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Esplen N, Mendonca MS, Bazalova-Carter M. Physics and biology of ultrahigh dose-rate (FLASH) radiotherapy: a topical review. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:23TR03. [PMID: 32721941 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abaa28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultrahigh dose-rate radiotherapy (RT), or 'FLASH' therapy, has gained significant momentum following various in vivo studies published since 2014 which have demonstrated a reduction in normal tissue toxicity and similar tumor control for FLASH-RT when compared with conventional dose-rate RT. Subsequent studies have sought to investigate the potential for FLASH normal tissue protection and the literature has been since been inundated with publications on FLASH therapies. Today, FLASH-RT is considered by some as having the potential to 'revolutionize radiotherapy'. FLASH-RT is considered by some as having the potential to 'revolutionize radiotherapy'. The goal of this review article is to present the current state of this intriguing RT technique and to review existing publications on FLASH-RT in terms of its physical and biological aspects. In the physics section, the current landscape of ultrahigh dose-rate radiation delivery and dosimetry is presented. Specifically, electron, photon and proton radiation sources capable of delivering ultrahigh dose-rates along with their beam delivery parameters are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the benefits and drawbacks of radiation detectors suitable for dosimetry in FLASH-RT are presented. The biology section comprises a summary of pioneering in vitro ultrahigh dose-rate studies performed in the 1960s and early 1970s and continues with a summary of the recent literature investigating normal and tumor tissue responses in electron, photon and proton beams. The section is concluded with possible mechanistic explanations of the FLASH normal-tissue protection effect (FLASH effect). Finally, challenges associated with clinical translation of FLASH-RT and its future prospects are critically discussed; specifically, proposed treatment machines and publications on treatment planning for FLASH-RT are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Esplen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Simulation and experimental validation of a prototype electron beam linear accelerator for preclinical studies. Phys Med 2019; 60:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Santos WG, Budkina DS, Deflon VM, Tarnovsky AN, Cardoso DR, Forbes MDE. Photoinduced Charge Shifts and Electron Transfer in Viologen–Tetraphenylborate Complexes: Push–Pull Character of the Exciplex. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7681-7684. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willy G. Santos
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa
Postal 780, 13560-970 São
Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Darya S. Budkina
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Victor M. Deflon
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa
Postal 780, 13560-970 São
Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander N. Tarnovsky
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Daniel R. Cardoso
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa
Postal 780, 13560-970 São
Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Malcolm D. E. Forbes
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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Favaudon V, Caplier L, Monceau V, Pouzoulet F, Sayarath M, Fouillade C, Poupon MF, Brito I, Hupé P, Bourhis J, Hall J, Fontaine JJ, Vozenin MC. Ultrahigh dose-rate FLASH irradiation increases the differential response between normal and tumor tissue in mice. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:245ra93. [PMID: 25031268 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 639] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies suggested that sub-millisecond pulses of radiation elicit less genomic instability than continuous, protracted irradiation at the same total dose. To determine the potential of ultrahigh dose-rate irradiation in radiotherapy, we investigated lung fibrogenesis in C57BL/6J mice exposed either to short pulses (≤ 500 ms) of radiation delivered at ultrahigh dose rate (≥ 40 Gy/s, FLASH) or to conventional dose-rate irradiation (≤ 0.03 Gy/s, CONV) in single doses. The growth of human HBCx-12A and HEp-2 tumor xenografts in nude mice and syngeneic TC-1 Luc(+) orthotopic lung tumors in C57BL/6J mice was monitored under similar radiation conditions. CONV (15 Gy) triggered lung fibrosis associated with activation of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) cascade, whereas no complications developed after doses of FLASH below 20 Gy for more than 36 weeks after irradiation. FLASH irradiation also spared normal smooth muscle and epithelial cells from acute radiation-induced apoptosis, which could be reinduced by administration of systemic TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) before irradiation. In contrast, FLASH was as efficient as CONV in the repression of tumor growth. Together, these results suggest that FLASH radiotherapy might allow complete eradication of lung tumors and reduce the occurrence and severity of early and late complications affecting normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Favaudon
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U612, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Laura Caplier
- Pathology Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94704 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Monceau
- Université Paris-XI, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U1030, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Frédéric Pouzoulet
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U612, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Mano Sayarath
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U612, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Charles Fouillade
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U612, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Marie-France Poupon
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U612, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Isabel Brito
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75248 Paris 05, France. INSERM U900, 75248 Paris 05, France
| | - Philippe Hupé
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 75248 Paris 05, France. INSERM U900, 75248 Paris 05, France. Mines ParisTech, 77305 Fontainebleau, France. CNRS, UMR144, 75248 Paris 05, France
| | - Jean Bourhis
- Université Paris-XI, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U1030, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France. Radio-Oncologie/Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Janet Hall
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U612, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fontaine
- Pathology Laboratory, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94704 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Université Paris-XI, 91405 Orsay, France. INSERM U1030, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France. Radio-Oncologie/Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. INSERM U967, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Division des Sciences du Vivant (DSV), Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (IRCM), 92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Ramos DD, Bezerra PCS, Quina FH, Dantas RF, Casagrande GA, Oliveira SC, Oliveira MRS, Oliveira LCS, Ferreira VS, Oliveira SL, Machulek A. Synthesis and characterization of TiO₂ and TiO₂/Ag for use in photodegradation of methylviologen, with kinetic study by laser flash photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:774-783. [PMID: 24609723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis, characterization, and application of TiO2 and TiO2/Ag nanoparticles for use in photocatalysis, employing the herbicide methylviologen (MV) as a substrate for photocatalytic activity testing. At suitable metal to oxide ratios, increases in silver surface coating on TiO2 enhanced the efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalysis by increasing the electron transfer constant. The sol-gel method was used for TiO2 synthesis. P25 TiO2 was the control material. Both oxides were subjected to the same silver incorporation process. The materials were characterized by conventional spectroscopy, SEM micrography, X-ray diffraction, calculation of surface area per mass of catalyst, and thermogravimetry. Also, electron transfers between TiO2 or TiO2/Ag and MV in the absence and presence of sodium formate were investigated using laser flash photolysis. Oxides synthesized with 2.0 % silver exhibited superior photocatalytic activity for MV degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Doffinger Ramos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
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Henrich JD, Suchyta S, Kohler B. Ultrafast Hydrolysis of a Lewis Photoacid. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:2737-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510953e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Henrich
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Scott Suchyta
- Department
of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Bern Kohler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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Berkovic AM, Bertolotti SG, Villata LS, Gonzalez MC, Pis Diez R, Mártire DO. Photoinduced reduction of divalent mercury by quinones in the presence of formic acid under anaerobic conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:1189-1194. [PMID: 22884492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The laser flash photolysis technique (λ(exc)=355 nm) was used to investigate the mechanism of the HgCl(2) reduction mediated by CO(2)(-) radicals generated from quenching of the triplet states of 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) by formic acid. Kinetic simulations of the experimental signals support the proposed reaction mechanism. This system is of potential interest in the development of UV-A photoinduced photolytic procedures for the treatment of Hg(II) contaminated waters. The successful replacement of NQ with a commercial fulvic acid, as a model compound of dissolved organic matter, showed that the method is applicable to organic matter-containing waters without the addition of quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Berkovic
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 16, Suc. 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Dharmarathne L, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F. Reaction of ferricyanide and methyl viologen with free radicals produced by ultrasound in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:7775-82. [PMID: 22770565 DOI: 10.1021/jp3037507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The redox reactions of organic radicals, with Fe(CN)63− and methyl viologen, generated from the sonochemical decomposition of aliphatic alcohols in aqueous solutions, have been studied. The number of radicals produced was found to relate to the amount of adsorbed alcohol molecules (Gibbs surface excess) at the gas−aqueous solution interface for any bulk solution concentration of the alcohol. The majority of the radicals produced stem from the thermal degradation of the alcohol molecules that have entered imploding cavitation bubbles. The maximum rate of reduction at 355 kHz, of Fe(CN)63−, was 2.6 ± 0.3 μM min−1, whereas for methyl viologen, it was 1.2 ± 0.3 μM min−1 under the conditions used.The difference in the rates is attributed to the reaction of various pyrolytically produced organic radicals with the methyl viologen radical cation. The possible reactions occurring in the sonolysis of alcohol/water systems are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Dharmarathne
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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Hare PM, Price EA, Stanisky CM, Janik I, Bartels DM. Solvated Electron Extinction Coefficient and Oscillator Strength in High Temperature Water. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1766-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909789b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Hare
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Erica A. Price
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | | | - Ireneusz Janik
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - David M. Bartels
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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Zhang X, Wu F, Deng N, Pozdnyakov IP, Glebov EM, Grivin VP, Plyusnin VF, Bazhin NN. Evidence of the hydroxyl radical formation upon the photolysis of an iron-rich clay in aqueous solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-008-5342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hare PM, Price EA, Bartels DM. Hydrated Electron Extinction Coefficient Revisited. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6800-2. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804684w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Hare
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Erica A. Price
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - David M. Bartels
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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Bourlinos AB, Dallas P, Sanakis Y, Stamopoulos D, Trapalis C, Niarchos D. Synthesis and characterization of a π-conjugate, covalent layered network derived from condensation polymerization of the 4,4′-bipyridine-cyanuric chloride couple. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Funston A, Kirby JP, Miller JR, Pospísil L, Fiedler J, Hromadová M, Gál M, Pecka J, Valásek M, Zawada Z, Rempala P, Michl J. One-Electron Reduction of an “Extended Viologen” p-Phenylene-bis-4,4‘-(1-aryl-2,6-diphenylpyridinium) Dication. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:10862-9. [PMID: 16331929 DOI: 10.1021/jp053556n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One-electron reduction of the "extended viologen" dication 1 yields the red cation radical 2, characterized by strong near-IR absorption. It has been generated and studied by pulse radiolytic, electrochemical, redox titration, UV-visible, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic methods. All results are in agreement with a fully delocalized electronic structure for 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Funston
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555A, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Das TN. Oxidation of Phenol in Aqueous Acid: Characterization and Reactions of Radical Cations vis-à-vis the Phenoxyl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3344-51. [PMID: 16833669 DOI: 10.1021/jp050015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous sulfuric acid containing up to approximately 14 M acid (H0 > or = -7.0) was used as solvent in pulse radiolytic redox studies to characterize cationic transients of phenol (C6H5OH) and map their reactions. The primary radical yields were first measured to correlate the variation in various radical concentrations as a function of increasing acid fraction in the solvent. Compared to their respective values at pH 2, the G(Ox*) increased with almost a linear slope of approximately 0.024 micromol J(-1) for H0(-1) (or pH(-1)) up to H0 -6.0 (Ox* = *OH + SO4*-), whereas G(H*) increased with a slope of approximately 0.033 micromol J(-1) for H0(-1) (or pH(-1)) up to H0 -5.0. In the presence of > 10 M acid (H0 < -5.0), phenol was oxidized to its radical cation, C6H5OH*+, which further reacted with phenol and generated the secondary, dimeric radical cation, (C6H5OH)2*+, following an equilibrium reaction C6H5OH*+ + C6H5OH <==> (C6H5OH)2*+, with K(eq) = 315 +/- 15 M(-1). The two cationic radicals were characterized from their individual UV-vis absorption spectra and acidity. The C6H5OH*+ absorption peaks are centered at 276 and 419 nm, and it was found to be more acidic (pKa = -2.75 +/- 0.05) than (C6H5OH)2*+ (pKa = -1.98 +/- 0.02), having its major peak at 410 nm. On the other hand, in the presence of < 6.5 M acid the C6H5O* reactions followed the radical dimerization route, independent of the parent phenol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Nath Das
- Radiation Chemistry & Chemical Dynamics Division, B.A.R.C., Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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Das TN. Saturation Concentration of Dissolved O2 in Highly Acidic Aqueous Solutions of H2SO4. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie049539m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Nath Das
- Radiation Chemistry & Chemical Dynamics (RC & CD) Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
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Tachikawa T, Tojo S, Fujitsuka M, Majima T. Direct observation of the one-electron reduction of methyl viologen mediated by the CO2 radical anion during TiO2 photocatalytic reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:9441-9444. [PMID: 15491173 DOI: 10.1021/la048100w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The one-electron reduction of methyl viologen (MV(2+)) mediated by the carbon dioxide radical anion (CO(2)(*-)) during photocatalytic reactions in a colloidal TiO(2) aqueous solution (pH 2) has been investigated by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. The formation of MV(*+) generated from the one-electron reduction reaction with CO(2)(*-), which is generated from the one-electron oxidation reactions with the photogenerated holes (h(+)), was directly observed. The spectral features of the photogenerated charge carriers and the kinetic analysis of the formation process of MV(*+) revealed that the CO(2)(*-), desorbed from the surface, reacts with MV(2+) via a homogeneous electron-transfer process in the bulk solution.
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Milosavljevic BH, Pimblott SM, Meisel D. Yields and Migration Distances of Reducing Equivalents in the Radiolysis of Silica Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049760c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bratoljub H. Milosavljevic
- Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Simon M. Pimblott
- Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Dan Meisel
- Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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