1
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Cheng C, Wei Z, Ming X, Hu J, Kong R. Study on Reaction Mechanism and Process Safety for Epoxidation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47254-47261. [PMID: 38107936 PMCID: PMC10720292 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism and process safety for epoxidation were investigated in this study. 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(1,2,4-triazole) propene (triazolene), a typical representative of high steric olefinic compounds, was chosen as the raw material. In addition, hydrogen peroxide was chosen as the oxygen source in the reaction. Online Raman spectroscopy combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the process monitoring analysis. The results of this study indicated that the epoxidation process is exothermic, and the apparent reaction heat was 1340.0 kJ·kg-1 (measured by the mass of triazolene). The heat conversion rate was 39.7% immediately after hydrogen peroxide dosing to a triazolene and maleic anhydride mixture solution in chloroform. This result indicated that a considerable amount of heat is accumulated during the epoxidation reaction, which leads to a potential high safety concern. The study of the reaction mechanism showed that maleic anhydride reacts with hydrogen peroxide quickly to form maleic acid peroxide, which is controlled by hydrogen peroxide feeding, and the formed maleic acid peroxide further reacts with triazolenes slowly, which is a kinetically controlled reaction. Decomposition kinetics studies revealed that the temperatures corresponding to the time of maximum reaction rate for 8 and 24 h are TD24 = 89.9 °C and TD8 = 104.1 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Cheng
- Chemical Industry Safety
Technology & Engineering Center, Shenyang
Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenyun Wei
- Chemical Industry Safety
Technology & Engineering Center, Shenyang
Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Ming
- Chemical Industry Safety
Technology & Engineering Center, Shenyang
Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Chemical Industry Safety
Technology & Engineering Center, Shenyang
Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Rong Kong
- Chemical Industry Safety
Technology & Engineering Center, Shenyang
Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, Liaoning, China
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2
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Brotin T, Jeanneau E, Berthault P, Léonce E, Pitrat D, Mulatier JC. Synthesis of Cryptophane-B: Crystal Structure and Study of Its Complex with Xenon. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14465-14471. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1, 46 allée d’Italie, Lyon F69364, France
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Centre de Diffractométrie Henri Longchambon, Université Lyon 1, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Patrick Berthault
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Estelle Léonce
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Delphine Pitrat
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1, 46 allée d’Italie, Lyon F69364, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Mulatier
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1, 46 allée d’Italie, Lyon F69364, France
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3
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Berthault P, Boutin C, Léonce E, Jeanneau E, Brotin T. Role of the Methoxy Groups in Cryptophanes for Complexation of Xenon: Conformational Selection Evidence from 129
Xe-1
H NMR SPINOE Experiments. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1561-1568. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Berthault
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS; Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Céline Boutin
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS; Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Estelle Léonce
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS; Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Centre de Diffractométrie Henri Longchambon; Université de Lyon 1; 5 rue la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de L'ENS LYON (UMR 5182); Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; 46, Allée D'Italie 69364 Lyon cedex 07 France
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4
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Gao L, Liu W, Lee OS, Dmochowski IJ, Saven JG. Xe affinities of water-soluble cryptophanes and the role of confined water. Chem Sci 2015; 6:7238-7248. [PMID: 29861959 PMCID: PMC5950801 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulations provide molecular insight on the aqueous binding of Xe to cryptophanes.
Given their relevance to drug design and chemical sensing, host–guest interactions are of broad interest in molecular science. Natural and synthetic host molecules provide vehicles for understanding selective molecular recognition in aqueous solution. Here, cryptophane–Xe host–guest systems are considered in aqueous media as a model molecular system that also has important applications. 129Xe–cryptophane systems can be used in the creation of biosensors and powerful contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging applications. Detailed molecular information on the determinants of Xe affinity is difficult to obtain experimentally. Thus, molecular simulation and free energy perturbation methods were applied to estimate the affinities of Xe for six water-soluble cryptophanes. The calculated affinities correlated well with the previously measured experimental values. The simulations provided molecular insight on the differences in affinities and the roles of conformational fluctuations, solvent, and counter ions on Xe binding to these host molecules. Displacement of confined water from the host interior cavity is a key component of the binding equilibrium, and the average number of water molecules within the host cavity is correlated with the free energy of Xe binding to the different cryptophanes. The findings highlight roles for molecular simulation and design in modulating the relative strengths of host–guest and host–solvent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th Street , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA .
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th Street , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA .
| | - One-Sun Lee
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute , Hamad Bin Khalifa University , Qatar Foundation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th Street , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA .
| | - Jeffery G Saven
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 S. 34th Street , Philadelphia , PA 19104 , USA .
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5
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Steiner E, Mathew R, Zimmermann I, Brotin T, Edén M, Kowalewski J. Investigation of chloromethane complexes of cryptophane-A analogue with butoxy groups using ¹³C NMR in the solid state and solution along with single crystal X-ray diffraction. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:596-602. [PMID: 26095611 PMCID: PMC4832841 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Host-guest complexes between cryptophane-A analogue with butoxy groups (cryptophane-But) and chloromethanes (chloroform, dichloromethane) were investigated in the solid state by means of magic-angle spinning (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The separated local fields method with (13)C-(1)H dipolar recoupling was used to determine the residual dipolar coupling for the guest molecules encaged in the host cavity. In the case of chloroform guest, the residual dipolar interaction was estimated to be about 19 kHz, consistent with a strongly restricted mobility of the guest in the cavity, while no residual interaction was observed for encaged dichloromethane. In order to rationalize this unexpected result, we performed single crystal X-ray diffraction studies, which confirmed that both guest molecules indeed were present inside the cryptophane cavity, with a certain level of disorder. To improve the insight in the dynamics, we performed a (13)C NMR spin-lattice relaxation study for the dichloromethane guest in solution. The system was characterized by chemical exchange, which was slow on the chemical shift time scale but fast with respect to the relaxation rates. Despite these disadvantageous conditions, we demonstrated that the data could be analyzed and that the results were consistent with an isotropic reorientation of dichloromethane within the cryptophane cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Steiner
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE‐106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Renny Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE‐106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Iwan Zimmermann
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE‐106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire de Chimie(CNRS‐UMR 5182) Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon46 Allée d' ItalieF‐69364Lyon Cedex 07France
| | - Mattias Edén
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE‐106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Jozef Kowalewski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySE‐106 91StockholmSweden
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6
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Joseph AI, Lapidus SH, Kane CM, Holman KT. Extreme Confinement of Xenon by Cryptophane-111 in the Solid State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Joseph AI, Lapidus SH, Kane CM, Holman KT. Extreme Confinement of Xenon by Cryptophane-111 in the Solid State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1471-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Brotin T, Vanthuyne N, Cavagnat D, Ducasse L, Buffeteau T. Chiroptical Properties of Nona- and Dodecamethoxy Cryptophanes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6028-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500621g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire
de Chimie de l’ENS Lyon (UMR 5182-CNRS), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Cavagnat
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255-CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Ducasse
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255-CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Thierry Buffeteau
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255-CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
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9
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Daugey N, Brotin T, Vanthuyne N, Cavagnat D, Buffeteau T. Raman Optical Activity of Enantiopure Cryptophanes. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5211-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502652p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Daugey
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255 - CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire
de
Chimie de l’ENS LYON (UMR 5182 - CNRS), École Normale
Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée
d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS,
iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Cavagnat
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255 - CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Thierry Buffeteau
- Institut
des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255 - CNRS), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
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10
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Strongly underestimated dispersion energy in cryptophanes and their complexes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3542. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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11
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Takacs Z, Steiner E, Kowalewski J, Brotin T. NMR investigation of chloromethane complexes of cryptophane-A and its analogue with butoxy groups. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2134-46. [PMID: 24472055 PMCID: PMC3963437 DOI: 10.1021/jp4105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Host-guest complexes between cryptophane-A as host and dichloromethane and chloroform as guests are investigated using (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, a related cryptophane, with the methoxy groups replaced by butoxy units (cryptophane-But), and its complexes with the same guests were also studied. Variable temperature spectra showed effects of chemical exchange between the free and bound guests, as well as of conformational exchange of the host. The guest exchange was studied quantitatively by exchange spectroscopy or line shape analysis. Extraction of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters led to the characterization of the affinity between guests and hosts. On the other hand, the host exchange was investigated by means of (13)C Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) relaxation dispersion which aims at the determination of the transverse relaxation rate R2, the inverse of the transverse relaxation time T2, as a function of the repetition of the π pulses in a CPMG train. The variation of the measured transverse relaxation rate with the repetition rate νCPMG indicated conformational exchange occurring on the microsecond-millisecond time scale. Structural information was obtained through measurements of cross-relaxation rates, both within the host and between the host and the guest protons. The NMR results were supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Takacs
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Joseph AI, El-Ayle G, Boutin C, Léonce E, Berthault P, Holman KT. Rim-functionalized cryptophane-111 derivatives via heterocapping, and their xenon complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15905-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08001g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rim-functionalization of cryptophane-111 narrows the achievable conformational range of the cage, resulting in unprecedentedly crowded Xe@cryptophane complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akil I. Joseph
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington, USA 20057
| | - Gracia El-Ayle
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington, USA 20057
| | - Céline Boutin
- CEA
- IRAMIS
- NIMBE
- Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique
- UMR CEA/CNRS 3299
| | - Estelle Léonce
- CEA
- IRAMIS
- NIMBE
- Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique
- UMR CEA/CNRS 3299
| | - Patrick Berthault
- CEA
- IRAMIS
- NIMBE
- Laboratoire Structure et Dynamique par Résonance Magnétique
- UMR CEA/CNRS 3299
| | - K. Travis Holman
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington, USA 20057
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13
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Brotin T, Guy L, Martinez A, Dutasta JP. Enantiopure supramolecular cages: synthesis and chiral recognition properties. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 341:177-230. [PMID: 24173672 DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enantiopure compounds are ubiquitous in the chemical sciences and present a particular interest in the field of molecular recognition and host-guest systems. Indeed, chiral molecular receptors are at the basis of numerous biological recognition processes and have important implications in biochemistry or pharmacology. Chemists have been investigating this field for several decades, which has led to the development of the synthesis of chiral hosts, their enantiomeric differentiation, and the studies of their recognition properties towards important and bio-relevant chiral guest substrates. The design of molecular cages is a rather difficult task that is even more demanding when enantiopure molecules are required. In this review we chose to present the main families of synthetic organic supramolecular cages that have been developed, whose structures contain stereogenic centers or present an inherent chirality, giving rise to chiral supramolecular cages. Particular attention is given to obtaining enantiopure compounds. Their recognition properties are also underlined. A last important aspect of the review is to present how chiroptical spectroscopies can be used to characterize the recognition phenomena displayed by supramolecular cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire de Chimie, CNRS, ENS-Lyon, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
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14
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Crystallographic observation of 'induced fit' in a cryptophane host-guest model system. Nat Commun 2010; 1:148. [PMID: 21266998 PMCID: PMC3105606 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptophane-A, comprised of two cyclotriguaiacylenes joined by three ethylene linkers, is a prototypal organic host molecule that binds reversibly to neutral small molecules via London forces. Of note are trifunctionalized, water-soluble cryptophane-A derivatives, which exhibit exceptional affinity for xenon in aqueous solution. In this paper, we report high-resolution X-ray structures of cryptophane-A and trifunctionalized derivatives in crown–crown and crown–saddle conformations, as well as in complexes with water, methanol, xenon or chloroform. Cryptophane internal volume varied by more than 20% across this series, which exemplifies 'induced fit' in a model host–guest system. Cryptophane-A is a prototypical organic host molecule that binds reversibly to neutral guest molecules. Taratula et al. report X-ray structures of cryptophane-A complexed with a range of host molecules to show that the cryptophane host–guest system exhibits ‘induced fit’.
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15
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Efficient Encapsulation of Chloroform with Cryptophane-M and the Formation of Exciplex Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Fluoresc 2010; 21:531-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Chaffee KE, Fogarty HA, Brotin T, Goodson BM, Dutasta JP. Encapsulation of small gas molecules by cryptophane-111 in organic solution. 1. Size- and shape-selective complexation of simple hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:13675-84. [PMID: 19883101 DOI: 10.1021/jp903452k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reversible trapping of small hydrocarbons and other gases by cryptophane-111 (1) in organic solution was characterized with variable-temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Characteristic spectral changes observed upon guest binding allowed kinetic and thermodynamic data to be readily extracted, permitting quantification and comparison of different host-guest interactions. Previous work (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10332) demonstrated that 1, the smallest cryptophane to date, forms a complex with xenon with remarkably high affinity. Presently, it is shown that 1 also exhibits slow exchange dynamics with methane at reduced temperatures (delta(bound) = -5.2 ppm) with an association constant K(a) = 148 M(-1) at 298 K. In contrast, ethane and ethylene are poorly recognized by 1 with K(a) values of only 2 M(-1) and 22 M(-1), respectively; moreover, chloromethane (whose molecular volume is similar to that of xenon, approximately 42 A(3)) is not observed to bind to 1. Separately, molecular hydrogen (H(2)) gas is observed to bind 1, but in contrast to other ligands presently studied, H(2) complexation is spectrally manifested by fast exchange throughout virtually the entire range of available conditions, as well as by a complex dependence of the guest (1)H resonance frequency upon temperature and host concentration. Taken together, these results establish 1 as a selective host for small gases, with implications for the design of size- and geometry-selective sensors targeted for various gas molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Chaffee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 113 Neckers Building, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
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17
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Witlicki EH, Hansen SW, Christensen M, Hansen TS, Nygaard SD, Jeppesen JO, Wong EW, Jensen L, Flood AH. Determination of Binding Strengths of a Host−Guest Complex Using Resonance Raman Scattering. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9450-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905202x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H. Witlicki
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Stinne W. Hansen
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Martin Christensen
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Thomas S. Hansen
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Sune D. Nygaard
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Eric W. Wong
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Atomate Corporation, 2665-D Park Center Drive, Simi Valley, California 93065, and Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire de Chimie, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dutasta
- Laboratoire de Chimie, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d’Italie, F-69364 Lyon 07, France
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19
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Brotin T, Cavagnat D, Buffeteau T. Conformational changes in cryptophane having C1-symmetry studied by vibrational circular dichroism. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:8464-70. [PMID: 18710194 DOI: 10.1021/jp804450w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to obtain the absolute configuration of a cryptophane molecule having C1-symmetry (labeled cryptophane-H). This molecule exhibits chiroptical properties different from those published for cryptophane-A having D3-symmetry [Brotin et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 5533-5540]. In particular, we have shown that the conformation of the aliphatic linkers is very dependent on the solvent used and its ability to enter (CDCl3 solution) or not (C2D2Cl4 solution) in the cryptophane cavity. Calculations performed at the DFT (B3PW91/6-31G*) level establish, besides the absolute configuration, the preferential anti and gauche conformations of the aliphatic linkers of the chloroform@cryptophane-H complex and the empty cryptophane-H molecule, respectively. Polarimetric measurements performed in several solvents reflect also the change of conformation of the bridges upon guest encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS-LYON (UMR 5182-CNRS), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon 07, France
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Brotin T, Cavagnat D, Dutasta JP, Buffeteau T. Vibrational circular dichroism study of optically pure cryptophane-A. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:5533-40. [PMID: 16620127 DOI: 10.1021/ja0603148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to obtain the absolute configuration of optically pure cryptophane-A molecule. This large molecule (120 atoms) that possess a globular shape, but no chiral centers, exceeds the molecular size of published structures for which VCD has been used to determine the absolute configuration. VCD spectra recorded in CDCl(3) solution for the two resolved enantiomers are near mirror images, and very good agreement between the observed IR and VCD spectra and intensity calculations performed at the DFT (B3PW91/6-31G) level establish, besides the absolute configuration, the preferential anti conformation of the aliphatic linkers of the chloroform-cryptophane-A complex. Experiments performed in CD(2)Cl(2) and C(2)D(2)Cl(4) solutions show no significant modifications in the IR and VCD spectra, indicating that the conformation of the aliphatic linkers is similar for empty (C(2)D(2)Cl(4) solution) and encaged (CDCl(3) and CD(2)Cl(2) solutions) cryptophane-A molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Brotin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS-LYON (UMR 5182-CNRS), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon 07, France
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Chaffee KE, Marjanska M, Goodson BM. NMR studies of chloroform@cryptophane-A and chloroform@bis-cryptophane inclusion complexes oriented in thermotropic liquid crystals. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2006; 29:104-12. [PMID: 16213691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Oriented inclusion complexes of chloroform@cryptophane-A and chloroform@bis-cryptophane were prepared using a nematic thermotropic liquid crystal (ZLI 1132), and the alignment and magnetic resonance properties of these host-guest systems were studied via (13)C NMR of the labeled guests. Large (1)H-(13)C dipolar splittings for (13)CHCl(3) guests indicated significantly enhanced (approximately 2-fold) ordering for the trapped vs. free ligands under all conditions studied, with similar ordering observed for the two complexes-despite significant differences in size and motional freedom between the hosts. For each environment, variable-temperature studies permitted the sign and magnitude of the order parameter for chloroform's C-H bond to be independently determined from the (13)C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) shifts (via the gradient method) and the restored (1)H-(13)C dipolar couplings. In both systems, the results are consistent with overall alignment of the complexes such that the cage principal axis lies roughly perpendicular to the LC director.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Chaffee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 113 Neckers Hall, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Petrov O, Tosner Z, Csöregh I, Kowalewski J, Sandström D. Dynamics of Chloromethanes in Cryptophane-E Inclusion Complexes: A 2H Solid-State NMR and X-ray Diffraction Study. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4442-51. [PMID: 16833779 DOI: 10.1021/jp044884a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a variable temperature (2)H solid-state NMR investigation of cryptophane-E:chloroform and cryptophane-E:dichloromethane inclusion complexes. The (2)H line shapes and nuclear spin relaxation rates were analyzed in terms of the distribution of C-D bond orientations and the time scale of the guest dynamics. It was found that encaged chloroform produces broad (2)H spectra, and that its reorientation is relatively slow with a correlation time of approximately 0.17 mus at 292 K. In contrast, the (2)H line shapes of encaged dichloromethane are narrow and the motion of this guest molecule is fast with a correlation time of approximately 1.4 ps at 283 K. The (2)H NMR data were complemented by an X-ray diffraction study of the cryptophane-E:dichloromethane structure, which was utilized in the analysis of the NMR parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Petrov
- Department of Physical, Inorganic, and Structural Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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