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Seo T, Toyoshima N, Kubota K, Ito H. Tackling Solubility Issues in Organic Synthesis: Solid-State Cross-Coupling of Insoluble Aryl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6165-6175. [PMID: 33784464 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional organic synthesis generally relies on the use of liquid organic solvents to dissolve the reactants. Therefore, reactions of sparingly soluble or insoluble substrates are challenging and often ineffective. The development of a solvent-independent solid-state approach that overcomes this longstanding solubility issue would provide innovative synthetic solutions and access to new areas of chemical space. Here, we report extremely fast and highly efficient solid-state palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions via a high-temperature ball-milling technique. This solid-state protocol enables the highly efficient cross-couplings of insoluble aryl halides with large polyaromatic structures that are barely reactive under conventional solution-based conditions. Notably, we discovered a new luminescent organic material with a strong red emission. This material was prepared via the solid-state coupling of Pigment violet 23, a compound that has so far not been involved in molecular transformations due to its extremely low solubility. This study thus provides a practical method for accessing unexplored areas of chemical space through molecular transformations of insoluble organic compounds that cannot be carried out by any other approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Naoki Toyoshima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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2
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Suzuki T, Hoshiyama Y, Wada K, Ishigaki Y, Miura Y, Kawai H, Katoono R, Fujiwara K, Fukushima T. Preparation, Properties, and X-ray Structures of Bis(10-methyl-9-methyleneacridan)-type Electron Donors with a Thiophene, Bithiophene, or Terthiophene Skeleton: Redox Switching of Thiophene–Thienoquinoid Structure Accompanied by UV–vis–NIR Electrochromic Response. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.130401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Yuuki Hoshiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazuhisa Wada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Youhei Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Hidetoshi Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ryo Katoono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University
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3
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The electronic characterization of conjugated aryl-substituted 2,5-bis(2-thien-2-ylethenyl) thiophene-based oligomers. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Lumpi D, Horkel E, Plasser F, Lischka H, Fröhlich J. Synthesis, spectroscopy, and computational analysis of photoluminescent bis(aminophenyl)-substituted thiophene derivatives. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1016-24. [PMID: 23440980 PMCID: PMC3644869 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201201006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Substituted oligothiophenes have a long history in the field of organic electronics, as they often combine outstanding electro-optical properties with the ease of synthesis. To assist the rational selection of the most promising structures to be synthesized, there is the demand for tools that allow prediction of the properties of the materials. In this study, we present strategies for synthesis and computational characterization, with respect to the fluorescence behavior of oligothiophene-based materials for organoelectronic applications. In a combined approach, sophisticated computational methodologies are directly compared to experimental results. The M06-2X functional in combination with the polarizable continuum model in a state-specific formulation for excited-state solvation proved to be particularly reliable. In addition, a semiclassical approach for describing the vibrational broadening of the spectra is employed. As a result, a robust procedure for the prediction of the fluorescence spectra of oligothiophene derivatives is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lumpi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Hlel A, Mabrouk A, Chemek M, Alimi K. Theoretical study of phenylene-thiophene oligomers: structure-properties relationship. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 99:126-135. [PMID: 23063855 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical results including geometrical characteristics, electronic structures, photophysical parameters (lowest excitation energies, electron affinities (EAs), ionization potentials (IPs), maximum of absorption and emission) and vibrational modes of some new oligomers, based on phenylene-thiophene motives, are investigated using Density Functional Theory DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d) approach. The electronic and optical properties of phenylene-based derivatives can be tuned through the insertion of thiophene in the main oligomers backbone as well as the addition of alkoxy-substituent groups on 2 and 5 positions on phenylene groups. It can be noticed, that different conformational behaviors and steric effects take place. Then, an increase in conjugation length induces a decrease in the gaps energy and a bathochromic shift of absorption/emission spectra. Based on these computed results, which are consistent with the available experimental data, the correlation structure-properties is better understood, where these nanostructures show a great potential for opto-electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hlel
- Université de Monastir, Unité de recherche Matériaux Nouveaux et Dispositifs Electroniques Organiques, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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6
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de Silva KMN, Hwang E, Serem WK, Fronczek FR, Garno JC, Nesterov EE. Long-chain 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/thiophene oligomers and semiconducting thin films prepared by their electropolymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5430-5441. [PMID: 22970915 DOI: 10.1021/am301349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of soluble H-terminated conjugated oligomers incorporating 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) combined with a small number of thiophene units and ranging in length from four to eight EDOT/thiophene groups was prepared with the ultimate goal to investigate if facile formation of a reactive trication radical species would enable electrochemical polymerization of such long-chain oligomers. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the oligomers revealed some general dependencies of their electronic properties on the total number and position of EDOT groups. It was the number of consecutive EDOT units rather than total number of these units which was found to have the most profound effect on electronic energy gap and conjugation length. This influence originates from the especially strong planarization induced in the conjugated backbone by the incorporation of EDOT units. In contrast, incorporation of thiophene units was found to result in loss of the conformational stabilization. This phenomenon was analyzed using the natural bond orbital computational approach, which revealed the predominantly hyperconjugative nature of the EDOT-induced conformational stabilization. Whereas shorter oligomers, in agreement with the general consensus, were found to be inert toward electrochemical polymerization due to low reactivity of electrochemically generated cation radical and dication species, the longest oligomer showed an unprecedentedly efficient electropolymerization to yield a stable thin film of an electroactive polymer. The efficient electropolymerization of the long-chain oligomer was found to be in agreement with the formation of a reactive trication radical species. The electronic and spectral properties of the resulting semiconducting polymer film were studied by various electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods, as well as conductive probe AFM technique, and revealed a number of unusual features (such as electrical rectifying switching behavior) consistent with the possibility of increased molecular order in this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nalin de Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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7
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Wei N, Wang W, Yin S, Du S, Wang W. Theoretical Studies on the Electronic Structures and Optical Properties of Tri‐aryl End‐capped Terthiophene Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wei
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Song Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Weina Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
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9
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Ponceâ
Ortiz R, Casado J, RodrÃguezâ
González S, Hernández VÃ, Lópezâ
Navarreteâ J, Viruela P, OrtÃâ E, Takimiya K, Otsubo T. Quinoidal Oligothiophenes: Towards Biradical Ground-State Species. Chemistry 2010; 16:470-84. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Malavé Osuna R, Hernández VÃ, López Navarrete JT, Aragó J, Viruela PM, Ortà E, Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi S, Henssler JT, Matzger AJ. FT Raman and DFT Study on a Series of All-antiOligothienoacenes End-Capped with Triisopropylsilyl Groups. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:3069-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Malavé Osuna R, Ruiz Delgado M, Hernández V, López Navarrete J, Vercelli B, Zotti G, Novoa J, Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi S, Henssler J, Matzger A. Oxidation of End-Capped Pentathienoacenes and Characterization of Their Radical Cations. Chemistry 2009; 15:12346-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Ran XQ, Feng JK, Ren AM, Tian WQ, Zou LY, Liu YL, Sun CC. Theoretical studies on the electronic and optical properties of arene-versusfluoroarene-thiophene co-oligomer. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Odom SA, Lancaster K, Beverina L, Lefler KM, Thompson NJ, Coropceanu V, Brédas JL, Marder SR, Barlow S. Bis[bis-(4-alkoxyphenyl)amino] Derivatives of Dithienylethene, Bithiophene, Dithienothiophene and Dithienopyrrole: Palladium-Catalysed Synthesis and Highly Delocalised Radical Cations. Chemistry 2007; 13:9637-46. [PMID: 17847145 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Five diamines with thiophene-based bridges--(E)-1,2-bis{5-[bis(4-butoxyphenyl)amino]-2-thienyl}ethylene (1), 5,5'-bis[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-2,2'-bithiophene (2), 2,6-bis[bis(4-butoxyphenyl)amino]dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene (3), N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2,6-bis[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole (4 a) and N-tert-butyl-2,6-bis[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole (4 b)--have been synthesised. The syntheses make use of the palladium(0)-catalysed coupling of brominated thiophene species with diarylamines, in some cases accelerated by microwave irradiation. The molecules all undergo facile oxidation, 4 b being the most readily oxidised at about -0.4 V versus ferrocenium/ferrocene, and solutions of the corresponding radical cations were generated by addition of tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate to the neutral species. The near-IR spectra of the radical cations show absorptions characteristic of symmetrical delocalised species (that is, class III mixed-valence species); analysis of these absorptions in the framework of Hush theory indicates strong coupling between the two amine redox centres, stronger than that observed in species with phenylene-based bridging groups of comparable length. The strong coupling can be attributed to high-lying orbitals of the thiophene-based bridging units. ESR spectroscopy indicates that the coupling constant to the amino nitrogen atoms is somewhat reduced relative to that in a stilbene-bridged analogue. The neutral species and the corresponding radical cations have been studied with the aid of density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory. The DFT-calculated ESR parameters are in good agreement with experiment, while calculated spin densities suggest increased bridge character to the oxidation in these species relative to that in comparable species with phenylene-based bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Odom
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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14
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Ortí E, Viruela PM, Viruela R, Effenberger F, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Raman and theoretical study of the solvent effects on the sizable intramolecular charge transfer in the push-pull 5-(dimethylamino)-5'-nitro-2,2'-bithiophene. J Phys Chem A 2007; 109:8724-31. [PMID: 16834274 DOI: 10.1021/jp052137n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the degree of intramolecular charge transfer in a push-pull pi-conjugated system, 5-(dimethylamino)-5'-nitro-2,2'-bithiophene, from changes in frequencies and relative intensities of its strongest Raman scatterings in a bunch of solvents with different polarities. Density functional theory (DFT) was used as a support of the experimental study. Solvent effects on the molecular and electronic structures and on the vibrational properties were estimated by performing B3LYP/6-31G calculations within the framework of the polarized continuum model (PCM) developed by Tomasi. Calculations reveal that the molecule is highly polarized in the ground state and behaves as a very efficient photoinduced push-pull system. The polarization of the molecule strongly increases with solvent polarity and determines that the profile of the Raman spectra greatly changes from one solvent to another and in going to the solid. The strongest Raman scattering associated with the nu(sym)(NO(2)) stretching undergoes a downshift of 48 cm(-1) in passing from CCl(4) to the solid. DFT calculations provide a comprehensive interpretation of the evolution of the Raman spectra with solvent polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Ortí
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot (València), Spain
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15
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Osuna RM, Ponce Ortiz R, Okamoto T, Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi S, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Thiophene- and Selenophene-Based Heteroacenes: Combined Quantum Chemical DFT and Spectroscopic Raman and UV−Vis−NIR Study. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:7488-96. [PMID: 17564429 DOI: 10.1021/jp067262t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the characterization of a series of thiophene- and selenophene-based heteroacenes, materials with potential applications in organic electronics. In contrast to the usual alpha-oligothiophenes, these annelated oligomers have a larger band gap than most semiconductors currently used in the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and therefore they are expected to be more stable in air. The synthesis of these fused-ring molecular materials was motivated by the notion that a more rigid and planar structure should reduce defects (such as torsion about single bonds between alpha-linked units or S-syn defects) and thus improve pi-conjugation for better charge-carrier mobility. The conjugational properties of these heteroacenes have been investigated by means of FT-Raman spectroscopy, revealing that pi-conjugation increases with the increasing number of annelated rings. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations have been performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, to assess information regarding the minimum-energy molecular structure, topologies, and absolute energies of the frontier molecular orbitals around the gap, vibrational normal modes related to the main Raman features, and vertical one-electron excitations giving rise to the main optical absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain
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16
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Malavé Osuna R, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Nenajdenko VG, Sumerin VV, Balenkova ES, Hernández V, López Navarrete JT. Fourier Transform Raman and DFT Study of Three Annulated Oligothiophenes with Different Molecular Shapes. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:745-50. [PMID: 17328090 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we study the conjugation properties of three different thienoacenes, each of which has three or four fused thiophene rings, by means of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The B3LYP/6-31G** vibrational analysis of all of the collected spectroscopic data evidences that the selective enhancement of a limited number of Raman scatterings is related to the occurrence in the three thienoacenes of a vibronic coupling between the lowest unoccupied frontier molecular orbital (LUMO) and some Raman-active skeletal nu(C==C) stretching modes of 1600-1300 cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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17
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Shirota Y, Kageyama H. Charge Carrier Transporting Molecular Materials and Their Applications in Devices. Chem Rev 2007; 107:953-1010. [PMID: 17428022 DOI: 10.1021/cr050143+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1008] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Shirota
- Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1, Gakuen, Fukui City, Fukui 910-8505, Japan.
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18
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Chahma M, Gilroy JB, Hicks RG. Linear and branched electroactive polymers based on ethylenedioxythiophene–triarylamine conjugates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b711693d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Meana-Esteban B, Lete C, Kvarnström C, Ivaska A. Raman and in Situ FTIR-ATR Characterization of Polyazulene Films and Its Derivate. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:23343-50. [PMID: 17107185 DOI: 10.1021/jp063181l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymers from azulene (A) and 2-[(E)-2-azulen-1-ylvinyl]thiophene (B) electrochemically synthesized are materials with a broad absorbance in the UV-vis spectral region. An experimental approach to correlate the Raman and in situ FTIR spectra from azulene based polymers according to the effective conjugation coordinate theory (ECC) is presented. Film characterization was made by Raman and Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance, FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. Throughout the whole work A was used as a model compound. The polymers were synthesized at different polymerization potentials in order to create different structures. Polyazulene showed a divergent Raman response upon change in excitation wavelength, lambda(exc)= 514 nm and lambda(exc)= 780 nm, in comparison to common conducting polymers. The FTIR-ATR measurements were made during charging-discharging of the polymers. The IR spectra of the conducting state show new doping induced infrared active vibrations (IRAV) in the region between 1600 and 700 cm(-1) and a broad electronic absorption in the high energy range (4000-8000 cm(-1)). Two different structures of the polymer from B are formed, and both follow the trends for conducting polymers upon charging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Meana-Esteban
- Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Turku-Abo, Finland
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20
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Clarke TM, Gordon KC, Officer DL, Grant DK. The effect of oxidation on the structure of styryl-substituted sexithiophenes: A resonance Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory study. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:164501. [PMID: 16674140 DOI: 10.1063/1.2185095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures and vibrational properties of a series of styryl-substituted sexithiophenes and their charged species have been examined using resonance Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with density functional theory calculations. The calculated geometries of the radical cations and dications indicate that the quinoidal charged defects are more strongly localized in the center of the thiophene backbone than is observed in other sexithiophenes. This defect confinement, induced by the positions of the styryl substituents, is particularly evident in the dication species. However, the defect confinement weakens when alkoxy groups are added onto the phenyl rings by causing the extension of the charged defect into the styryl groups. The Raman spectra of the neutral styryl sexithiophenes are dominated by intense thiophene symmetrical stretching modes in both the measured and predicted spectra. Oxidation generates radical cations and dications, both of which can be observed in the solution state resonance Raman spectra. Unlike other sexithiophenes, which generally show a downshift of the intense thiophene stretching mode from the radical cation to the dication, a small upshift is observed for the styryl-substituted sexithiophenes. The theoretical spectra predict an insignificant change during this transition and the eigenvector for this mode reveals that it is localized over the same area occupied by the confined defect. In contrast, the solid state resonance Raman spectra of electrochemically oxidized films reveal evidence of solely radical cations and there is an appreciable downshift of the intense thiophene stretching mode compared with the corresponding mode in the solution spectra. This implies that the increase in the effective conjugation length from the solution to the solid state is greater for the radical cations than for the neutral species. It therefore appears that the radical cations form pi stacks in the solid film and the resulting intermolecular interactions effectively allow a further extension of the electron delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Yoon MH, Facchetti A, Stern CE, Marks TJ. Fluorocarbon-Modified Organic Semiconductors: Molecular Architecture, Electronic, and Crystal Structure Tuning of Arene- versus Fluoroarene-Thiophene Oligomer Thin-Film Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:5792-801. [PMID: 16637648 DOI: 10.1021/ja060016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present here the systematic synthesis and comparative physicochemical characterization of a series of regiochemically varied and core size extension-modulated arene(perfluoroarene)-thiophene oligomers. The molecules investigated are: 5,5''-diphenyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (1), 5,5'-bis[1-[4-(thien-2-yl)phenyl]]-2,2'-dithiophene (2), 4,4'-bis[5-(2,2'-dithiophenyl)]-biphenyl (3), 5,5''-diperfluorophenyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (4), 5,5'-bis[1-[4-(thien-2-yl)perfluorophenyl]]-2,2'-dithiophene (5), 4,4'-bis[5-(2,2'-dithiophenyl)]-perfluorobiphenyl (6), 5,5''-diperfluorophenyl-2,2':5',2''-tertthiophene (7), 5,5'-diperfluorophenyl-2,2'-dihiophene (8), and 5,5-diperfluorophenylthiophene (9). Trends in optical absorption and emission parameters, molecular structures as defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, as well as electrochemical redox processes are described. The morphologies and microstructures of the vapor-deposited films grown over a range of growth temperatures have also been characterized. Field-effect transistor (FET) measurements demonstrate that all of these materials are FET-active and, depending on the molecular architecture, exhibit comparably good p- or n-type mobility when optimum film microstructural order is achieved. A very large n-channel mobility of approximately 0.5 cm2/Vs with I(on)/I(off) ratios > 10(8) is achieved for films of 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Han Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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22
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Osuna RM, Zhang X, Matzger AJ, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Combined Quantum Chemical Density Functional Theory and Spectroscopic Raman and UV−vis−NIR Study of Oligothienoacenes with Five and Seven Rings. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5058-65. [PMID: 16610825 DOI: 10.1021/jp0607263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the characterization of novel oligothienoacenes with five and seven fused thiophene rings, materials with potential applications in organic electronics. In contrast to usual alpha-linked oligothiophenes, these fused oligothiophenes have a larger band gap than most semiconductors currently used in the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and therefore they are expected to be more stable in air. The synthesis of these fused-ring oligomers was motivated by the notion that a more rigid and planar structure should reduce defects (such as torsion about single bonds between alpha-linked units or S-syn defects) and thus improve conjugation for better charge-carrier mobility. The conjugational properties of these two molecular materials have been investigated by means of FT-Raman spectroscopy, revealing that conjugation still increases in passing from the five-ring oligomer to that with seven-rings. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations have been performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G level, to assess information regarding the minimum-energy molecular structure, topologies, and absolute energies of the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs.) around the gap, vibrational normal modes related to the main Raman features, and vertical one-electron excitations giving rise to the main optical absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
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Qiao J, Tan H, Qiu Y, Balasubramanian K. Investigation of a binuclear gallium complex with bipolar charge transporting capability for organic light-emitting diodes. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:024719. [PMID: 16422638 DOI: 10.1063/1.2150212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed theoretical and experimental investigations have been presented on a novel binuclear gallium complex Ga2(saph)2q2, a potentially active and novel material for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The density-functional theory has been employed to shed light on the reason why this complex exhibits bipolar character. Theoretical results, such as ionization potential and electron affinity, and optimized geometries are in good agreement with what we have obtained experimentally. Our theoretical analysis provides new insight into the origin of bipolar features. Such character enables the gallium complex to become a prosperous hole and electron transporter used to fabricate single-layer OLEDs, which exhibit better electroluminescence compared with those originated from the previously well-adopted tri(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3). An OLED device of single Ga2(saph)2q2 layer exhibiting desirable performances has been fabricated, which is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qiao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Casado J, Zgierski MZ, Hicks RG, Myles DJT, Viruela PM, Ortí E, Ruiz Delgado MC, Hernández V, López Navarrete JT. Mesitylthio-Oligothiophenes in Various Redox States. Molecular and Electronic Views as Offered by Spectroscopy and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:11275-84. [PMID: 16331912 DOI: 10.1021/jp052778i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of alpha,omega-bis(mesitylthio)oligothiophenes of various chain lengths and with different side substitution patterns have been studied in their oxidized states by means of electron absorption and Raman spectroscopies in combination with theory in the framework of the density functional theory. Upon chemical oxidation, stable radical cations, dications, and even radical trications are generated. Longer chain lengths better stabilize higher oxidation states. The tetramer can be easily converted to the dication, and a trication can be obtained for the ethylenedioxy derivative. The alpha,omega-sulfur atoms are actively involved in the formation of the charged species and exert a favorable tuning of their electronic structure. Raman spectra provide experimental evidence of the attainment of quinoidal structures within the conjugated path, initially heteroaromatic, with different extension as a function of the p-doping level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
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Osuna RM, Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Sakamoto Y, Suzuki T, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Synthesis and Characterization of Three Novel Perfluoro-oligothiophenes Ranging in Length from the Trimer to the Pentamer. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:20737-45. [PMID: 16853688 DOI: 10.1021/jp054205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this Article, we report on the synthesis and full characterization of three perfluorinated oligothiophenes, ranging in length from the trimer to the pentamer (PF-nT, with n = 3, 4, or 5). The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis of the compounds showed that they can be both oxidized and reduced (i.e., they display a dual or amphoteric electrochemical behavior), with the reduction peaks positively shifted relative to those of the corresponding unsubstituted oligothiophenes. The electrochemically determined energy gaps are in agreement with those measured from the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra in solution. The conjugational properties have been investigated by means of FT-Raman spectroscopy, both as pure solids and as dilute solutes in CH(2)Cl(2), revealing that: (i) pi-conjugation does not still reach saturation with chain length for the longest oligomer, and (ii) conformational distortions from a nearly coplanar arrangement of the successive thiophene units upon solution are not too large. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations have been performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G level, to assess information about the optimized molecular structure, equilibrium atomic charges distribution, energies and topologies of the frontier molecular orbitals (MO) around the gap, vibrational normal modes associated with the most outstanding Raman scatterings, and vertical one-electron excitations that give rise to the main optical absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
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Casado J, Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT, Raimundo JM, Blanchard P, Allain M, Roncali J. Alternated Quinoid/Aromatic Units in Terthiophenes Building Blocks for Electroactive Narrow Band Gap Polymers. Extended Spectroscopic, Solid State, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:16616-27. [PMID: 16853114 DOI: 10.1021/jp0520300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of three novel pi-conjugated heterocyclic mixed trimers that contain two electron-donating 3,4-ethylenedioxy-2-thienyl (EDOT) units covalently attached to a central proquinoid electron-accepting thienopyrazine moiety (two of these narrow-HOMO-LUMO gap D-A-D compounds also bear hexyl side chains attached either to the outermost alpha positions of the EDOT end rings or to the beta positions of the pyrazine fused ring). The modification of the terthiophene structure upon EDO, pyrazine, and hexyl substitutions has been treated in detail with spectroscopic and theoretical arguments. Solid-state properties reveal the occurrence of short intramolecular contacts between heteroatoms of adjacent rings. The analysis of the structure of the pi-conjugated backbone of each molecule is consistent with a partial quinoid-like pattern which partially reverts to be subtly more aromatic depending on the topology of the positive inductive effect of the hexyl chains. This quinoidization is a consequence of the appearance of a D(EDOT)-->A(PyT)<--D(EDOT) intramolecular charge transfer which further polarizes the structure. The same chemical concepts have been applied to address their electrochemical behavior. The three mixed trimers exhibit amphoteric properties due to the combination of electron acceptor and donor groups. Given their relative low HOMO-LUMO energy gap, these trimers promise to be good candidates for obtaining polymers with significant low energy gap combining electroactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Ruiz Delgado M, Ramírez F, Hernández V, Casado J, Enríquez F, López Navarrete J. Vibrational dynamics study of the effect of the substituents on the π-conjugation of different bithiophene molecules. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Casado J, Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Azumi R, Oakley RT, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Multidisciplinary Physicochemical Analysis of Oligothiophenes End-Capped by Nitriles: Electrochemistry, UV−Vis−Near-IR, IR, and Raman Spectroscopies and Quantum Chemistry. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:10115-25. [PMID: 16852226 DOI: 10.1021/jp0446175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we investigate a series of alpha,omega-dicyano end-capped oligothiophenes NC(C(4)H(2)S)(n)()CN ranging in length from the dimer to the hexamer (n = 2-6), in the neutral state as pure solids, by means of Fourier transform IR and Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopies. The cyclic voltammetry analysis of the compounds in dichloromethane reveals that most of them show two oxidation and two reduction waves (i.e., a dual or amphoteric electrochemical behavior), associated with the injection of either positive or negative charges into the pi-conjugated system. The doped species are characterized by in situ vis-near-IR and FT-Raman spectrochemistries. Density functional theory calculations have been also performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G level, to assess information about the molecular geometries and vibrational features of the neutral and doped species and about the topologies of the molecular orbitals involved in the main electronic transitions that appear for the neutral forms in the visible spectral region and for the doped species in the near-IR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Casado J, Hernández V, Kim OK, Woo HY, López Navarrete JT. Electronic modulation of dithienothiophene (DTT) as pi-center of D-pi-D chromophores on optical and redox properties: analysis by UV-Vis-NIR and Raman spectroscopies combined with electrochemistry and quantum chemical DFT calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:13363-76. [PMID: 15479093 DOI: 10.1021/ja047058o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we study three symmetrical D-pi-D chromophores containing dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene (DTT) as the pi-center and various donor end moieties, by means of UV-vis-NIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy and in situ spectroelectrochemistry. The compounds display dual redox properties: all exhibited two oxidations and single stable reduction peaks contrarily to the one or two oxidations and none reduction which could be anticipated in view of their chemical structures. We analyze the possible electronic modulation by the pi-conjugated DTT relay in the redox process and electronic coupling between the two electron donor (D) units attached through conjugation to opposite sides of the pi-linker. To this end, the UV-vis-NIR and FT-Raman spectra of the neutral compounds and of the charged species generated upon in situ p- or n-doping have been recorded and interpreted with the help of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The analysis of the peculiar Raman features of these pi-conjugated chromophores is guided by the formalism of the Effective Conjugation Coordinate (ECC) theory. This research shows that the Raman spectroscopic characterization of this type of D-pi-D structures is a powerful tool to derive information about their pi-conjugational properties in the pristine and doped states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
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Clarke TM, Gordon KC, Officer DL, Grant DK. Characterization of the Oxidation Products of Styryl-Substituted Terthiophenes and Sexithiophenes Using Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy and Time-Dependent DFT. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:1961-73. [PMID: 16833530 DOI: 10.1021/jp0404551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic absorption spectra of a series of alkoxy-styryl substituted terthiophenes, their corresponding sexithiophenes, and the oxidation products of both have been measured. The terthiophenes studied sigma-dimerize to sexithiophenes during the oxidation process and there is clear evidence of sexithiophene radical cations, dications, and pi-dimers in the electronic absorption spectra. The oxidation of concentrated solutions produces predominantly pi-dimer bands, as expected. The absorption spectrum of the styryl-functionalized sexithiophene dication without alkoxy substitution closely resembles that of unsubstituted sexithiophene, while alkoxy substitution induces changes in the wavelength of the dication band maximum and the overall band shape. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations have shown that styryl-based molecular orbitals are important in the transitions of the neutral molecules as well as the charged species, the dication in particular. Kinetics analyses confirm the stabilization effect induced by the alkoxy substituents. The presence of a reversible pi-dimer equilibrium was verified by cyclic voltammetry. It is clear from the experimental observations and the theoretical calculations that both the styryl and alkoxy groups are influencing the electronic properties of this class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Mason CR, Skabara PJ, Cupertino D, Schofield J, Meghdadi F, Ebner B, Sariciftci NS. Synthesis and properties of end-capped sexithiophenes incorporating the ethylene dithiothiophene unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b415610b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Shirota Y. Photo- and electroactive amorphous molecular materials—molecular design, syntheses, reactions, properties, and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b413819h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ruiz Delgado MC, Hernández V, López Navarrete JT, Tanaka S, Yamashita Y. Combined Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study of Narrow Band Gap Heterocyclic Co-oligomers Containing Alternating Aromatic Donor and o-Quinoid Acceptor Units. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0312262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, and Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan, and Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Víctor Hernández
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, and Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan, and Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, and Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan, and Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shoji Tanaka
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, and Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan, and Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Yamashita
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain, Department of Structural Molecular Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, and Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan, and Department of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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