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Wakizaka M, Atqa A, Chun WJ, Imaoka T, Yamamoto K. Subnano-transformation of molybdenum carbide to oxycarbide. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15814-15822. [PMID: 32691809 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall particles exhibit structures and/or properties that are different from those of the corresponding bulk materials; in this context especially ultrasmall precious-metal particles have been extensively investigated. In this study, we targeted the transition base-metal Mo and succeeded in systematically producing Mo oxycarbide/carbide particles with diameters of 1.7 ± 0.7, 1.4 ± 0.5, 1.3 ± 0.4, 1.2 ± 0.3, 1.0 ± 0.3, and 0.8 ± 0.2 nm on a carbon support using the carbothermal hydrogen reduction method at 773 K and a diphenylazomethine-type dendrimer as a template. The formation and properties of the particles were confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) images, and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) studies. We found that Mo particles with a diameter of 1.3 nm or greater formed carbides such as β'-Mo2C, whereas smaller particles formed oxycarbides, indicating a size-dependent transformation in the phase or composition of the particles. Thus, this work demonstrated a new concept, subnano-transformation, which would be a new class of phase transformation based on the concept of the size dependence in such an ultrasmall scale. In addition, the movement of Mo atoms within a cluster and on the fringes of a nanoparticle was also demonstrated during continuous time-course high-resolution HAADF-STEM observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Wakizaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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Baloglou A, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Gas-Phase Reactivity Studies of Small Molybdenum Cluster Ions with Dimethyl Disulfide. Top Catal 2018; 61:20-27. [PMID: 31258300 PMCID: PMC6566215 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum sulfide is a potent hydrogen evolution catalyst, and is discussed as a replacement of platinum in large-scale electrochemical hydrogen production. To learn more about the elementary steps of MoS2 production by sputtering in the presence of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), the reactions of Mox+, x = 1–3, with DMDS are studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and density functional theory calculations. A rich variety of products composed of molybdenum, sulfur, carbon and hydrogen was observed. MoxSy+ species are formed in the first reaction step, together with products containing carbon and hydrogen. The calculations indicate that the strong Mo-S bonds are formed preferentially, followed by Mo–C bonds. Hydrogen is exclusively bound to carbon atoms, i.e. no insertion of a molybdenum atom into a C–H bond is observed. The reactions are efficient and highly exothermic, explaining the rich chemistry observed in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Baloglou
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vajda
- Materials
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Nanoscience
and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Michael G. White
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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4
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Chen WF, Muckerman JT, Fujita E. Recent developments in transition metal carbides and nitrides as hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8896-909. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 921] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhao YX, Wu XN, Ma JB, He SG, Ding XL. Characterization and reactivity of oxygen-centred radicals over transition metal oxide clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1925-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Llusar R, Polo V, Velez E, Vicent C. Sulfur-based redox reactions in Mo3S7(4+) and Mo3S4(4+) clusters bearing halide and 1,2-dithiolene ligands: a mass spectrometric and density functional theory study. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:8045-55. [PMID: 20695430 DOI: 10.1021/ic1010693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase fragmentation reactions of sulfur-rich [Mo(3)S(7)Br(6)](2-) (1(2-)), [Mo(3)S(7)(bdt)(3)](2-) (2(2-)), and [Mo(3)S(4)(bdt)(3)](2-) (3(2-)) (bdt = benzenedithiolate) complexes have been investigated by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations at the density functional theory level. Upon collision induced dissociation (CID) conditions, the brominated 1(2-) dianion dissociates through two sequential steps that involves a heterolytic Mo-Br cleavage to give [Mo(3)S(7)Br(5)](-) plus Br(-) followed by a two-electron redox process that affords [Mo(3)S(5)Br(5)](-) and diatomic S(2) sulfur. Dianion [Mo(3)S(7)(bdt)(3)](2-) (2(2-)) dissociates through two sequential redox processes evolving diatomic S(2) sulfur and neutral bdt to yield [Mo(3)S(5)(bdt)(3)](2-) and [Mo(3)S(5)(bdt)(2)](2-), respectively. Conversely, dianion [Mo(3)S(4)(bdt)(3)](2-) (3(2-)), with sulfide instead of disulfide S(2)(2-) bridged ligands, remains intact under identical fragmentation conditions, thus highlighting the importance of disulfide ligands (S(2)(2-)) as electron reservoirs to trigger redox reactions. Regioselective incorporation of (34)S and Se at the equatorial position of the Mo(3)S(7) cluster core in 1(2-) and 2(2-) have been used to identify the product ions along the fragmentation pathways. Reaction mechanisms for the gas-phase dissociation pathways have been elucidated by means of B3LYP calculations, and a comparison with the solution reactivity of Mo(3)S(7) and Mo(3)S(4) clusters as well as closely related Mo/S/dithiolene systems is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Llusar
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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9
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Liu P, Choi Y, Yang Y, White MG. Methanol Synthesis from H2 and CO2 on a Mo6S8 Cluster: A Density Functional Study. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:3888-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York (SUNY) Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - YongMan Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York (SUNY) Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Yixiong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York (SUNY) Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Michael G. White
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York (SUNY) Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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Stoyanov SR, Král P. Multifunctional metal-doped carbon nanocapsules. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:234702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3033758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Patterson MJ, Lightstone JM, White MG. Structure of Molybdenum and Tungsten Sulfide MxSy+ Clusters: Experiment and DFT Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12011-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807318c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11974, and Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - James M. Lightstone
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11974, and Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Michael G. White
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11974, and Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
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Singh DMDJ, Pradeep T, Bhattacharjee J, Waghmare UV. Closed-cage clusters in the gaseous and condensed phases derived from sonochemically synthesized MoS2 nanoflakes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 18:2191-2197. [PMID: 17977743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Mo(13) clusters we previously reported were derived from MoS(2) flakes prepared from bulk MoS(2), although the nature of the precursor species was not fully understood. The existence of the clusters in the condensed phase was a question. Here we report the preparation of MoS(2) nanoflakes from elemental precursors using the sonochemical method and study the gas-phase clusters derived from them using mass spectrometry. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrum of the precursor is comparable to nano MoS(2) derived from bulk MoS(2). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed the formation of nanoflakes of MoS(2) with 10- to 30-nm length and 3- to 5-nm thickness. Laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) confirmed the formation of Mo(13) clusters from this nanomaterial. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) points to the existence of Mo(13) clusters in the condensed phase. The clusters appear to be stable because they do not fragment in the mass spectrometer even at the highest laser intensity. Computational analysis based on generalized Wannier orbitals is used to understand bonding and stability of the clusters. These clusters are highly stable with a rich variety in terms of centricity and multiplicity of Mo-Mo, S-Mo, and S-S bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M David Jeba Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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13
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Cisneros GA, Elking D, Piquemal JP, Darden TA. Numerical fitting of molecular properties to Hermite Gaussians. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:12049-56. [PMID: 17973464 DOI: 10.1021/jp074817r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A procedure is presented to fit gridded molecular properties to auxiliary basis sets (ABSs) of Hermite Gaussians, analogous to the density fitting (DF) method (Dunlap; et al. J. Chem. Phys. 1979, 71, 4993). In this procedure, the ab initio calculated properties (density, electrostatic potential, and/or electric field) are fitted via a linear- or nonlinear-least-squares procedure to auxiliary basis sets (ABS). The calculated fitting coefficients from the numerical grids are shown to be more robust than analytic density fitting due to the neglect of the core contributions. The fitting coefficients are tested by calculating intermolecular Coulomb and exchange interactions for a set of dimers. It is shown that the numerical instabilities observed in DF are caused by the attempt of the ABS to fit the core contributions. In addition, this new approach allows us to reduce the number of functions required to obtain an accurate fit. This results in decreased computational cost, which is shown by calculating the Coulomb energy of a 4096 water box in periodic boundary conditions. Using atom centered Hermite Gaussians, this calculation is only 1 order of magnitude slower than conventional atom-centered point charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andrés Cisneros
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC 27709, USA
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Suo B, Balasubramanian K. Spectroscopic constants and potential energy curves of yttrium carbide (YC). J Chem Phys 2007; 126:224305. [PMID: 17581052 DOI: 10.1063/1.2743015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential energy curves of the low-lying electronic states of yttrium carbide (YC) and its cation are calculated at the complete active space self-consistent field and the multireference single and double excitation configuration interaction (MRSDCI) levels of theory. Fifteen low-lying electronic states of YC with different spin and spatial symmetries were identified. The X (4)Sigma- state prevails as the ground state of YC, and a low-lying excited A (4)Pi state is found to be 1661 cm(-1) higher at the MRSDCI level. The computations of the authors support the assignment of the observed spectra to a B (4)Delta(Omega=72)<--A (4)Pi(Omega=52) transition with a reinterpretation that the A (4)Pi state is appreciably populated under the experimental conditions as it is less than 2000 cm(-1) of the X (4)Sigma- ground state, and the previously suggested (4)Pi ground state is reassigned to the first low-lying excited state of YC. The potential energy curves of YC+ confirm a previous prediction by Seivers et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 105, 6322 (1996)] that the ground state of YC+ is formed through a second pathway at higher energies. The calculated ionization energy of YC is 6.00 eV, while the adiabatic electron affinity is 0.95 eV at the MRSDCI level. The computed ionization energy of YC and dissociation energy of YC+ confirm the revised experimental estimates provided by Seivers et al. although direct experimental measurements yielded results with greater errors due to uncertainty in collisional cross sections for YC+ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Suo
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, California 94542-3092, USA
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Davis KM, Peppernick SJ, Castleman AW. Metal-carbon clusters: the origin of the delayed atomic ion. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:164304. [PMID: 16674132 DOI: 10.1063/1.2171692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the emission of electrons from excited metal-carbon cluster systems that include the Met-Car (M(8)C(12), where M is Ti, Zr, and V) also have revealed the evolution of a delayed atomic ion. The source of the delayed atomic ion, which involves the emission of ionized atoms on the microsecond time scale, is the focus of this investigation. By studying the delayed ionization of mixed zirconium and titanium carbon complexes produced in a laser vaporization source coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, for the first time both the zirconium and titanium delayed atomic ions were observed to be emitted in the same experiment. These studies allowed a determination that the source of the delayed atomic ion is an excited metal dicarbide. A plausible mechanism involving the excitation of a high Rydberg state of the metal dicarbide prior to an excited ion pair separation is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Davis
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Wyrwas RB, Yoder BL, Maze JT, Jarrold CC. Reactivity of Small MoxOy- Clusters toward Methane and Ethane. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2157-64. [PMID: 16466251 DOI: 10.1021/jp057195n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of Mo2Oy- suboxide clusters with both methane and ethane have been studied with a combination of mass spectrometry, anion photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Reactions were carried out under "gentle" and "violent" conditions. For methane, a number of products appeared under the gentler source conditions that were more logically attributed to dissociation of Mo2Oy- clusters upon reacting with methane to form MoCH2-, Mo(O)CH2-, and HMo(O2)CH3-. With ethane, products observed under the same gentle conditions were Mo(O)C2H2-, Mo(O)C2H4-, Mo(O2)C2H4-, and Mo(O2)(C2H5)2-. As expected, more products were observed when the reactions were carried out under violent conditions. The photoelectron spectra obtained for these species were compared to calculated adiabatic and vertical electron affinities and vibrational frequencies, leading to definitive structural assignments for several of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Wyrwas
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Reactivity of the M4S6+ (M=Mo, W) cluster with CO and NH3 in the gas-phase: An experimental and DFT study. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Qian W, Krimm S. Limitations of the Molecular Multipole Expansion Treatment of Electrostatic Interactions for C−H···O and O−H···O Hydrogen Bonds and Application of a General Charge Density Approach. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:5608-18. [PMID: 16833893 DOI: 10.1021/jp040683v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A molecular multipole expansion treatment (up to hexadecapole) is examined for its accuracy in describing hydrogen-bond electrostatic interactions, with particular reference to explaining the differences between blue-shifted C-H...O and red-shifted O-H...O bonds. In interactions of H2O and CH4 with point charges at hydrogen-bonding distances, we find that the molecular multipole treatment not only fails to reproduce ab initio energies but also forces on OH or CH bonds, and therefore cannot properly account for the electrostatic component of the interaction. A treatment based on a molecule's permanent charge density and its derivatives and the charge density and its derivatives induced by an external multipole distribution is in full accord with ab initio results, as shown by application to models of the H2O-H2O and CH4-FH systems. Such a charge density approach provides a fundamental basis for understanding the importance of interaction forces in initiating structural change and thereby altering molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Qian
- Biophysics Research Division and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Hwu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Catalytic Science and Technology (CCST), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Stairs JR, Peppernick SJ, Davis KM, Castleman AW. Time-Resolved Fluence Studies and Delayed Ionization of the Niobium-Carbon Cluster System. Isr J Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1560/xh55-0a98-b2c4-grql] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Liu P, Rodriguez JA, Muckerman JT. Desulfurization of SO2 and Thiophene on Surfaces and Nanoparticles of Molybdenum Carbide: Unexpected Ligand and Steric Effects. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040267a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 555, Upton, New York 11973
| | - José A. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 555, Upton, New York 11973
| | - James T. Muckerman
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Bldg. 555, Upton, New York 11973
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Liu P, Rodriguez JA. Effects of carbon on the stability and chemical performance of transition metal carbides: A density functional study. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:5414-23. [PMID: 15267415 DOI: 10.1063/1.1647050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory was employed to study the stabilities and chemical activities of transition metal carbides. Here we take the well-known Mo carbides and Ti carbides as an example. Different kinds of structures including the bulk surfaces [Mo(2)C(001), MoC(001), and TiC(001)] and metcars [Mo(8)C(12) and Ti(8)C(12)] are taken into consideration. Systematic studies show that by raising the C coordination number of the metal atoms in the carbides, in general the stability of the carbides increases (metcars are an exception since they include both high-coordinated and low-coordinated metal atoms.); at the same time, the chemical activities of the carbides decrease due to a downshift of the metal d-band center (ligand effect). Considering the better catalysts those that combine high stability and moderate chemical activity, our results suggest that the catalytic potential of Mo carbide systems should decrease in the following sequence: Mo(8)C(12)>Mo(2)C(001) or MoC(001)>pure Mo(110). In spite of having the largest C/Mo ratio, the metcar appears as the most attractive system. Our studies also indicate that the "magic" behavior of metcars is not unique for Mo carbides. Similar behavior is also observed for Ti carbides. This implies that nanoparticles like metcar species could exhibit better performances than the corresponding bulk metal carbides as catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Hou H, Muckerman JT, Liu P, Rodriguez JA. Computational Study of the Geometry and Properties of the Metcars Ti8C12 and Mo8C12. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0357976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Hou
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - James T. Muckerman
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - Ping Liu
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
| | - José A. Rodriguez
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000
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