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Gentil S, Pifferi C, Rousselot-Pailley P, Tron T, Renaudet O, Le Goff A. Clicked Bifunctional Dendrimeric and Cyclopeptidic Addressable Redox Scaffolds for the Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes with Redox Molecules and Enzymes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1001-1011. [PMID: 33433232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube electrodes were modified with ferrocene and laccase using two different click reactions strategies and taking advantage of bifunctional dendrimers and cyclopeptides. Using diazonium functionalization and the efficiency of oxime ligation, the combination of both multiwalled carbon nanotube surfaces and modified dendrimers or cyclopeptides allows the access to a high surface coverage of ferrocene in the order of 50 nmol cm-2, a 50-fold increase compared to a classic click reaction without oxime ligation of these highly branched macromolecules. Furthermore, this original immobilization strategy allows the immobilization of mono- and bi-functionalized active multicopper enzymes, laccases, via copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Electrochemical studies underline the high efficiency of the oxime-ligated dendrimers or cyclopeptides for the immobilization of redox entities on surfaces while being detrimental to electron tunneling with enzyme active sites despite controlled orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Gentil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, BIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Carlo Pifferi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Thierry Tron
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Alan Le Goff
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000 Grenoble, France
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2
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Roy P, Kantor-Uriel N, Sunda AP. Nanoscale defolding influence of polypeptides in the charge-transfer process through an organic-inorganic nanohybrid system. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11143-11149. [PMID: 29873379 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03582b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A biologically important polypeptide [with an alternate sequence of alanine (ALA) and 2-aminobutyric acid (AiB)] is used as a linker molecule to investigate the charge-transfer phenomenon between CdSe nanoparticle (NP) (diameter ∼6-7 nm) assemblies and gold (Au) substrates. The (ALA-AiB)n polypeptides, with varying chain lengths n = 5, 8, 11, were attached to the surface to form self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) through a thiol group located either at the N-terminal or C-terminal of the sequence. Temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed anomalous behavior in the quenching regime of CdSe NPs in the 237 K to 290 K region. In principle, the fluorescence intensity of any fluorophore decreases with a gradual increase in temperature, due to dominating non-radiative relaxation over radiative relaxation. PL spectral intensity follows this general trend from 77 K to 237 K for all chain lengths. For chain length n > 5 (n = 5 showed a kink, but the extent of the kink is negligible in comparison with n > 5) polypeptide-based monolayers, there is a sudden increase in fluorescence intensity above 237 K. This sudden increase is probed using molecular dynamics simulations which reveals that this unprecedented behavior arises due to interchain polypeptide interactions. An insertion of an alkyl chain with an almost similar length of peptide along with polypeptide (in a 3 : 1 ratio, in terms of concentration) diminishes the interchain polypeptide hydrogen-bonding interactions and manifests the normal trend of PL spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, India.
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3
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Simple direct formation of self-assembled N-heterocyclic carbene monolayers on gold and their application in biosensing. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12654. [PMID: 27585494 PMCID: PMC5025784 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of organic films on gold employing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has been previously shown to be a useful strategy for generating stable organic films. However, NHCs or NHC precursors typically require inert atmosphere and harsh conditions for their generation and use. Herein we describe the use of benzimidazolium hydrogen carbonates as bench stable solid precursors for the preparation of NHC films in solution or by vapour-phase deposition from the solid state. The ability to prepare these films by vapour-phase deposition permitted the analysis of the films by a variety of surface science techniques, resulting in the first measurement of NHC desorption energy (158±10 kJ mol−1) and confirmation that the NHC sits upright on the surface. The use of these films in surface plasmon resonance-type biosensing is described, where they provide specific advantages versus traditional thiol-based films. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have shown tremendous number of applications but can suffer from low stability. Here, the authors report air and bench stable carbene precursors allowing facile SAM formation, and furthermore demonstrate an application in biosensing
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Longo E, Wright K, Caruso M, Gatto E, Palleschi A, Scarselli M, De Crescenzi M, Crisma M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Venanzi M. Peptide flatlandia: a new-concept peptide for positioning of electroactive probes in proximity to a metal surface. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15495-15506. [PMID: 26274368 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03549j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A helical hexapeptide was designed to link in a rigid parallel orientation to a gold surface. The peptide sequence of the newly synthesized compound is characterized by the presence of two 4-amino-1,2-dithiolane-4-carboxylic acid (Adt) residues (positions 1 and 4) to promote a bidentate interaction with the gold surface, two L-Ala residues (positions 2 and 5) and two-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residues (positions 3 and 6) to favor a high population of the 310-helix conformation. Furthermore, a ferrocenoyl (Fc) probe was inserted at the N-terminus to investigate the electronic conduction properties of the peptide. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy techniques were used to characterize the binding of the peptide to the gold surface and the morphology of the peptide layer, respectively. Several electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, square wave voltammetry) techniques were applied to analyze the electrochemical activity of the Fc probe, along with the influence of the peptide 3D-structure and the peptide layer morphology on electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Longo
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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5
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Amdursky N. Electron Transfer across Helical Peptides. Chempluschem 2015; 80:1075-1095. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Paleček E, Tkáč J, Bartošík M, Bertók T, Ostatná V, Paleček J. Electrochemistry of nonconjugated proteins and glycoproteins. Toward sensors for biomedicine and glycomics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2045-108. [PMID: 25659975 PMCID: PMC4360380 DOI: 10.1021/cr500279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute
of Biophysics Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská
135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tkáč
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Regional
Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk
Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bertók
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Ostatná
- Institute
of Biophysics Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská
135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Paleček
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Masaryk
University, Kamenice
5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Louvain N, Frison G, Dittmer J, Legein C, Mercier N. Noncovalent Chalcogen Bonds and Disulfide Conformational Change in the Cystamine-Based Hybrid Perovskite [H3N(CH2)2SS(CH2)2NH3]PbIII4. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Electrochemical studies of a set of ferrocene-labeled helical peptides of increasing length were carried out by forming self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold electrodes. Electron transfer (ET) rates showed a very weakly distance dependent nature that has been interpreted as a result of a dynamically controlled tunneling mechanism. Specifically, the slow equilibrium between the α- and the 310 helical conformers in a SAM has been invoked, and the rate of formation of the more conductive 310 conformer has been proposed to be related to the ET rates observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Shekhar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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Eckermann AL, Feld DJ, Shaw JA, Meade TJ. Electrochemistry of redox-active self-assembled monolayers. Coord Chem Rev 2010; 254:1769-1802. [PMID: 20563297 PMCID: PMC2885823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) provide an excellent platform for investigating electron transfer kinetics. Using a well-defined bridge, a redox center can be positioned at a fixed distance from the electrode and electron transfer kinetics probed using a variety of electrochemical techniques. Cyclic voltammetry, AC voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry are most commonly used to determine the rate of electron transfer of redox-activated SAMs. A variety of redox species have been attached to SAMs, and include transition metal complexes (e.g., ferrocene, ruthenium pentaammine, osmium bisbipyridine, metal clusters) and organic molecules (e.g., galvinol, C(60)). SAMs offer an ideal environment to study the outer-sphere interactions of redox species. The composition and integrity of the monolayer and the electrode material influence the electron transfer kinetics and can be investigated using electrochemical methods. Theoretical models have been developed for investigating SAM structure. This review discusses methods and monolayer compositions for electrochemical measurements of redox-active SAMs.
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Eckermann AL, Shaw JA, Meade TJ. Kinetic dispersion in redox-active dithiocarbamate monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:2904-13. [PMID: 19877702 PMCID: PMC4477844 DOI: 10.1021/la902839r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates (dtcs) have been implicated as important gold-binding groups in molecular electronics. Dtcs have two alkane branches connected at a single anchoring point that has a bidentate resonance structure. Forming readily in situ by the combination of secondary amines and CS(2), dtcs adsorb quickly onto gold surfaces. Electroactive self-assembled monolayers (eSAMs) were prepared by the coadsorption of ferrocene dialkyldithiocarbamates (Fc dtcs) with diluent dtcs on gold electrodes. Short and long alkane chains were used (11 and 16 methylene groups, respectively), and a polar ester group was incorporated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that the electrochemistry is quasi-reversible. At high surface coverage, the peak separations and full widths at half-maximum for Fc dtcs deviate from theoretical values and are analogous to that of ferrocene alkane thiols on gold at high surface coverage. Importantly, these features do not change at low Fc dtc surface coverage as observed for ferrocene alkane thiols. Ferrocene dtcs were used to label monolayer defect sites and to demonstrate the exchange of surface-bound dtcs with solution dtcs. Finally, the rate of electron transfer was analyzed using Tafel plots and ac voltammetric methods. The results for both techniques are consistent with a kinetically disperse population of redox sites. The length of the diluent alkane chain appears to have an effect on the distribution of electron-transfer rates, likely because of the eSAM structure. This work indicates that structurally, Fc dtc eSAMs are fundamentally different from alkane thiol SAMs on gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Eckermann
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Physiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Justine A. Shaw
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Physiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Physiology, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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11
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Brooksby PA, Anderson KH, Downard AJ, Abell AD. Electrochemistry of ferrocenoyl beta-peptide monolayers on gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1334-1339. [PMID: 19799404 DOI: 10.1021/la902402t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemistry of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold containing a lipoic acid linker, the beta-peptide sequence (beta(3)Val-beta(3)Ala-beta(3)Leu)(n) for n = 1, 2, and a terminal ferrocenyl group has been described for the first time. Circular dichroism (CD), NMR, and molecular modeling were used to evaluate the beta-peptide structure in solution, while the monolayer film organization and electron-transfer kinetics were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry (CA), and ellipsometry. The peptides were assembled from trifluoroethanol solutions, where they are linear (n = 1) or helical (n = 2) based on CD, NMR, ellipsometry, and modeling evidence. The structure of the SAMs is less well understood. There is evidence for noncompact layers that allow electrolyte ions to approach the interface. Electron-transfer rates for n = 1, 2 were found to be 2500 and 1200 s(-1), respectively, and CA evidence indicated that the transfer is based on the hopping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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12
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Joksović MD, Marković V, Juranić ZD, Stanojković T, Jovanović LS, Damljanović IS, Szécsényi KM, Todorović N, Trifunović S, Vukićević RD. Synthesis, characterization and antitumor activity of novel N-substituted α-amino acids containing ferrocenyl pyrazole-moiety. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Lataifeh A, Beheshti S, Kraatz H. Designer Peptides: Attempt to Control Peptide Structure by Exploiting Ferrocene as a Scaffold. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Lataifeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada, Fax: +1‐519‐661‐3022
| | - Samaneh Beheshti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada, Fax: +1‐519‐661‐3022
| | - Heinz‐Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada, Fax: +1‐519‐661‐3022
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14
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Sudhir VS, Venkateswarlu C, Musthafa OTM, Sampath S, Chandrasekaran S. Click Chemistry Inspired Synthesis of Novel Ferrocenyl-Substituted Amino Acids or Peptides. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200801266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Bin X, Kraatz HB. Interaction of metal ions and DNA films on gold surfaces: an electrochemical impedance study. Analyst 2009; 134:1309-13. [PMID: 19562195 DOI: 10.1039/b821670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been used to investigate the effects of a number of metal ions with DNA films on gold surfaces exploiting [Fe(CN)6](3-/4-) as a solution-based redox probe. Alkaline earth metal ions Mg2+, Ca2+, trivalent Al3+, La3+ and divalent transition metal ions Ni2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ have been selected in this study and the results are compared with previous studies on the effects of Zn2+ on the EIS of DNA films. All experimental results were evaluated with the help of equivalent circuits which allowed the extraction of resistive and capacitive components. For all metal ions studied here, addition of the metal ions causes a decrease in the charge transfer resistance. The difference of charge transfer resistance (DeltaR(ct)) of ds-DNA films in the presence and absence of the various metal ions is different and particular to any given metal ion. In addition, we studied the EIS of ds-DNA films containing a single A-C mismatch in the presence and absence of Ca2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+. DeltaR(ct) values for ds-DNA films with a single A-C mismatch is smaller than those of fully matched ds-DNA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Bin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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16
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Drexler C, Milne M, Morgan E, Jennings M, Kraatz HB. Synthesis and characterization of new ferrocene peptide conjugates. Dalton Trans 2009:4370-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b817670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Fojta M, Billová S, Havran L, Pivoňková H, Černocká H, Horáková P, Paleček E. Osmium Tetroxide, 2,2′-Bipyridine: Electroactive Marker for Probing Accessibility of Tryptophan Residues in Proteins. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4598-605. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800527u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Billová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Havran
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Pivoňková
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Černocká
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Horáková
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Wain AJ, Do HNL, Mandal HS, Kraatz HB, Zhou F. The Influence of Molecular Dipole Moment on the Redox-Induced Reorganization of α-Helical Peptide Self-Assembled Monolayers: An Electrochemical SPR Investigation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2008; 112:14519. [PMID: 18949053 PMCID: PMC2570745 DOI: 10.1021/jp804643c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of ferrocene-labeled α-helical peptides were prepared on gold surfaces and studied using electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR). The leucine-rich peptides were synthesized with a cysteine sulfhydryl group either at the C- or N-terminus, enabling their immobilization onto gold surfaces with control of the direction of the molecular dipole moment. Two electroactive SAMs were studied, one in which all of the peptide dipole moments are oriented in the same direction (SAM1), and the other in which the peptide dipole moment of one peptide is aligned in the opposite direction to that of its surrounding peptide molecules (SAM2). Cyclic voltammetry combined with SPR measurements revealed that SAM reorientations concomitant with the oxidation of the ferrocene label were more significant in SAM2 than in SAM1. The substantially greater change in the peptide film thickness in the case of SAM2 is attributed to the electrostatic repulsion between the electrogenerated ferrocinium moiety and the positively charged gold surface. The greater permeability of SAM1 to electrolyte anions, on the other hand, appears to effectively neutralize this electrostatic repulsion. The film thickness change in SAM2 was estimated to be 0.25 ± 0.05 nm using numerical simulation. The timescale of the redox-induced SPR changes was established by chronoamperometry and time-resolved SPR measurements, followed by fitting of the SPR response to a stretched exponential function. The time constants measured for the anodic process were 16 and 6 ms for SAM1 and SAM2 respectively, indicating that the SAM thickness changes are notably fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Wain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Huy N. L. Do
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Himadri S. Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | | | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032
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19
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Orlowski GA, Chowdhury S, Kraatz HB. Reorganization energies of ferrocene-peptide monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:12765-12770. [PMID: 17975937 DOI: 10.1021/la701740q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To deepen understanding of the electron transfer through a peptide backbone, we have investigated a series of noncyclic and cyclic ferrocene-peptide (Fc-peptide) cystamine conjugates immobilized on the gold microelectrode. Interaction of the ferrocenium group with BF4-, ClO4-, and PF6- as counterions was explored and the electron-transfer rates and reorganization energies were determined by variable temperature cyclic voltammetry. The highest reorganization energy was observed for the BF4- counterion, which has the weakest ability to associate with the ferrocenium cation. In addition, the more rigid cyclic Fc-peptide conjugates have a smaller reorganization energy ranging from 0.3 to 0.5 eV compared to less rigid noncyclic Fc-peptide cystamine conjugates which have higher reorganization energies in the range of 0.5-1.0 eV, which suggests that the dynamic properties of the conjugate play a role in mediating electron transfer in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz A Orlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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20
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The effect of alkali metal ions on the electrochemical behavior of ferrocene-peptide conjugates immobilized on gold surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Sek S, Tolak A, Misicka A, Palys B, Bilewicz R. Asymmetry of electron transmission through monolayers of helical polyalanine adsorbed on gold surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:18433-8. [PMID: 16853373 DOI: 10.1021/jp052157p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyalanine derivatives containing cysteamine linker R-(Ala)14NH-(CH2)2-SH, where R is ferrocenecarbonyl or hydrogen, were synthesized and then used to form self-assembled monolayers on gold. The tilt angles and the packing density of the molecules within monolayer assemblies were determined by FTIR spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, respectively. Electrochemical properties of monolayer-modified electrodes were studied using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. Measurements of electron-transfer rates using electrochemical techniques and scanning tunneling spectroscopy revealed asymmetry dependent on the applied voltage. It is suggested that the observed electron-transfer behavior is connected with the electric field generated by the molecular dipole of the polyalanine helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Sek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Khan MAK, Long YT, Schatte G, Kraatz HB. Surface Studies of Aminoferrocene Derivatives on Gold: Electrochemical Sensors for Chemical Warfare Agents. Anal Chem 2007; 79:2877-84. [PMID: 17319647 DOI: 10.1021/ac061981m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cystamine conjugate [(BocNH)Fc(CO)CSA]2 was prepared by coupling cystamine with the N-protected ferrocene amino acid derivative BocHN-Fc-COOH and was fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cystamine conjugate forms films on gold substrates, which upon deprotection of the amino group, react with chemical warfare agent (CWA) mimics, upon which the redox properties of the Fc group are affected significantly. Cyclic voltammetry shows 50(5) mV anodic shifts of the Fc redox potentials after exposure to EtSCH2CH2Cl, a simulant for sulfur mustard HD (MA), and (NC)(EtO)2P(O), a simulant for nerve agent Tabun (NA). Exposure to MA and NA causes an increase in 2.3 and 4.5 ng mass, respectively, in QCM which indicates ca. 70% efficiency in Boc-deprotection. Ellipsometry measured a film thickness increase from 6(+/-1) A for the deprotected film to 10(+/-4) A for the film modified with MA and to 7(+/-2) A for the film modified with NA. AFM measurements show changes in the thickness and morphology of the film after reaction with MA and NA. The surfaces were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and clearly show the attachment of the cystamine conjugate on the surface and its reaction with CWA mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A K Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
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Harrowfield JM, Koutsantonis GA, Kraatz HB, Nealon GL, Orlowski GA, Skelton BW, White AH. Cages on Surfaces: Thiol Functionalisation of CoIII Sarcophagine Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Appoh FE, Long YT, Kraatz HB. Study of peptide dendrimers having a ferrocene core supported on mercaptoundecanoic acid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:10515-22. [PMID: 17129024 DOI: 10.1021/la061114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonding interactions between the carboxylic acid groups of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) coated gold substrates and the ester surface of peptide dendrimers allows the formation of glutamic acid dendrimers films. Dendrimer films were prepared for generations 1-6 (G1-G6) and analyzed by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical studies using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry show that all films except those of G6 were electrochemically active. Lack of activity of G6 films is rationalized by the total encapsulation of the ferrocene redox probe by the dendritic sheath and lack of ion pairing, which prevents its oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis E Appoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
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Devillers CH, Boturyn D, Bucher C, Dumy P, Labbé P, Moutet JC, Royal G, Saint-Aman E. Redox-active biomolecular architectures and self-assembled monolayers based on a cyclodecapeptide regioselectively addressable functional template. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:8134-43. [PMID: 16952253 DOI: 10.1021/la060491m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A nanometer scale redox active biomolecular architecture has been successfully synthesized through an efficient chemoselective oxime based coupling between ferrocenyl groups and a regioselectively addressable cyclodecapeptide. This molecular tool exhibits electronic, structural, and chemical properties driven by the biomimetic recognition activity of the polypeptide skeleton associated to the well-defined electrochemical activity of metallocenyl probes. Biomolecular materials obtained by confinement of the redox cyclopeptide in self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces shows efficient through-bond electron transfer from the ferrocenes to the electrode surface via the peptidic backbone, as well as markedly improved sensing properties toward anionic species in organic electrolyte, as compared to those observed in homogeneous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Devillers
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Organique et de Photochimie Rédox, UMR CNRS 5630, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, FR CNRS 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cédex 9, France
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Abstract
Nature has specifically designed proteins, as opposed to DNA, for electron transfer. There is no doubt about the electron transfer within proteins compared with the uncertain and continuing debate about charge transfer through DNA. However, the exact mechanism of electron transfer within peptide systems has been a source of controversy. Two different mechanisms for electron transfer between a donor and an acceptor, electron hopping and bridge-assisted superexchange, have been proposed, and are supported by experimental evidence and theoretical calculations. Several factors were found to affect the kinetics of this process, including peptide chain length, secondary structure and hydrogen bonding. Electrochemical measurements of surface-supported peptides have contributed significantly to the debate. Here we summarize the current approaches to the study of electron transfer in peptides with a focus on surface measurements and comment on these results in light of the current and often controversial debate on electron transfer mechanisms in peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tao Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
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28
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Mercier N, Barres AL, Giffard M, Rau I, Kajzar F, Sahraoui B. Conglomerate-to-True-Racemate Reversible Solid-State Transition in Crystals of an Organic Disulfide-Based Iodoplumbate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:2100-3. [PMID: 16482505 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mercier
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Matériaux d'Angers, UMR-CNRS 6200, Université d'Angers, 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France.
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29
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Mercier N, Barres AL, Giffard M, Rau I, Kajzar F, Sahraoui B. Conglomerate-to-True-Racemate Reversible Solid-State Transition in Crystals of an Organic Disulfide-Based Iodoplumbate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fabre B, Hauquier F. Single-Component and Mixed Ferrocene-Terminated Alkyl Monolayers Covalently Bound to Si(111) Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:6848-55. [PMID: 16570994 DOI: 10.1021/jp055698n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled ferrocene monolayers covalently bound to monocrystalline Si(111) surfaces have been prepared from the attachment of an amine-substituted ferrocene derivative to a pre-assembled acid-terminated alkyl monolayer using carbodiimide coupling. This derivatization strategy yielded nanometer-scale clean, densely packed monolayers, with the ferrocene units being more than 20 A from the semiconductor surface. The amount of immobilized electroactive units could be varied in the range 2 x 10(-11) to approximately 3.5 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2) by diluting the ferrocene-terminated chains by inert n-decyl chains. The highest coverage obtained for the single-component monolayer corresponded to 0.25-0.27 bound ferrocene per surface silicon atom. The electrochemical characteristics of the mixed n-decyl/ferrocene-terminated monolayers were found to not depend significantly on the surface coverage of ferrocene units. The reversible one-electron wave of the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple was observed at E degrees ' = 0.50 +/- 0.01 V vs SCE, and the rate constant of electron transfer kapp was about 50 s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fabre
- Grande Unité Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, Matière Condensée et Systèmes Electroactifs MaCSE, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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31
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Hoffmanns U, Metzler-Nolte N. Use of the Sonogashira Coupling Reaction for the “Two-Step” Labeling of Phenylalanine Peptide Side Chains with Organometallic Compounds. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 17:204-13. [PMID: 16417270 DOI: 10.1021/bc050259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira coupling of ferrocene alkyne derivatives as metal probes to iodophenylalanine containing peptides is described. 4-Iodophenylalanine was incorporated into dipeptides and the neuropeptide [Leu5]-enkephalin (Enk) by solid phase peptide synthesis, thereby creating a functional group suitable for the Sonogashira coupling. The reaction with two different ferrocene alkynes resulted in the corresponding ferrocene-labeled derivatives, which were obtained in good yield and purity. All new compounds were comprehensively characterized, including elemental analysis, 1D and 2D NMR, EI-, FAB- or ESI-MS, IR and UV-vis spectroscopy, and electrochemistry of the ferrocene label. Unlike well-established conjugation methods for peptide side chains such as lysine and cystein, the phenyl group in Phe is not readily available for derivatization. This work presents a versatile procedure for the regioselective introduction of an organometallic label into biologically relevant peptides as exemplified for enkephalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hoffmanns
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Maurer A, Kraatz HB, Metzler-Nolte N. Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Metallocene-PNA Oligomers. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang J, Chi Q, Albrecht T, Kuznetsov AM, Grubb M, Hansen AG, Wackerbarth H, Welinder AC, Ulstrup J. Electrochemistry and bioelectrochemistry towards the single-molecule level: Theoretical notions and systems. Electrochim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Orlowski GA, Chowdhury S, Long YT, Sutherland TC, Kraatz HB. Electrodeposition of ferrocenoyl peptide disulfides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1330-2. [PMID: 15742068 DOI: 10.1039/b415278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using electrodeposition of cyclic and acyclic Fc-peptide disulfides tightly-packed Fc-peptide monolayers were conveniently formed, which exhibit significant differences in their electron transfer kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz A Orlowski
- Department of Chemistry, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R van Staveren
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kraatz HB, Bediako-Amoa I, Gyepi-Garbrah SH, Sutherland TC. Electron Transfer through H-bonded Peptide Assemblies. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047900c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Irene Bediako-Amoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Samuel H. Gyepi-Garbrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Todd C. Sutherland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
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38
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Sek S, Sepiol A, Tolak A, Misicka A, Bilewicz R. Distance Dependence of the Electron Transfer Rate through Oligoglycine Spacers Introduced into Self-Assembled Monolayers. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049116y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Sek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sepiol
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tolak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland
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39
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Chowdhury S, Schatte G, Kraatz HB. Synthesis, structure and electrochemistry of ferrocene–peptide macrocycles. Dalton Trans 2004:1726-30. [PMID: 15252569 DOI: 10.1039/b401039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Redox active cyclopeptides Fc[CSA]2 (5), Fc[Gly-CSA]2 (6), Fc[Ala-CSA]2 (7), Fc[Val-CSA](2) and Fc[Leu-CSA]2 (9) (CSA = cysteamine) which are formed by the reaction of ferrocenedicarboxylic acid with peptide cystamines at high dilutions. These systems exhibit H-bonding involving the amide NH in solution as shown by their temperature dependent NMR spectra. With the exception of 5, the ferrocene macrocycles display intramolecular N...O cross-ring H-bonding in the solid state involving the amino acids proximal to the ferrocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5C9
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