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Lim SG, Oh CY, Kim SH, Ra K, Yoon JH. CO 2 competes with radioactive chemicals for freshwater recovery: Hydrate-based desalination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132812. [PMID: 37879276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Here, we introduce CO2 hydrate-based desalination (CHBD) technology for freshwater recovery from radioactive wastewater, for water particularly containing Cs and Sr. The hydrate equilibrium curves of CO2 hydrates shift towards lower temperature and higher pressure regions as the concentrations of CsCl and SrCl2 increase. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements found that neither CsCl nor SrCl2 can affect the structure of CO2 hydrates. The high-pressure micro-differential scanning calorimetric results demonstrate that CO2 hydrates in the presence of CsCl and SrCl2 started to dissociate at lower temperatures due to the enrichment of CsCl and SrCl2 in the remaining solutions. The formation kinetics results indicate that increases in the concentrations of the radioactive chemicals lead to a decrease in the initial reaction rate and sub-cooling temperature. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the exclusion of radioactive isotopes from solid gas hydrates. Importantly, the CHBD technology proposed in this study is applicable to radioactive wastewater containing Cs+ and Sr2+ across broad concentration ranges, spanning from a percent to hundreds of parts per million (ppm), and even sub-ppm levels, with comparable recovery efficiency. This study presents new insights into the potential of environmentally sustainable technologies to overcome the challenges posed by radioactive wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Geo Lim
- Department of Convergence Study on Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology (OST) School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, South Korea
| | - Chang Yeop Oh
- Department of Convergence Study on Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology (OST) School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, South Korea
| | - Sun Ha Kim
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 03759, South Korea
| | - Kongtae Ra
- Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Yoon
- Department of Convergence Study on Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology (OST) School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, South Korea; Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, South Korea.
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Pelimanni E, Hautala L, Hans A, Kivimäki A, Kook M, Küstner-Wetekam C, Marder L, Patanen M, Huttula M. Core and Valence Level Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nanosolvated KCl. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4750-4759. [PMID: 34034483 PMCID: PMC8279652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The solvation of alkali and halide ions in the aqueous environment has been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical research with multidisciplinary interests; yet, a comprehensive molecular-level understanding has still not been obtained. In recent years, electron spectroscopy has been increasingly applied to study the electronic and structural properties of aqueous ions with implications, especially in atmospheric chemistry. In this work, we report core and valence level (Cl 2p, Cl 3p, and K 3p) photoelectron spectra of the common alkali halide, KCl, doped in gas-phase water clusters in the size range of a few hundred water molecules. The results indicate that the electronic structure of these nanosolutions shows a distinct character from that observed at the liquid-vapor interface in liquid microjets and ambient pressure setups. Insights are provided into the unique solvation properties of ions in a nanoaqueous environment, emerging properties of bulk electrolyte solutions with growing cluster size, and sensitivity of the electronic structure to varying solvation configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eetu Pelimanni
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Lauri Hautala
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Andreas Hans
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Universität
Kassel, Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Antti Kivimäki
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mati Kook
- Institute
of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi 1, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Catmarna Küstner-Wetekam
- Universität
Kassel, Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Lutz Marder
- Universität
Kassel, Institut für Physik und CINSaT, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Minna Patanen
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Souda R. Probing the solid-liquid transition of thin propanol and butanol films through interactions with LiI. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ulbrich A, Reinmöller M, Beenken WJD, Krischok S. Surface Electronic Structure of [XMIm]Cl Probed by Surface-Sensitive Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:1718-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Singh NJ, Lee EC, Choi YC, Lee HM, Kim KS. Understanding Clusters toward the Design of Functional Molecules and Nanomaterials. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Höfft O, Bahr S, Himmerlich M, Krischok S, Schaefer JA, Kempter V. Electronic structure of the surface of the ionic liquid [EMIM][Tf(2)N] studied by metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), UPS, and XPS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:7120-3. [PMID: 16893200 DOI: 10.1021/la060943v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The near-surface electronic structure of the room-temperature ionic liquid (RT-IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][Tf(2)N]) has been investigated with the combination of the electron spectroscopies metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS (HeI and HeII)), and monochromatized X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We find that the top of the valence band states originates from states of the cation (see also ref 1). The ultimately surface-sensitive technique MIES proves that the surface layer consists of both cations and anions. The temperature dependence of the spectra has been measured between about 160 and 610 K. Information on the glass transition and the possibility for low-temperature distillation of [EMIM][Tf(2)N] at reduced pressures is derived from the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Höfft
- Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstr. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Höfft O, Kahnert U, Bahr S, Kempter V. Interaction of NaI with Solid Water and Methanol. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:17115-20. [PMID: 16928006 DOI: 10.1021/jp0626014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of NaI with amorphous solid water (ASW) and methanol (MeOH) has been investigated with metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), UPS(HeI), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). We have studied the electron emission from the ionization of the highest-lying states of H(2)O, CH(3)OH, and of 5pI. We have prepared NaI layers on ASW (MeOH) films at about 105 K and annealed them up to about 200 K. Surface segregation of iodide is observed in ASW, as predicted for NaI aqueous solutions. On the other hand, surface segregation is not observed in MeOH, again as predicted for the interaction of NaI with liquid methanol. Electronic properties (ionization potentials, optical band gaps) and water binding energies are reported and are analyzed on the basis of available DFT results for hydrated NaI clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Höfft
- Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Leibnizstr. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Abstract
The interaction of CsF with multilayered water has been investigated with metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy with HeI (UPS(HeI)). We have studied the emission from the ionization of H2O states 1b1, 3a1, and 1b2; of Cs5p and of F2p. We have prepared CsF-H2O interfaces, namely, CsF layers on thin films of multilayered water and vice versa; they were annealed between 80 and about 280 K. Up to about 100 K, a closed CsF layer can be deposited on H2O and vice versa; no interpenetration of the two components H2O and CsF could be observed. Above 110 K, CsF (H2O) layers deposited on thin H2O (CsF) films (stoichiometry CsF.1.5H2O) gradually transform into a mixed layer containing F, Cs, and H2O species. When annealing, H2O molecules can be detected up to 200 K from the mixed F-Cs-H2O layer (while for pure H2O desorption is essentially complete at 165 K); a water network is not formed under these conditions, and all H2O molecules are involved in bonding with Cs+ and F- ions. When CsF is deposited at 120 K on sufficiently thick water multilayers, full solvation of both F and Cs takes place, even for the species closest to the surface, as long as the stoichiometry remains CsF.(H2O)n with n > 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borodin
- Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Leibnizstr. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Borodin A, Höfft O, Kahnert U, Kempter V, Poddey A, Blöchl PE. Interaction of NaCl with solid water. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:9671-8. [PMID: 15538890 DOI: 10.1063/1.1805498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of NaCl with solid water, deposited on tungsten at 80 K, was investigated with metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) (He I). We have studied the ionization of Cl(3p) and the 1b(1), 3a(1), and 1b(2) bands of molecular water. The results are supplemented by first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the electronic structure of solvated Cl(-) ions. We have prepared NaCl/water interfaces at 80 K, NaCl layers on thin films of solid water, and H(2)O ad-layers on thin NaCl films; they were annealed between 80 and 300 K. At 80 K, closed layers of NaCl on H(2)O, and vice versa, are obtained; no interpenetration of the two components H(2)O and NaCl was observed. However, ionic dissociation of NaCl takes place when H(2)O and NaCl are in direct contact. Above 115 K solvation of the ionic species Cl(-) becomes significant. Our results are compatible with a transition of Cl(-) species from an interface site (Cl in direct contact with the NaCl lattice) to an energetically favored configuration, where Cl species are solvated. The DFT calculations show that Cl(-) species, surrounded by their solvation shell, are nevertheless by some extent accessed by MIES because the Cl(3p)-charge cloud extends through the solvation shell. Water desorption is noticeable around 145 K, but is not complete before 170 K, about 15 K higher than for pure solid water. Above 150 K the NaCl-induced modification of the water network gives rise to gas phase like structures in the water spectra. In particular, the 3a(1) emission turns into a well-defined peak. This suggests that under these conditions water molecules interact mainly with Cl(-) rather than among themselves. Above 170 K only Cl is detected on the surface and desorbs around 450 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Borodin
- Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstrasse 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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