30% RH and 0.03 +/- 0.008 on aqueous ASW aerosol at 65% RH. At 50% RH, N(2)O(5) loss is relatively insensitive to particle size for radii greater than 100 nm, and gamma(N(2)(O)(5)) displays a statistically insignificant increase from 0.022 to approximately 0.03 for aqueous ASW aerosol over the RH range of 43-70%. We find that the presence of millimolar levels of hexanoic acid in the aerosol bulk decreases the gamma(N(2)(O)(5)) at 70% RH by a factor of 3-4 from approximately 0.025 to 0.008 +/- 0.004. This reduction is likely due to the partitioning of hexanoic acid to the gas-aerosol interface at a surface coverage that we estimate to be equivalent to a monolayer. This result is the first evidence that a monolayer coating of aqueous organic surfactant can slow the reactive uptake of atmospheric trace gases to aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Thornton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. thornton@ atmos.washington.edu
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18
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19
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Raymond EA, Richmond GL. Probing the Molecular Structure and Bonding of the Surface of Aqueous Salt Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037725k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Raymond
- Materials Science Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Geraldine L. Richmond
- Materials Science Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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20
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Strekowski RS, Remorov R, George C. Direct Kinetic Study of the Reaction of Cl2•- Radical Anions with Ethanol at the Air−Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Strekowski
- Laboratoire d'Application de la Chimie à l'Environnement (UCBL-CNRS), 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, and Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 117977, Russia
| | - R. Remorov
- Laboratoire d'Application de la Chimie à l'Environnement (UCBL-CNRS), 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, and Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 117977, Russia
| | - Ch. George
- Laboratoire d'Application de la Chimie à l'Environnement (UCBL-CNRS), 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France, and Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow 117977, Russia
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21
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Mmereki BT, Chaudhuri SR, Donaldson DJ. Enhanced Uptake of PAHs by Organic-Coated Aqueous Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027361g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baagi T. Mmereki
- Department of Chemistry and UTSC, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - Sri R. Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry and UTSC, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry and UTSC, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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23
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Mmereki BT, Donaldson DJ. Ab Initio and Density Functional Study of Complexes between the Methylamines and Water. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013694m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baagi T. Mmereki
- Department of Chemistry and University of Toronto at Scarborough, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry and University of Toronto at Scarborough, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6
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24
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Mmereki BT, Donaldson DJ. Laser induced fluorescence of pyrene at an organic coated air–water interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b204754c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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