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Abstract
A few months before the COVID-19 pandemic, Pierre Vogel and Kendall N. Houk published with a new textbook Wiley-VCH, “Organic Chemistry: Theory, Reactivity, and Mechanisms in Modern Synthesis”, with a foreword from the late Roberts H. Grubbs. The book demonstrates how catalytic processes dominate all fields of modern organic chemistry and synthesis, and how invention combines thermodynamics, kinetics, spectroscopy, quantum mechanics, and thermochemical data libraries. Here, the authors present a few case studies that should be of interest to teachers, practitioners of organic and organometallic chemistry, and the engineers of molecules. The Vogel–Houk book is both textbook and reference manual; it provides a modern way to think about chemical reactivity and a powerful toolbox to inventors of new reactions and new procedures.
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Porto CM, Santana LC, Morgon NH. Theoretical investigation of the cooperative effect of solvent: a case study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14603-14615. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05388d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of solvent was investigated at the DFT level, M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p), for the implicit, namely the universal solvent model based on solute electron density (SMD), and hybrid solvation models, and...
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Ding Y, Sun C, Guo X, Mu J. Insight into generalized local softness based on
ABEEM
‐σπ method: Electrophilic additions to alkenes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Li Ding
- College of Science Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Chang‐Liang Sun
- Center of Physical Chemistry Test Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Jiao Guo
- College of Science Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang People's Republic of China
| | - Ji‐Rong Mu
- College of Science Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang People's Republic of China
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Firme CL. Revisiting the mechanism for the polar hydrochlorination of alkenes. J Mol Model 2019; 25:128. [PMID: 31025210 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Various kinetic studies of the addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes were carried out in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1970s. Since then, there have been theoretical analyses of several aspects of alkene reactivity and regioselectivity during hydrohalogenation. A few works have studied the influence of the hydrogen halide when it is acting as a catalyst (as well as a reactant) under third-order kinetics. However, there has not been any theoretical investigation of the possibility that there is a carbocation intermediate in the contact ion pair. Therefore, we revisited the mechanistic aspects of this reaction at different levels of theory and using IRC (in a gaseous medium) and ONIOM (with an explicit solvent model). We found that (i) there is only one transition state (one energy barrier) for all possible reaction mechanisms in an apolar medium, (ii) there is no carbocation intermediate when a hydrohalogenation reaction is performed in apolar and polar protic media, (iii) hydrochlorination in apolar and polar protic media occurs through an asynchronous concerted mechanism (not through the stepwise mechanism described in undergraduate/graduate literature), and (iv) there are three possible competing mechanisms (with second-, third-, and fourth-order kinetics) in an apolar medium; the mechanism with fourth-order kinetics has the smallest energy barrier, while that with second-order kinetics (a mechanism in which the hydrogen halide does not also act as a catalyst) has the highest energy barrier. Graphical abstract Hydrochlorination of 2,3-dimethylbutene through an asynchronous concerted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio L Firme
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, CEP 59078-970, Brazil.
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Piccini G, Mendels D, Parrinello M. Metadynamics with Discriminants: A Tool for Understanding Chemistry. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5040-5044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- GiovanniMaria Piccini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
- Facoltá di Informatica, Instituto di Scienze Computationali, Universit’a della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900, Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Dan Mendels
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
- Facoltá di Informatica, Instituto di Scienze Computationali, Universit’a della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900, Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Michele Parrinello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, c/o USI Campus, Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
- Facoltá di Informatica, Instituto di Scienze Computationali, Universit’a della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900, Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland
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Ding YL, Sun CL, Gang TC, Mu JR, Qian P. Investigation of the Markovnikov Regioselectivity Rule in terms of ABEEM-σπ Model: A Site Activation Method. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.151192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Chang Liang Sun
- Center of Physical Chemistry Test, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Tie Chen Gang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Ji Rong Mu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology
| | - Ping Qian
- Chemistry and Material Science Faculty, Shandong Agricultural University
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Franzen S, Cochran KH, Weng J, Bartolotti L, Delley B. The quadrapolar character of the Markovnikov reaction transition state. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Xiu Y, Zhao H, Gao Y, Liu W, Liu S. Chemical transformation of ginsenoside Re by a heteropoly acid investigated using HPLC-MSn/HRMS. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and pathway of heteropoly acid-derived chemical transformation of ginsenoside Re are investigated using multistage tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Huanxi Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Gao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- P. R. China
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
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Gallardo-Fuentes S, Tapia RA, Contreras R, Campodónico PR. Site activation effects promoted by intramolecular hydrogen bond interactions in SNAr reactions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04725g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of benzohydrazide derivatives towards 2-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine is used as model system to experimentally and theoretically show that intramolecular hydrogen-bond formation operates as a perturbation that elicits a dual response at the reaction center of the transition state (TS) structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo A. Tapia
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago 6094411, Chile
| | - Renato Contreras
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola R. Campodónico
- Centro de Química Médica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo
- Santiago, Chile
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Holme A, Sæthre LJ, Børve KJ, Thomas TD. Chemical Reactivity of Alkenes and Alkynes As Seen from Activation Energies, Enthalpies of Protonation, and Carbon 1s Ionization Energies. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10105-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alf Holme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway, and
| | - Leif J. Sæthre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway, and
| | - Knut J. Børve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway, and
| | - T. Darrah Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003,
United States
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11
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Gonzalez-Suarez M, Aizman A, Soto-Delgado J, Contreras R. Bond Fukui functions as descriptor of the electron density reorganization in π conjugated systems. J Org Chem 2012; 77:90-5. [PMID: 22126265 DOI: 10.1021/jo201465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bond Fukui function is introduced and tested as a new reactivity index capable of predicting the evolution of bond breaking and formation processes during an organic reaction involving π conjugated systems. As an illustration, we examine many cases where substituted ethylenes and dienes may respond to different reagents to yield cycloaddition, Michael addition, and other reactions at double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gonzalez-Suarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 220, Santiago, Chile.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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13
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SHARMA P, KUMAR A, SINGH J, SAHU V. Theoretical Evaluation of the Global and Local Electrophilicity Patterns to Characterize Hetero Diels-Alder Cycloaddition in the Synthesis of Isoxazolo[4,5- e](1,2,3,4-tetrazine). CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pérez P, Domingo LR, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. A condensed-to-atom nucleophilicity index. An application to the director effects on the electrophilic aromatic substitutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yang ZZ, Ding YL, Zhao DX. Insight into Markovnikov Reactions of Alkenes in Terms of Ab Initio and Molecular Face Theory. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:2379-89. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chamorro E, Pérez P. Condensed-to-atoms electronic Fukui functions within the framework of spin-polarized density-functional theory. J Chem Phys 2007; 123:114107. [PMID: 16392551 DOI: 10.1063/1.2033689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple formalism devised to calculate the condensed-to-atoms Fukui function [R. R. Contreras, P. Fuentealba, M. Galván, and P. Pérez, Chem. Phys. Lett. 304, 405 (1999)] has been further analyzed within a spin-polarized density-functional theory framework. The model is based on a frozen-core approximation to these local reactivity indices [M. Galván, A. Vela, and J. L. Gázquez, J. Phys. Chem. 92, 6470 (1988)], giving us an extended local reactivity description of systems based on the frontier spin-up and spin-down molecular orbitals. Degenerate molecular spin orbitals have been explicitly included in our model equations. Computational results for the nitric oxide (NO) and some simple carbene systems are presented in order to test the model. These quantities have been discussed in the context of changes both in charge density and spin density within the context of electron charge transfer or spin-polarization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Chamorro
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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18
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Padmanabhan J, Parthasarathi R, Subramanian V, Chattaraj P. Philicity based site activation model towards understanding the Markovnikov regioselectivity rule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Hemelsoet K, Van Speybroeck V, Marin GB, De Proft F, Geerlings P, Waroquier M. Reactivity Indices for Radical Reactions Involving Polyaromatics. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048743k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hemelsoet
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, Laboratorium voor Petrochemische Techniek, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium, and Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Santos JC, Chamorro E, Contreras R, Fuentealba P. Local reactivity index as descriptor of benzene adsorption in cluster models of exchanged zeolite-Y. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Aparicio F, Contreras R, Galván M, Cedillo A. Global and Local Reactivity and Activation Patterns of HOOX (X = H, NO2, CO2-, SO3-) Peroxides with Solvent Effects. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034936g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Aparicio
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, A.P. 55-534, México D. F. 09340, México, and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Contreras
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, A.P. 55-534, México D. F. 09340, México, and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Galván
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, A.P. 55-534, México D. F. 09340, México, and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Cedillo
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, A.P. 55-534, México D. F. 09340, México, and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Pérez P. Global and local electrophilicity patterns of diazonium ions and their reactivity toward pi-nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2003; 68:5886-9. [PMID: 12868922 DOI: 10.1021/jo030125x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The global and local electrophilicity patterns of a series of 15 diazonium ions have been evaluated using the absolute scale of electrophilicity proposed by Parr et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1922). The predicted global electrophilicity pattern of the whole series of diazonium ions correctly compares with the experimental electrophilicity recently determined for these charged electrophiles. The global electrophilicity is then projected into the different potential active sites of the molecular ions using the electrophilic Fukui function. The highest regional electrophilicity power is found at the terminal nitrogen atom of the arenediazonium ions, yet the highest positive charge is located on the nitrogen atom directly attached to the aromatic ring. This result is consistent with the observed reactivity displayed by diazonium ions toward substituted alkenes, thereby suggesting that the formation of the azocarbocation intermediate is mostly orbital rather than charge controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Melin J, Aparicio F, Galván M, Fuentealba P, Contreras R. Chemical Reactivity in the {N, NS, v(r)} Space. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034195j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junia Melin
- Departamento de Química and Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM-Iztapalapa, México DF, México
| | - F. Aparicio
- Departamento de Química and Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM-Iztapalapa, México DF, México
| | - M. Galván
- Departamento de Química and Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM-Iztapalapa, México DF, México
| | - P. Fuentealba
- Departamento de Química and Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM-Iztapalapa, México DF, México
| | - R. Contreras
- Departamento de Química and Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, UAM-Iztapalapa, México DF, México
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