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Biggerstaff S, Kitzmiller NL, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. Comparative Study of Neutral and Cationic Sn 2H 2: Toward Laboratory Detection of the Cation. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:7090-7104. [PMID: 39159433 PMCID: PMC11372748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Group 14 M2H2 isomers (M = Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) have attracted interest due to their radically differing electronic structures from acetylene. To better understand the Sn-H interactions of the neutral and cationic Sn2H2 structures, we present the most rigorous study of these systems to date. CCSD(T)/cc-pwCVTZ harmonic frequencies are presented as the first predictions for the neutral and cationic species to date. CCSDT(Q)/CBS relative energies are reported using the focal point approach, confirming the butterfly isomer as the global minimum on the potential energy surface for both the neutral and cationic species. In all, there exist 7 minima and 15 transition states. NBO analysis is also performed to elucidate the changes in bond order going from neutral to cation across all isomers of Sn2H2. Our results provide insights into the important Sn-H interaction and provide guidance for future work that may detect S n 2 H 2 + in the laboratory for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Biggerstaff
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Kitzmiller
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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2
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Poncelet EJ, Mull HF, Abate Y, Robinson GH, Douberly GE, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. A wealth of structures for the Ge 2H 2+ radical cation: comparison of theory and experiment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12444-12452. [PMID: 38597727 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Five structures of Ge2H2 and Ge2H2+ are investigated in this study. Optimized geometries at the CCSD(T)/cc-pwCVQZ-PP level of theory were obtained. Focal point analyses were performed on these optimized geometries to determine relative energies using the CCSD(T) method with polarized basis sets up to quintuple-zeta. Energy corrections include full T and pertubative (Q) coupled-cluster effects plus anharmonic corrections to the zero-point vibrational energy. Relative ordering in energy from lowest to highest of the five Ge2H2+ structures is butterfly, germylidene, monobridged, trans, then linear. In neutral Ge2H2, the monobridged structure lies lower in energy than the germylidene structure. Fundamental vibrational frequencies and IR intensities were computed for the minima at the CCSD(T)/cc-pwCVTZ-PP level of theory to compare with experimental research. Partial atomic charges and natural bonding orbital analyses indicated that the positive charge of Ge2H2+ is contained in the region of the Ge-Ge bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Poncelet
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | - Henry F Mull
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | - Yohannes Abate
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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3
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Chen Y, Yao L, Wang F. Intermolecular interactions between the heavy-atom analogues of acetylene T 2H 2 (T = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and HCN. J Mol Model 2023; 29:52. [PMID: 36689026 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
METHODS The intermolecular interactions between the heavy-atom analogues of acetylene T2H2 (T = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and HCN have been investigated by theoretical calculations at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level. RESULTS The global energy minimum of T2H2 is the butterfly structure A, and another energy minimum is the planar structure B. Both structures A and B exhibit the dual behavior when binding with HCN. The various hydrogen bond (HB), dihydrogen bond (DB) and tetrel bond (TB) complexes can be found according to the MEP maps of T2H2. One TB and three HB complexes formed between structure A and HCN can be located for Si2H2 and Ge2H2. One TB, two HB and one DB complexes formed between structure A and HCN can be located for Sn2H2 and Pb2H2. Four TB and one HB complexes formed between structure B and HCN can be located for all the T2H2. The geometries and binding strengths of the complexes are compared and analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The interactions in these complexes are generally weak, and the interaction energies of these complexes range from -0.53 to -8.23 kcal/mol. The interaction energies of the TB complexes are larger than those of the corresponding HB and DB complexes for structure A···HCN systems. The relative binding strength of the four TB complexes exhibits different order for different structure B···HCN systems, which is consistent with the MEP maps of the isolated monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Chen
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lifeng Yao
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, Yunnan, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, Yunnan, China
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4
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Sigmund LM, Ehlert C, Gryn'ova G, Greb L. Stereoinversion of tetrahedral p-block element hydrides. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194113. [PMID: 35597652 DOI: 10.1063/5.0090267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces of 15 tetrahedral p-block element hydrides were screened on the multireference level. It was addressed whether stereoinversion competes against other reactions, such as reductive H2-elimination or hydride loss, and if so, along which pathway the stereomutation occurs. Importantly, stereoinversion transition structures for the ammonium cation (C4v) and the tetrahydridoborate anion (Cs) were identified for the first time. Revisiting methane's Cs symmetric inversion transition structure with the mHEAT+ protocol revealed an activation enthalpy for stereoinversion, in contrast to all earlier studies, which is 5 kJ mol-1 below the C-H bond dissociation enthalpy. Square planar structures were identified lowest in energy only for the inversion of AlH4 -, but a novel stepwise Cs-inversion was discovered for SiH4 or PH4 +. Overall, the present contribution delineates essentials of the potential energy surfaces of p-block element hydrides, while structure-energy relations offer design principles for the synthetically emerging field of structurally constrained compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Ehlert
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS gGmbH), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ganna Gryn'ova
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS gGmbH), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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5
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Yang Z, Sun BJ, He C, Fatimah S, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Gas Phase Preparation of the Elusive Monobridged Ge(µ -H)GeH Molecule via Non-Adiabatic Reaction Dynamics. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103999. [PMID: 34929046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hitherto elusive monobridged Ge( µ -H)GeH (X 1 A') molecule was prepared in gas phase through bimolecular reaction of atomic germanium (Ge) with germane (GeH 4 ). Merged with electronic structure calculations, this reaction was revealed to commence on the triplet surface with the formation of a van der Waals complex, followed by insertion of germanium into a germanium-hydrogen bond via a submerged barrier forming the triplet digermanylidene intermediate (HGeGeH 3 ); the latter underwent intersystem crossing from the triplet to singlet surface. On the singlet surface, HGeGeH 3 predominantly isomerized via two successive hydrogen shifts prior to unimolecular decomposition to Ge( µ -H)GeH isomer, which is in equilibrium with the vinylidene-type (H 2 GeGe) and di-bridged (Ge( µ -H 2 )Ge) isomers. This reaction leads to the formation of the cyclic dinuclear germanium molecules, which do not exist on the isovalent C 2 H 2 surface, deepening our understanding of the role of nonadiabatic reaction dynamics in preparing non-classical, hydrogen-bridged isomers carrying main group XIV elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Chemistry, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, 96822, Honolulu, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Chao He
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Ralf I Kaiser
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, 96822, Honolulu, UNITED STATES
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6
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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7
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Krasnoukhov VS, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Doddipatla S, Yang Z, Goettl S, Kaiser RI. Combined Crossed Molecular Beams and Ab Initio Study of the Bimolecular Reaction of Ground State Atomic Silicon (Si; 3 P) with Germane (GeH 4 ; X 1 A 1 ). Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1497-1504. [PMID: 34004053 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chemical dynamics of the elementary reaction of ground state atomic silicon (Si; 3 P) with germane (GeH4 ; X1 A1 ) were unraveled in the gas phase under single collision condition at a collision energy of 11.8±0.3 kJ mol-1 exploiting the crossed molecular beams technique contemplated with electronic structure calculations. The reaction follows indirect scattering dynamics and is initiated through an initial barrierless insertion of the silicon atom into one of the four chemically equivalent germanium-hydrogen bonds forming a triplet collision complex (HSiGeH3 ; 3 i1). This intermediate underwent facile intersystem crossing (ISC) to the singlet surface (HSiGeH3 ; 1 i1). The latter isomerized via at least three hydrogen atom migrations involving exotic, hydrogen bridged reaction intermediates eventually leading to the H3 SiGeH isomer i5. This intermediate could undergo unimolecular decomposition yielding the dibridged butterfly-structured isomer 1 p1 (Si(μ-H2 )Ge) plus molecular hydrogen through a tight exit transition state. Alternatively, up to two subsequent hydrogen shifts to i6 and i7, followed by fragmentation of each of these intermediates, could also form 1 p1 (Si(μ-H2 )Ge) along with molecular hydrogen. The overall non-adiabatic reaction dynamics provide evidence on the existence of exotic dinuclear hydrides of main group XIV elements, whose carbon analog structures do not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S Krasnoukhov
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.,Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086
| | - Srinivas Doddipatla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Shane Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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8
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Babashpour S, Atabaki H. Unravelling the Origin of the Linear Structures Distortions of the Acetylene Isoelectronic Compounds (Disilyne, Digermyne, and Distannyne). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Zhao J, Ji T, Xiao X, Wang X, Beckers H, Riedel S. Charge-Inverted Hydrogen-Bridged Bond in HCa(μ-H) 3E (E = Si, Ge, and Sn): Matrix Isolation Infrared Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14355-14366. [PMID: 32975409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy combined with quantum-chemical calculations were employed to study the reactions of calcium atoms with silane, germane, and stannane in a 4 K argon matrix. The ion pairs [HCa]+ and [EH3]- (E = Si, Ge, and Sn) in both the classical structure HCaEH3 and the bridged structure HCa(μ-H)3E were identified based on the H/D isotopic substitution experiments and quantum-chemical calculations. The results show that the reaction between ground-state Ca and EH4 proceeds inefficiently, and only after the photolytic activation of Ca atoms to the Ca(1P:4s4p) state does insertion occur to give HCaEH3, which rearranges to HCa(μ-H)3E upon photolysis. Topological analysis of the electronic structure suggests that the nonclassical structure HCa(μ-H)3E is formed by the electrostatic interaction with charge-inverted hydrogen bridge bond, while HCaEH3 is dominated by (HCa)+(EH3)- ion pair interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.,School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Institut fur Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Fabeckstrase 34/36, Berlin D-14195, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut fur Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Fabeckstrase 34/36, Berlin D-14195, Germany
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10
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Zhao L, Pan S, Holzmann N, Schwerdtfeger P, Frenking G. Chemical Bonding and Bonding Models of Main-Group Compounds. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8781-8845. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Nicole Holzmann
- Scientific Computing Department, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University (Albany), 0632 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
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11
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Koput J. Ab initio
structure and vibration‐rotation dynamics of germylene, GeH
2. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:1911-1918. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Koput
- Department of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz University 61–614, Poznań Poland
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12
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Thomas AM, Dangi BB, Yang T, Tarczay G, Kaiser RI, Sun BJ, Chen SY, Chang AHH, Nguyen TL, Stanton JF, Mebel AM. Directed Gas-Phase Formation of the Germaniumsilylene Butterfly Molecule (Ge(μ-H 2)Si). J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1264-1271. [PMID: 30817157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The hitherto elusive dibridged germaniumsilylene molecule (Ge(μ-H2)Si) has been formed for the first time via the bimolecular gas-phase reaction of ground-state germanium atoms (Ge) with silane (SiH4) under single-collision conditions. Merged with state-of-the-art electronic structure calculations, the reaction was found to proceed through initial formation of a van der Waals complex in the entrance channel, insertion of the germanium into a silicon-hydrogen bond, intersystem crossing from the triplet to the singlet surface, hydrogen migrations, and eventually elimination of molecular hydrogen via a tight exit transition state, leading to the germaniumsilylene "butterfly". This investigation provides an extraordinary peek at the largely unknown silicon-germanium chemistry on the molecular level and sheds light on the essential nonadiabatic reaction dynamics of germanium and silicon, which are quite distinct from those of the isovalent carbon system, thus offering crucial insights that reveal exotic chemistry and intriguing chemical bonding in the germanium-silicon system on the most fundamental, microscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Beni B Dangi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - György Tarczay
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Bing-Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry , National Dong Hwa University , Shoufeng , Hualien 974 , Taiwan
| | - Si-Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Dong Hwa University , Shoufeng , Hualien 974 , Taiwan
| | - Agnes H H Chang
- Department of Chemistry , National Dong Hwa University , Shoufeng , Hualien 974 , Taiwan
| | - Thanh L Nguyen
- Quantum Theory Project, Department of Chemistry and Physics , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - John F Stanton
- Quantum Theory Project, Department of Chemistry and Physics , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
- Samara University , Samara 443086 , Russia
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13
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Zhao L, Hermann M, Schwarz WHE, Frenking G. The Lewis electron-pair bonding model: modern energy decomposition analysis. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Kruszewski Ł, Fabiańska MJ, Ciesielczuk J, Segit T, Orłowski R, Motyliński R, Kusy D, Moszumańska I. First multi-tool exploration of a gas-condensate-pyrolysate system from the environment of burning coal mine heaps: An in situ FTIR and laboratory GC and PXRD study based on Upper Silesian materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1044-1071. [PMID: 30021271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A methodological approach to the complex geochemical analysis of the coal fire in burning coal mine heaps (BCMH) of Upper Silesian Coal Basin has been developed. The other approach used is gas chromatography and indicatory tubes. Powder X-Ray Diffraction is applied for phase analysis to determine the species composition of mineral condensates present within and around gas flues. The gas compositions are proved to be extremely variable, when comparing both different BCMH and flues or flue zones of the same heaps. One outstanding determination concerns GeCl4, found in most samples often in large quantities. No evident dependence between the gas and mineral condensate compositions is found: N-rich condensates may but do not have to be associated with NH3-, pyridine-, or NOx-rich gases. This is also true for S-rich and Cl-rich mineralization in connection with gases of SO2, H2S, OCS, CS2, thiophene, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, HCl, and various halogenated hydrocarbons. Fluorine is rarely present as HF, whereas SiF4 occurs more frequently and in much larger quantities. AsH3 is mainly a trace gas but may locally be enriched. Besides the common gases, a number of trace gases is also determined based on residual FTIR spectra. Those with the highest presence chance include cyanogen isocyanate, cyanogen N-oxide, (iso)cyanic acid, c-cyanomethanimine (ethylenediimine), isocyanatomethane, iodocyanoacetylene, acetonitrile, acetaldehyde, m-hydroxybenzonitrile (m-cyanophenol), isonitrosyl chloride, nitrosyl isocyanide, difluorosilane, pentacene, triphenylene, thiazolidine, cyclohexane, and a trinitrenetriazine. The occurrence of some metals and semimetals (e.g., Al, Mg, Ga) as neutral hydroxides, suggested by other authors to occur in natural gases, is possibly confirmed. The presence of trace metal carbonyls, nitrosyls and hydrides is also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kruszewski
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (ING PAN), 51/55 Twarda St., PL-00-818 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika J Fabiańska
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., PL-41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Justyna Ciesielczuk
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, 60 Będzińska St., PL-41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Tomasz Segit
- Department of Geology, University of Warsaw, 93 Żwirki i Wigury St., 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ryszard Orłowski
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (ING PAN), 51/55 Twarda St., PL-00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Motyliński
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (ING PAN), 51/55 Twarda St., PL-00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Kusy
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (ING PAN), 51/55 Twarda St., PL-00-818 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Moszumańska
- Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences (ING PAN), 51/55 Twarda St., PL-00-818 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Liu X, Liu X, Wang X. Splitting of Hydrogen Sulfide by Group 14 Elements (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) in Excess Argon at Cryogenic Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7023-7032. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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16
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Zhao J, Beckers H, Huang T, Wang X, Riedel S. H2MBH2 and M(μ-H)2BH2 Molecules Isolated in Solid Argon: Interelement M–B and M–H–B Bonds (M = Ge, Sn). Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2218-2227. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- School of Chemical
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Institut fur Chemie und Biochemie−Anorganische
Chemie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Fabeckstrase 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tengfei Huang
- School of Chemical
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut fur Chemie und Biochemie−Anorganische
Chemie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Fabeckstrase 34/36, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Xu B, Li L, Shi P, Yu W, Zhao J, Wang X, Andrews L. Matrix-Infrared Spectra and Structures of HM–SiH3 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Te Atoms). J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:81-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Li
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peipei Shi
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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18
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Chakkingal Parambil P, Hoffmann R. Donor–Acceptor Strategies for Stabilizing Planar Diplumbenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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19
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Mohapatra C, Kundu S, Paesch AN, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Andrada DM, Frenking G, Roesky HW. The Structure of the Carbene Stabilized Si2H2 May Be Equally Well Described with Coordinate Bonds as with Classical Double Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10429-32. [PMID: 27494691 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene stabilized Si2H2 has been isolated in the molecular form of composition (Me-cAAC:)2Si2H2 (1) and (Cy-cAAC:)2Si2H2 (2) at room temperature. Compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized from the reduction of HSiCl3 using 3 equiv of KC8 in the presence of 1 equiv of Me-cAAC: and Cy-cAAC:, respectively. These are the first molecular examples of Si2H2 characterized by single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Moreover, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and (1)H as well as (29)Si NMR data are reported. Furthermore, the structure of compound 1 has been investigated by theoretical methods. The theoretical analysis of 1 explains equally well its structure with coordinate bonds as with classical double bonds of a 2,3-disila-1,3-butadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrajeet Mohapatra
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N Paesch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032-Marburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032-Marburg, Germany
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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20
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Honacker C, Qu ZW, Tannert J, Layh M, Hepp A, Grimme S, Uhl W. Functionalized alkynyl-chlorogermanes: hydrometallation, Ge-Cl bond activation, Ge-H bond formation and chlorine-tert-butyl exchange via a transient germyl cation. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6159-74. [PMID: 26610394 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03918e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of alkynyl-arylchlorogermanes ArylnGe(Cl)(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-(t)Bu)3-n (n = 1, 2) with HM(t)Bu2 (M = Al, Ga) yielded mixed Al or Ga alkenyl-alkynylchlorogermanes via hydrometallation reactions. Intramolecular interactions between the Lewis-basic Cl atoms and the Lewis-acidic Al or Ga atoms afforded MCGeCl heterocycles. The endocyclic M-Cl distances were significantly lengthened compared to the starting compounds and indicated Ge-Cl bond activation. Dual hydrometallation succeeded only with HGa(t)Bu2. One Ga atom of the product was involved in a Ga-Cl bond, while the second one had an interaction to a C-H bond of a phenyl group. In two cases treatment of chlorogermanes with two equivalents of HAl(t)Bu2 resulted in hydroalumination of one alkynyl group and formation of unprecedented Ge-H functionalized germanes, Aryl-Ge(H)(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-(t)Bu)[C(Al(t)Bu2)[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)-(t)Bu] (Aryl = mesityl, triisopropylphenyl). The Al atoms of these compounds interacted with the α-C atoms of the alkynyl groups. Ph(Cl)Ge(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-(t)Bu)[C(Al(t)Bu2}[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)-(t)Bu] reacted in an unusual Cl/(t)Bu exchange to yield the tert-butylgermane Ph((t)Bu)Ge(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-(t)Bu)[C{Al((t)Bu)(Cl)}[double bond, length as m-dash]C(H)-(t)Bu]. Quantum chemical calculations suggested the formation of a germyl cation as a transient intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Honacker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
This Review article deals with the synthesis and properties of inorganic hydrocarbon analogues: binary chemical species that contain heavier Group 14 elements (Si, Ge, Sn or Pb) and hydrogen as components. Rapid advances in our general knowledge of these species have enabled the development of industrially relevant processes such as the hydrosilylation of unsaturated substrates and the chemical vapor deposition of semi-conducting films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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23
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Präsang C, Scheschkewitz D. Reactivity in the periphery of functionalised multiple bonds of heavier group 14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 45:900-21. [PMID: 26503807 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heavier group 14 multiple bonds have intrigued chemists since more than a century. The synthesis of stable compounds with double and triple bonds with silicon, germanium, tin and lead had considerable impact on modern ideas of chemical bonding. These developments were made possible by the use of bulky substituents that provide kinetic and thermodynamic protection. Since about a decade the compatibility of heavier multiple bonds with various functional groups has moved into focus. This review covers multiply bonded group 14 species with at least one additional reactive site. The vinylic functionalities of groups 1 and 17, resulting in nucleophilic and electrophilic disila vinyl groups, respectively, are the most prevalent and well-studied. They have been employed repeatedly for the transfer of heavier multiple bonds to yield low-valent group 14 compounds with novel structural motifs. Vinylic functionalities of groups 2 to 16 and a few σ-bonded transition metal complexes are experimentally known, but their reactivity has been studied to a lesser extent. Donor-coordinated multiple bonds are a relatively new field of research, but the large degree of unsaturation as isomers of alkynes (as well as residual functionality in some cases) offers considerable possibility for further manipulation, e.g. for the incorporation into more extended systems. Heavier allyl halides constitute the major part of heavier multiple bonds with a functional group in allylic position and some examples of successful transformations are given. At present, remote functionalities are basically limited to para-phenylene functionalised disilenes. The reported use of the latter for further derivatisation might encourage investigations in this direction. In summary, the study of peripherally functionalised multiple bonds with heavier group 14 elements is already well beyond its infancy and may be an instrumental factor in awakening the potential of group 14 chemistry for applications in polymers and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Präsang
- Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Dudweiler, Am Markt Zeile 1, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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24
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Zhao L, Jones C, Frenking G. Reaction Mechanism of the Symmetry-Forbidden [2+2] Addition of Ethylene and Acetylene to Amido-Substituted Digermynes and Distannynes Ph2NEENPh2, (E=Ge, Sn): A Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2015; 21:12405-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
This Perspective article summarizes recent progress from our laboratory in the isolation of reactive main group species using a general donor-acceptor protocol. A highlight of this program is the use of carbon-based donors in combination with suitable Lewis acidic acceptors to yield stable complexes of parent Group 14 element hydrides (e.g. GeH2 and H2SiGeH2). It is anticipated that this strategy could be extended to include new synthetic targets from throughout the Periodic Table with possible applications in bottom-up materials synthesis and main group element catalysis envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, AB, CanadaT6G 2G2.
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27
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Hermann M, Goedecke C, Jones C, Frenking G. Reaction Pathways for Addition of H2 to Amido-Ditetrylynes R2N–EE–NR2 (E = Si, Ge, Sn). A Theoretical Study. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4007888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hermann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Catharina Goedecke
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Cameron Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O.
Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 1, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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28
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Mullinax JW, Hollman DS, Schaefer HF. Tetragermacyclobutadiene: energetically disfavored with respect to its structural isomers. Chemistry 2013; 19:7487-95. [PMID: 23576110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Germanium has been a central feature in the renaissance of main-group inorganic chemistry. Herein, we present the stationary-point geometries of tetragermacyclobutadiene and its related isomers on the singlet potential energy surface at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level of theory. Three of these 12 structures are reported for the first time and one of them is predicted to lie only 0.4 kcal mol(-1) above the previously reported global minimum. Focal-point analyses has provided electronic energies at the CCSD(T) level of theory, which are extrapolated to the complete basis-set limit and demonstrate the convergence behavior of the electronic energies with improving levels of theory and increasing basis-set size. The lowest-energy structure is the bicyclic structure, which lies 35 kcal mol(-1) below the "all-Ge" cyclobutadiene structure. The reaction energies for the association of known Ge hydrides (e.g., digermene) to form Ge4H4 indicate that Ge4H4 could be observed experimentally. We investigate the bonding patterns by examining the frontier molecular orbitals. Our results demonstrate that: 1) the cyclic isomers of (GeH)4 distort to maximize the mixing of the p orbitals that are involved in the π system of tetragermacyclobutadiene and 2) the lowest-energy isomers exhibit unusual bonding arrangements (e.g., bridging H bonds) that maximize the nonbonding electron density at the Ge centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wayne Mullinax
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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29
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Al-Rafia SMI, Malcolm AC, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Trapping the Parent Inorganic Ethylenes H2SiGeH2 and H2SiSnH2 in the Form of Stable Adducts at Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8354-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Al-Rafia SMI, Malcolm AC, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Trapping the Parent Inorganic Ethylenes H2SiGeH2 and H2SiSnH2 in the Form of Stable Adducts at Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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32
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Billone PS, Beleznay K, Harrington CR, Huck LA, Leigh WJ. A Glimpse at the Chemistry of GeH2 in Solution. Direct Detection of an Intramolecular Germylene–Alkene π-Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10523-34. [PMID: 21639137 DOI: 10.1021/ja201190b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Billone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Katie Beleznay
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Cameron R. Harrington
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1
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33
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Jiang ZM, Glatthaar J, Lee YP. Infrared absorption of GeNNO isolated in solid Ar. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:144504. [PMID: 19831449 DOI: 10.1063/1.3236384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Codeposition of thermally generated atomic germanium vapor and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) in Ar onto a substrate at 11 K produced infrared absorption lines in several sets. The most prominent comprises intense lines at 1443.7, 1102.4, and 784.0 cm(-1) that become diminished upon irradiation with UV or visible light. These lines are attributed to nu(1) (NO stretching), nu(2) (NN+GeN stretching), and nu(3) (NNO bending+NN stretching) modes of singlet GeNNO. Two additional weak features at 1238.1 and 2859.2 cm(-1) are assigned as nu(3)+nu(4) and 2nu(1) of GeNNO, respectively. Weak doublet features at 1259.3/1255.5 and 1488.9/1486.4 cm(-1) are tentatively assigned to nu(2) of triplet GeONN and nu(1) of singlet cyc-Ge-eta(2) [NN(O)], respectively. Quantum-chemical calculations on the Ge+N(2)O system with density-functional theory (B3LYP /aug-cc-pVTZ) predict five stable structures: GeNNO (singlet and triplet), singlet cyc-Ge-eta(2) [NN(O)], triplet cyc-Ge-eta(2) (NNO), GeONN (singlet and triplet), and singlet GeNON. Vibrational wavenumbers, relative IR intensities, and (15)N-isotopic ratios for observed species are consistent with those computed. Irradiation of singlet GeNNO with lambda=248 or 193 nm or lambda>525 nm yields GeO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Min Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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34
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μ- and μ4–η2 coordination of A2H2 (A=C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb) ligands with transition metals. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Wang X, Andrews L. Infrared Spectra, Structure, and Bonding of the GeH3—CrH, HGe≡MoH3, and HGe≡WH3 Molecules in Solid Neon and Argon. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:8159-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800552s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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Guermoune A, Jarid A. DFT and CCSD(T) study of the (A=Al,Ga) isomerization, [Ga2(μ-H)(μ-H2)]− and [Ga2(μ-H3)]− unprecedented hydrido-bimetallic structures. Chem Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Carrier W, Zheng W, Osamura Y, Kaiser RI. Infrared spectroscopic identification of digermene, Ge2H4(X1Ag), and of the digermenyl radical, Ge2H3(X2A″), together with their deuterated counterparts in low temperature germane matrices. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Antoniotti P, Borocci S, Grandinetti F. Ge3H(n)- anions (n = 0-5) and their neutral analogues: a theoretical investigation on the structure, stability, and thermochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:9429-37. [PMID: 16869693 DOI: 10.1021/jp0614603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structure, stability, and thermochemistry of various Ge3H(n)- isomers (n = 0-5) and of their neutral analogues have been investigated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d), MP2(full)/6-31G(d), and Gaussian-2 (G2) level of theory. For Ge3H(-), both the B3LYP and the G2/MP2 methods predict the cyclic, H-bridged structure 1a- as the global minimum, more stable than another cyclic isomer and an open-chain isomer by ca. 10 and 25 kcal mol(-1), respectively. For Ge3H2(-), the B3LYP and the G2/MP2 methods provide a somewhat different description of the potential energy surface. At the G2/MP2 level of theory, the global minimum is the cyclic, H2Ge-bridged structure 2a-, separated by other three nearly degenerate isomers by ca. 10 kcal mol(-1). On the other hand, at the B3LYP level of theory, the cyclic, H-bridged structure 2e-, not located at the MP2 level of theory, is more stable than 2a- by ca. 1 kcal mol(-1). For Ge3H3(-), both the B3LYP and the G2/MP2 methods predict the cyclic, H3Ge-bridged isomer 3a- as the global minimum, but the energy differences with the other five located isomeric structures predicted by the two methods are quantitatively different. Similar to Ge3H2(-), the B3LYP and the G2/MP2 theoretical levels provide a somewhat different description of the Ge3H4(-) potential energy surface. At the G2/MP2 level of theory, the global minimum is the cyclic structure 4b- of C(2v) symmetry, featuring a Ge2H4 moiety and a Ge-bridged atom, which is more stable than other three located isomers by 3, 9, and 17 kcal mol(-1). On the other hand, at the B3LYP level of theory, the open-chain isomer 4a- of H3Ge-Ge-GeH(-) connectivity is more stable than 4b- by ca. 1 kcal mol(-1) and nearly degenerate with the alternative open-chain isomer H3Ge-GeH-Ge(-). For Ge3H5(-), both the B3LYP and the G2/MP2 methods predict the 2-propenyl-like isomer H3Ge-Ge-GeH2(-) as the global minimum, with energy differences with other four isomeric structures which range from ca. 1-2 to 13-17 kcal mol(-1). At the G2 level of theory and 298.15 K, the electron affinities of Ge3H(n) are computed as 2.17 (n = 0), 2.57 (n = 1), 1.70 (n = 2), 2.41 (n = 3), 2.07/1.80 (n = 4), and 2.71/2.46 eV (n = 5). The two alternative values reported for Ge3H4 and Ge3H5 reflect the alternative conceivable choice for the structure of the involved neutrals and ions. The G2 enthalpies of formation of Ge3H(n) and Ge3H(n)- (n = 0-5) have also been calculated using the atomization procedure. Finally, we have briefly discussed the implications of our calculations for previously performed mass spectrometric experiments on the negative ion chemistry of GeH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Antoniotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università degli Studi di Torino, C.so M. D' Azeglio, 48, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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First infrared spectroscopic characterization of digermyl (Ge2H5) and d5-digermyl (Ge2D5) radicals in low temperature germane matrices. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chou JB, Bahou M, Lee YP, Rayner D, Simard B. Isomers of GeNO and Ge(NO)2: Production and infrared absorption of GeNO and ONGeNO in solid Ar. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:054321. [PMID: 16108653 DOI: 10.1063/1.1994851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline germanium was ablated with light at 532 nm from a frequency-doubled neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser, and the resultant plume reacted with NO before deposition onto a substrate at 13 K. Lines in group A at 1543.8 and 3059.7 cm(-1) that become enhanced at the initial stage of irradiation at 308 or 193 nm and also after annealing are attributed to nu1 and 2nu1 of GeNO. Lines in group B at 1645.5 and 1482.8 cm(-1) that become diminished after further irradiation of the matrix at 308 or 193 nm but become enhanced after annealing are attributed to symmetric NO stretch (nu1) and antisymmetric NO stretch (nu7) of ONGeNO. The assignments were derived based on wave numbers and isotopic ratios observed in the experiments with 15N- and 18O-isotopic substitutions and predicted with quantum-chemical calculations. Quantum-chemical calculations with density-functional theories (B3LYP and BLYP/aug-cc-pVTZ) predict four stable isomers of GeNO, six isomers of Ge2NO, and four isomers of Ge(NO)2, with linear GeNO, cyc-GeNGeO, and cyc-GeONNO having the least energies, respectively. The formation mechanisms of GeNO and ONGeNO are discussed. In addition, a weak line at 1417.0 cm(-1) and two additional lines associated with minor matrix sites at 1423.0 and 1420.3 cm(-1) are assigned to GeNO-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bahn Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Lein M, Krapp A, Frenking G. Why Do the Heavy-Atom Analogues of Acetylene E2H2(E = Si−Pb) Exhibit Unusual Structures? J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6290-9. [PMID: 15853336 DOI: 10.1021/ja042295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations at BP86/QZ4P have been carried out for different structures of E(2)H(2) (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) with the goal to explain the unusual equilibrium geometries of the heavier group 14 homologues where E = Si-Pb. The global energy minima of the latter molecules have a nonplanar doubly bridged structure A followed by the singly bridged planar form B, the vinylidene-type structure C, and the trans-bent isomer D1. The energetically high-lying trans-bent structure D2 possessing an electron sextet at E and the linear form HEEH, which are not minima on the PES, have also been studied. The unusual structures of E(2)H(2) (E = Si-Pb) are explained with the interactions between the EH moieties in the (X(2)Pi) electronic ground state which differ from C(2)H(2), which is bound through interactions between CH in the a(4)Sigma(-) excited state. Bonding between two (X(2)Pi) fragments of the heavier EH hydrides is favored over the bonding in the a(4)Sigma(-) excited state because the X(2)Pi --> a(4)Sigma(-) excitation energy of EH (E = Si-Pb) is significantly higher than for CH. The doubly bridged structure A of E(2)H(2) has three bonding orbital contributions: one sigma bond and two E-H donor-acceptor bonds. The singly bridged isomer B also has three bonding orbital contributions: one pi bond, one E-H donor-acceptor bond, and one lone-pair donor-acceptor bond. The trans-bent form D1 has one pi bond and two lone-pair donor-acceptor bonds, while D2 has only one sigma bond. The strength of the stabilizing orbital contributions has been estimated with an energy decomposition analysis, which also gives the bonding contributions of the quasi-classical electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lein
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Leigh WJ, Harrington CR, Vargas-Baca I. Organogermanium Reactive Intermediates. The Direct Detection and Characterization of Transient Germylenes and Digermenes in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:16105-16. [PMID: 15584746 DOI: 10.1021/ja046308y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylgermylene (Ph2Ge) and its Ge=Ge doubly bonded dimer, tetraphenyldigermene (6a), have been characterized directly in solution for the first time by laser flash photolysis methods. The germylene is formed via (formal) cheletropic photocycloreversion of 3,4-dimethyl-1,1-diphenylgermacyclopent-3-ene (4a), which is shown to proceed in high chemical (>95%) and quantum yield (phi = 0.62) by steady-state trapping experiments with methanol, acetic acid, isoprene, and triethylsilane. Flash photolysis of 4a in dry deoxygenated hexane at 23 degrees C leads to the prompt formation of a transient assigned to Ph2Ge (lambda(max) = 500 nm; epsilon(max) = 1650 M(-1) cm(-1)), which decays with second-order kinetics (tau approximately 3 micros), with the concomitant growth of a second transient species that is assigned to digermene 6a (tau approximately 40 micros; lambda(max) = 440 nm). Analogous results are obtained from 1,1-dimesityl- and 1,1-dimethyl-3,4-dimethylgermacyclopent-3-ene (4b and 4c, respectively), which afford Mes2Ge (tau approximately 20 micros; lambda(max) = 560 nm) and Me2Ge (tau approximately 2 micros; lambda(max) = 480 nm), respectively, as well as the corresponding digermenes, tetramesityl- (6b; lambda(max) = 410 nm) and tetramethyldigermene (6c; lambda(max) = 370 nm). The results for the mesityl compound are compared to the analogous ones from laser flash photolysis of the known Mes2Ge/6b precursor, hexamesitylcyclotrigermane. The spectra of the three germylenes and two of the digermenes are in excellent agreement with calculated spectra, derived from time-dependent DFT calculations. Absolute rate constants for dimerization of Ph2Ge and Mes2Ge and for their reaction with n-butylamine and acetic acid in hexane at 23 degrees C are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1.
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Bahou M, Sankaran K, Wu YJ, Lee YP, Rayner D, Simard B. Isomers of Ge2N2: Production and infrared absorption of GeNNGe in solid N2. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1569907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Wang X, Andrews L. Infrared spectra of group 14 hydrides in solid hydrogen: experimental observation of PbH4, Pb2H2, and Pb2H4. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:6581-7. [PMID: 12785799 DOI: 10.1021/ja029862l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Laser-ablated Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb atoms have been co-deposited with pure hydrogen at 3.5 K to form the group 14 hydrides. The initial SiH(2) product reacts completely to SiH(4), whereas substantial proportions of GeH(2), SnH(2), and PbH(2) are trapped in solid hydrogen. Further hydrogen atom reactions form the trihydride radicals and tetrahydrides of Ge, Sn, and Pb. The observation of PbH(4) at 1815 cm(-)(1) and PbD(4) at 1302 cm(-)(1) is in agreement with the prediction of quantum chemical calculations for these unstable tetrahydride analogues of methane. In addition, new absorptions are observed for Pb(2)H(2) and Pb(2)H(4), which have dibridged structures based on quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, USA
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Himmel HJ, Downs AJ, Greene TM. Reactions of ground state and electronically excited atoms of main group elements: a matrix perspective. Chem Rev 2002; 102:4191-241. [PMID: 12428988 DOI: 10.1021/cr020405x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Jörg Himmel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Engesserstrasse, Geb 30.45, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Andrews L, Wang X. Infrared Spectra of the Novel Si2H2 and Si2H4 Species and the SiH1,2,3 Intermediates in Solid Neon, Argon, and Deuterium. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0204814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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Wang X, Andrews L, Chertihin GV, Souter PF. Infrared Spectra of the Novel Sn2H2 Species and the Reactive SnH1,2,3 and PbH1,2,3 Intermediates in Solid Neon, Deuterium, and Argon. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp025763i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - George V. Chertihin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - P. F. Souter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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