1
|
Butcher TA, Coey JMD. Magnetic forces in paramagnetic fluids. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 35:053002. [PMID: 36384048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aca37f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the effect of a magnetic field gradient on fluids with linear magnetic susceptibilities is given. It is shown that two commonly encountered expressions, the magnetic field gradient force and the concentration gradient force for paramagnetic species in solution are equivalent for incompressible fluids. The magnetic field gradient and concentration gradient forces are approximations of the Kelvin force and Korteweg-Helmholtz force densities, respectively. The criterion for the appearance of magnetically induced convection is derived. Experimental work in which magnetically induced convection plays a role is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Butcher
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - J M D Coey
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Liu X, Xie H, Yin H, Song Q, Ning Z. Effect of a Magnetic Field on the Electrode Process of Al Electrodeposition in a [Emim]Cl-AlCl 3 Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13744-13751. [PMID: 34894674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect was usually used to improve the mass transport during electrodeposition in a solution electrolyte. Herein, we reported the effect of a magnetic field on the electrode process of Al electrodeposition in a [Emim]Cl-AlCl3 ionic liquid composed of pure ions. Under a uniform and perpendicular magnetic field to the Cu electrode plane, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the circuit, the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves, and the different capacitances at the potential of zero charge (PZC) were measured, and the electrodeposition of aluminum was carried out at a constant current density. The results indicated that a vertical magnetic field significantly reduced the resistance (activation energy) for charge transfer of electrochemical reduction of Al2Cl7-; meanwhile, the capacitance of an electric double layer (EDL) and the density of the electrodeposited aluminum layer were increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyue Liu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin B&M Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300384, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Lab Metallurgical Sensor & Technology, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayi Yin
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Lab Metallurgical Sensor & Technology, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiushi Song
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Lab Metallurgical Sensor & Technology, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Ning
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China.,Liaoning Key Lab Metallurgical Sensor & Technology, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gomes BF, Nunes LMS, Lobo CMS, Cabeça LF, Colnago LA. In Situ Study of the Magnetoelectrolysis Phenomenon during Copper Electrodeposition Using Time Domain NMR Relaxometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9391-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502361q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Ferreira Gomes
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-070, Brasil
| | - Luiza Maria Silva Nunes
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-070, Brasil
| | - Carlos Manuel Silva Lobo
- Instituto
de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-070, Brasil
| | | | - Luiz Alberto Colnago
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Berkes BB, Huang M, Henry JB, Kokoschka M, Bandarenka AS. Characterisation of Complex Electrode Processes using Simultaneous Impedance Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Nanogravimetric Measurements. Chempluschem 2014; 79:348-358. [PMID: 31986607 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The methodology and illustrative examples of application are presented for a technique that simultaneously combines electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and nanogravimetric measurements; the latter are implemented using a so-called electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN). The combination of EIS and EQCN provides a powerful method for the characterisation of many complex processes at electrochemical interfaces. This method gives in one relatively simple experiment more detailed information than is available from conventional electrochemical techniques. The combined measurements can be performed either as a function of time, at a constant electrode potential, or under potentiodynamic conditions, as a function of the electrode potential. Herein, we show how this can be applied to enable more accurate investigation of processes that occur at boundaries between electrodes and electrolytes. The application examples range from eletrocatalysis, in which evaluation of a catalyst is performed simultaneously with its formation, and the intercalation and electrodeposition of thin metal films to in situ characterisation of non-electroactive self-assembled monolayers during their formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs B Berkes
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany).,Current address: Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany)
| | - Minghua Huang
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany).,Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100 (P. R. China)
| | - John B Henry
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany).,School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ (UK)
| | - Malte Kokoschka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague (Czech Republic)
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum (Germany)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soba A, González G, Calivar L, Marshall G. Nature of inclined growth in thin-layer electrodeposition under uniform magnetic fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:051612. [PMID: 23214798 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.051612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical deposition (ECD) in thin cells in a vertical position relative to gravity, subject to an external uniform magnetic field, yields a growth pattern formation with dense branched morphology with branches tilted in the direction of the magnetic force. We study the nature of the inclined growth through experiments and theory. Experiments in ECD, in the absence of magnetic forces, reveal that a branch grows by allowing fluid to penetrate its tip and to be ejected from the sides through a pair of symmetric vortices attached to the tip. The upper vortices zone defines an arch separating an inner zone ion depleted and an outer zone in a funnel-like form with a concentrated solution through which metal ions are carried into the tip. When a magnetic field is turned on, vortex symmetry is broken, one vortex becoming weaker than the other, inducing an inclination of the funnel. Consequently, particles entering the funnel give rise to branch growth tilted in the same direction. Theory predicts, in the absence of a magnetic force, funnel symmetry induced through symmetric vortices driven by electric and gravitational forces; when the magnetic force is on, it is composed with the pair of clockwise and counterclockwise vortices, reducing or amplifying one or the other. In turn, funnel tilting modifies particle trajectories, thus, growth orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Soba
- Centro Atómico Constituyentes, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berkes BB, Henry JB, Huang M, Bondarenko AS. Electrochemical Characterisation of Copper Thin-Film Formation on Polycrystalline Platinum. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3210-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
7
|
Dunne P, Mazza L, Coey JMD. Magnetic structuring of electrodeposits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:024501. [PMID: 21797609 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.024501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metal electrodeposition reflects the pattern of the magnetic field at the cathode surface created by a magnet array. For deposits from paramagnetic cations such as Co²⁺ or Cu²⁺, the effect is explained in terms of magnetic pressure which modifies the thickness of the diffusion layer, that governs their mass transport. An inverse effect allows deposits to be structured in complementary patterns when a strongly paramagnetic but nonelectroactive cation such as Dy³⁺ is present in the electrolyte, and is related to inhibition of convection of water liberated at the cathode, in the inhomogeneous magnetic field. The magnetic structuring depends on the susceptibility of the electroactive species relative to that of the nonelectroactive background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dunne
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Fricoteaux P, Rousse C. Influence of substrate, pH and magnetic field onto composition and current efficiency of electrodeposited Ni–Fe alloys. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Mühlenhoff S, Eckert K, Heinze A, Uhlemann M. Controlled retardation of electrochemical Rayleigh–Bénard convection during copper electrolysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
Koehler S, Bund A. Investigations on the Kinetics of Electron Transfer Reactions in Magnetic Fields. J Phys Chem B 2005; 110:1485-9. [PMID: 16471700 DOI: 10.1021/jp0550964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a controversial debate if a magnetic field can influence the rate of electron transfer (ET) reactions. In this paper, we report kinetic measurements of the ET rate constants for the redox couples [IrCl6]2-/[IrCl6]3-, [Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-, and [Fe(H2O)6]3+/[Fe(H2O)6]2+ in magnetic fields up to 1 T. To reduce effects arising from magnetically induced mass transport (magnetohydrodynamic effect), disk microelectrodes with a diameter of 50 microm were used in potentiodynamic (cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry) and in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments. None of the investigated redox couples showed a magnetic field effect on the ET rate constant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Koehler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Dresden University of Technology, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Rabah K, Chopart JP, Schloerb H, Saulnier S, Aaboubi O, Uhlemann M, Elmi D, Amblard J. Analysis of the magnetic force effect on paramagnetic species. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|