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Yocum KM, Smith HH, Todd EW, Mora L, Gerakines PA, Milam SN, Widicus Weaver SL. Millimeter/Submillimeter Spectroscopic Detection of Desorbed Ices: A New Technique in Laboratory Astrochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8702-8708. [PMID: 31556610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new laboratory technique has been developed that utilizes gas-phase, direct-absorption millimeter and submillimeter spectroscopy to detect and identify desorbed species from interstellar and cometary ice analogues. Rotational spectroscopy is a powerful structure-specific technique for detecting isomers and other species possessing the same mass that are indistinguishable with mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the resultant laboratory spectra are directly comparable to observational data from far-infrared and millimeter telescopes. Here, we present the proof-of-concept measurements of the detection of thermally desorbed H2O, D2O, and CH3OH originating in a solid film created at low temperature (∼12 K). The surface binding energy of H2O is reported and compared to results from traditional techniques, including mass spectrometry and quartz-crystal microbalance measurements of mass loss. Lastly, we demonstrate that this technique can be used to derive thermodynamic values including the sublimation enthalpy and entropy of H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Yocum
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta 30322 , Georgia , United States
| | - Houston H Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta 30322 , Georgia , United States
| | - Ethan W Todd
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta 30322 , Georgia , United States
| | - Leslie Mora
- Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta 30322 , Georgia , United States
| | - Perry A Gerakines
- Astrochemistry Laboratory , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt 20771 , Maryland , United States
| | - Stefanie N Milam
- Astrochemistry Laboratory , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt 20771 , Maryland , United States
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Hansen K, Sundén AEK, Støchkel K, Nielsen SB, Dynefors B. Non-scrambling of hydrogen in NH4+(H2O)3 clusters. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6620-6626. [PMID: 35518464 PMCID: PMC9061083 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10515d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have measured the metastable decay of protonated, ammonia-doped, deuterated water clusters produced in an electrospray source, dn-NH4+(H2O)3, n = 0–6. The mass spectra show a very strong odd–even effect, consistent with a low degree of scrambling of the hydrogen bound to water and to the ammonia. The relative evaporation rate constant for light water was almost twice the one for heavy water, with the rate for mixed protium–deuterium water molecule intermediate between these two values. We have measured the metastable decay of protonated, ammonia-doped, deuterated water clusters produced in an electrospray source, dn-NH4+(H2O)3, n = 0–6.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies
- Department of Physics
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - A. E. K. Sundén
- Department of Physics
- University of Gothenburg
- 41296 Gothenburg
- Sweden
| | - K. Støchkel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Aarhus University
- Denmark
| | | | - B. Dynefors
- Chalmers University of Technology
- 41296 Gothenburg
- Sweden
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Drori R, Holmes-Cerfon M, Kahr B, Kohn RV, Ward MD. Dynamics and unsteady morphologies at ice interfaces driven by D 2O-H 2O exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11627-11632. [PMID: 29042511 PMCID: PMC5676873 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621058114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth dynamics of D2O ice in liquid H2O in a microfluidic device were investigated between the melting points of D2O ice (3.8 °C) and H2O ice (0 °C). As the temperature was decreased at rates between 0.002 °C/s and 0.1 °C/s, the ice front advanced but retreated immediately upon cessation of cooling, regardless of the temperature. This is a consequence of the competition between diffusion of H2O into the D2O ice, which favors melting of the interface, and the driving force for growth supplied by cooling. Raman microscopy tracked H/D exchange across the solid H2O-solid D2O interface, with diffusion coefficients consistent with transport of intact H2O molecules at the D2O ice interface. At fixed temperatures below 3 °C, the D2O ice front melted continuously, but at temperatures near 0 °C a scalloped interface morphology appeared with convex and concave sections that cycled between growth and retreat. This behavior, not observed for D2O ice in contact with D2O liquid or H2O ice in contact with H2O liquid, reflects a complex set of cooperative phenomena, including H/D exchange across the solid-liquid interface, latent heat exchange, local thermal gradients, and the Gibbs-Thomson effect on the melting points of the convex and concave features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Drori
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
- Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Robert V Kohn
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
- Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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Xu Y, Dibble CJ, Petrik NG, Smith RS, Kay BD, Kimmel GA. Complete Wetting of Pt(111) by Nanoscale Liquid Water Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:541-547. [PMID: 26785059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The melting and wetting of nanoscale crystalline ice films on Pt(111) that are transiently heated above the melting point in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) using nanosecond laser pulses are studied with infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and Kr temperature-programmed desorption. The as-grown crystalline ice films consist of nanoscale ice crystallites embedded in a hydrophobic water monolayer. Upon heating, these crystallites melt to form nanoscale droplets of liquid water. Rapid cooling after each pulse quenches the films, allowing them to be interrogated with UHV surface science techniques. With each successive heat pulse, these liquid drops spread across the surface until it is entirely covered with a multilayer water film. These results, which show that nanoscale water films completely wet Pt(111), are in contrast to molecular dynamics simulations predicting partial wetting of water drops on a hydrophobic water monolayer. The results provide valuable insights into the wetting characteristics of nanoscale water films on a clean, well-characterized, single-crystal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xu
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Collin J Dibble
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nikolay G Petrik
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Scott Smith
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D Kay
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Greg A Kimmel
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Yan Z, Xu Z, Yu J, Liu G. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Performance of Ru(bpy)32+/CuO/TiO2Nanotube Array Sensor for Detection of Amines. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Smith RS, Matthiesen J, Knox J, Kay BD. Crystallization Kinetics and Excess Free Energy of H2O and D2O Nanoscale Films of Amorphous Solid Water. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5908-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110297q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Scott Smith
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jesper Matthiesen
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jake Knox
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bruce D. Kay
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Mail Stop K8-88, Richland Washington 99352, United States
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Lovelock KRJ, Smith EF, Deyko A, Villar-Garcia IJ, Licence P, Jones RG. Water adsorption on a liquid surface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4866-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b711680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oxley SP, Zahn CM, Pursell CJ. Diffusion of HDO in Pure and Acid-Doped Ice Films. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:11064-73. [PMID: 16986839 DOI: 10.1021/jp062270v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In these experiments, a few bilayers of D(2)O were vapor-deposited on a pure crystalline H(2)O ice film or an ice film doped with a small amount of HCl. Upon deposition, H/D isotopic exchange quickly converted the D(2)O layer into an HDO-rich mixture layer. Infrared absorption spectroscopy followed the changes of the HDO from the initial HDO mixture layer to HDO isolated in the H(2)O ice film. This was possible because isolated HDO in H(2)O ice has a unique, sharp peak in the O-D stretch region that can be distinguished from the broad peak due to the initial HDO mixture layer. The absorbance of isolated HDO displayed first-order kinetics and was attributed to diffusion of HDO from the HDO-rich mixture layer into the underlying H(2)O ice film. While negligible diffusion was observed for pure ice films and for ice films with HCl concentrations up to 1 x 10(-4) mole fraction, diffusion of HDO occurred for higher concentrations of (2-20) x 10(-4) mole fraction HCl with a concentration-independent rate constant. The diffusion under these conditions followed Arrhenius behavior for T = 135-145 K yielding E(a) = 25 +/- 5 kJ/mol. The mechanism for the HDO diffusion involves either (i) molecular self-diffusion or (ii) long-range H/D diffusion by a series of multiple proton hop and orientational turn steps. While these spectroscopic results compare favorably with recent studies of molecular self-diffusion in low-temperature ice films, the diffusion results from all the ice film studies at low temperatures (ca. T < 170 K) differ from earlier bulk ice studies at higher temperatures (ca. T > 220 K). A comparison and discussion of the various diffusion studies are included in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Oxley
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200, USA
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Lu H, McCartney SA, Chonde M, Smyla D, Sadtchenko V. Fast thermal desorption spectroscopy study of morphology and vaporization kinetics of polycrystalline ice films. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:44709. [PMID: 16942176 DOI: 10.1063/1.2212395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast thermal desorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the vaporization kinetics of thin (50-100 nm) H(2)O(18) and HDO tracer layers from 2-5 microm thick polycrystalline H(2)O(16) ice films at temperatures ranging from -15 to -2 degrees C. The isothermal desorption spectra of tracer species demonstrate two distinct peaks, alpha and beta, which we attribute to the vaporization of H(2)O(18) initially trapped at or near the grain boundaries and in the crystallites of the polycrystalline ice, respectively. We show that the diffusive transport of the H(2)O(18) and HDO tracer molecules in the bulk of the H(2)O(16) film is slow as compared to the film vaporization. Thus, the two peaks in the isothermal spectra are due to unequal vaporization rates of H(2)O(18) from grain boundary grooves and from the crystallites and, therefore, can be used to determine independently the vaporization rate of the single crystal part of the film and rate of thermal etching of the film. Our analysis of the tracer vaporization kinetics demonstrates that the vaporization coefficient of single crystal ice is significantly greater than those predicted by the classical vaporization mechanism at temperatures near ice melting point. We discuss surface morphological dynamics and the bulk transport phenomena in single crystal and polycrystalline ice near 0 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Huthwelker
- Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Cappa CD, Drisdell WS, Smith JD, Saykally RJ, Cohen RC. Isotope Fractionation of Water during Evaporation without Condensation. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:24391-400. [PMID: 16375440 DOI: 10.1021/jp0539066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic events engendering liquid water evaporation have received much attention over the last century, but remain incompletely understood. We present measurements of isotope fractionation occurring during free molecular evaporation from liquid microjets and show that the isotope ratios of evaporating molecules exhibit dramatic differences from equilibrium vapor values, strong variations with the solution deuterium mole fraction, and a clear temperature dependence. These results indicate the existence of an energetic barrier to evaporation and that the evaporation coefficient of water is less than unity. These new insights into water evaporation promise to advance our understanding of the processes that control the formation and lifetime of clouds in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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12
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Pratte P, van den Bergh H, Rossi MJ. The Kinetics of H2O Vapor Condensation and Evaporation on Different Types of Ice in the Range 130−210 K. J Phys Chem A 2005; 110:3042-58. [PMID: 16509626 DOI: 10.1021/jp053974s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of condensation (kc) and the evaporation flux (J(ev)) of H2O on ice were studied in the range 130-210 K using pulsed-valve and steady-state techniques in a low-pressure flow reactor. The uptake coefficient gamma was measured for different types of ice, namely, condensed (C), bulk (B), single crystal (SC), snow (S), and cubic ice (K). The negative temperature dependence of gamma for C, B, SC, and S ice reveals a precursor-mediated adsorption/desorption process in agreement with the proposal of Davy and Somorjai.(1) The non-Arrhenius behavior of the rate of condensation, kc, manifests itself in a discontinuity in the range 170-190 K depending on the type of ice and is consistent with the precursor model. The average of the energy of sublimation DeltaH(S) degrees is (12.0 +/- 1.4) kcal/mol for C, B, S, and SC ice and is identical within experimental uncertainty between 136 and 210 K. The same is true for the entropy of sublimation DeltaS(S). In contrast, both gamma and the evaporative flux J(ev) are significantly different for different ices. In the range 130-210 K, J(ev) of H2O ice was significantly smaller than the maximum theoretically allowed value. This corroborates gamma values significantly smaller than unity in that T range. On the basis of the present kinetic parameters, the time to complete evaporation of a small ice particle of radius 1 mum is approximately a factor of 5 larger than that previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pratte
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et sol (LPAS), Bât CH H5, station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Bolina AS, Wolff AJ, Brown WA. Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy and Temperature-Programmed Desorption Studies of the Adsorption and Desorption of Amorphous and Crystalline Water on a Graphite Surface. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:16836-45. [PMID: 16853142 DOI: 10.1021/jp0528111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) have been used to perform a detailed investigation of the adsorption of water on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) at 90 K. RAIRS shows that water is physisorbed on HOPG at all coverages, as expected. Experiments at higher surface temperatures show marked changes in the O-H stretching region of the spectrum which can be assigned to the observation of the amorphous to crystalline ice phase transition. The infrared signature of both phases of solid water has been determined on HOPG and can be used to identify the phase of the ice. TPD spectra show the desorption of multilayers of crystalline ice. At high exposures a small bump appears in the TPD spectrum, on the low temperature side of the main peak, which is attributed to the amorphous to crystalline phase transition. At very low exposures of water, it is possible to distinguish the desorption of water from two- and three-dimensional islands and hence to determine the growth mode of water on the HOPG surface. Isothermal TPD studies have also been performed and show that the desorption of water does not obey perfect zero-order kinetics. Desorption orders, derived directly from the TPD spectra, confirm this observation. Desorption energies and preexponential factors have also been determined for this adsorption system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep S Bolina
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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Sadtchenko V, Brindza M, Chonde M, Palmore B, Eom R. The vaporization rate of ice at temperatures near its melting point. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:11980-92. [PMID: 15634160 DOI: 10.1063/1.1817820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The first study of free vaporization kinetics of ice at temperatures near its melting point is reported. The experimental approach employed is based on a unique combination of thermal desorption spectroscopy, microcalorimetry, and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, making it possible to overcome challenges associated with the introduction of volatile solids into a high vacuum environment. Measurements of the vaporization rate of polycrystalline ice demonstrate that the vaporization kinetics deviate dramatically from those predicted by a simple mobile precursor mechanism. The vaporization rate follows Arrhenius behavior from -40 to 0 degrees C with an effective activation energy of 50+/-4 kJ/mol, which is significantly higher than the value predicted by the simple mobile precursor mechanism. Extrapolation of earlier measurements conducted below -40 degrees C yields a value of approximately 0.02 at 0 degrees C for the vaporization coefficient alphav. In contrast, experimentally determined vaporization coefficient is found to be 0.7+/-0.3 and shows a weak dependence on temperature up to the bulk melting point. The role of possible surface phase transitions in the mechanisms of release and uptake of H2O and other chemical species by ice surfaces is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Sadtchenko
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Delval C, Rossi MJ. The kinetics of condensation and evaporation of H2O from pure ice in the range 173–223 K: a quartz crystal microbalance study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b409995h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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