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Wang J, Ye Q. Borirenes and Boriranes: Development and Perspectives. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303695. [PMID: 38085103 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Strained compounds constitute a highly topical area of research in chemistry. Borirene and borirane both feature a BC2 three-membered ring. They can be viewed as the structural analogues of cyclopropane and cyclopropene, where a CH2 unit of the carbonaceous counterparts is replaced with BH, respectively. Indeed, this structural variation introduces numerous intriguing aspects. For instance, borirane and borirene are both Lewis acidic due to the presence of a tricoordinate borane center. In addition, borirene is 2π aromatic according to Hückel's rule. In addition to their ability to form adducts with Lewis bases and the capacity of borirenes to act as ligands in coordination with metals, both borirenes and boriranes exhibit ring-opening reactivity due to the considerable ring strain. Under specific conditions, coordinated boriranes can even cleave two BC bonds to serve as formal borylene sources (although the reaction mechanisms are quite complex). On the other hand, recent successful syntheses of benzoborienes and their carborane-based three-dimensional analogues (also referred to as carborane-fused boriranes) have introduced novel perspectives to this field. For instance, they display excellent ring-expanding reactivity, possibly attributed to the boosted ring strain arising from the fusion of borirenes with benzene and boriranes with o-carborane. Importantly, their applications as valuable "BC2 " synthons have become increasingly evident along with the newly disclosed reactivity. Additionally, the boosted Lewis acidity of carborane-fused boriranes, thanks to the potent electron-withdrawing effect of o-carborane, combined with their readiness for ring enlargement, makes them promising candidates as electron-accepting building blocks in the construction of chemically responsive luminescent materials. This review provides a summary of the synthesis and reactivity of borirene and borirane derivatives, with the aim of encouraging the design of new borierene- and borirane-based molecules and inspiring further exploration of their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- Department of chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qing Ye
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry& Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Deng G, Medel R, Lu Y, Riedel S. Photoinduced Dual C-F Bond Activation of Hexafluorobenzene Mediated by Boron Atom. Chemistry 2024:e202303874. [PMID: 38193267 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of laser-ablated boron atoms with hexafluorobenzene (C6 F6 ) was investigated in neon and argon matrices, and the products are identified by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. The reaction is triggered by a boron atom insertion into one C-F bond of hexafluorobenzene on annealing, forming a fluoropentafluorophenyl boryl radical (A). UV-Vis light irradiation of fluoropentafluorophenyl boryl radical causes generation of a 2-difluoroboryl-tetrafluorophenyl radical (B) via a second C-F bond activation. A perfluoroborepinyl radical (C) is also observed upon deposition and under UV-Vis light irradiation. This finding reveals the new example of a dual C-F bond activation of hexafluorobenzene mediated by a nonmetal and provides a possible route for synthesis of new perfluorinated organo-boron compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Deng
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Medel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Fabeckstrasse 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Sindlinger M, Ströbele M, Grunenberg J, Bettinger HF. Accessing unusual heterocycles: ring expansion of benzoborirenes by formal cycloaddition reactions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10478-10487. [PMID: 37799994 PMCID: PMC10548517 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoborirenes are a very rare class of strained boron heterobicyclic systems. In this study a kinetically stabilized benzoborirene 1 is shown to react with multiple bonds of trimethylphosphine oxide, acetaldehyde, and tert-butyl isonitrile. The (2 + 2) cycloaddition product with trimethylphosphine oxide, benzo[c][1,2,5]oxaphosphaborole, has a long apical PO bond (194.0 pm) that must be considered on the border line between ionic and covalent according to the natural bond orbital, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and compliance matrix approaches to the description of chemical bonding. The coordination compound between the benzoborirene and phosphine oxide was observed by NMR spectroscopy at 213 K. The Lewis acidity of 1 is similar to that of B(OCH2CF3)3 and B(C6F5)3 based on the 31P{1H} NMR chemical shift of the Lewis acid base complexes with trimethylphosphine oxide at 213 K. Benzoboriene 1 does not react with acetone, but forms a (2 + 2) cycloaddition product, an oxaborole, with acetaldehyde. In contrast, it undergoes a double (2 + 1) reaction with tert-butyl isonitrile to yield a boro-indane derivative under mild conditions. The observed reactivity of 1 is in agreement with computational analyses of the respective potential energy surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Sindlinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus Ströbele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität (TU) Braunschweig 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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Xu J, Xu X, Li D, Xie BB, Jian J. Photoinduced boron atom insertion of benzocyclobutene forming an unprecedented fused boron heterocyclic radical. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1529-1532. [PMID: 36661048 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06566e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two novel boron heterocyclic radicals, an addition bicyclo[4.2.1]octa-1,3,5-trien-1-yl-borane radical (A) and an insertion 7-1H-borolo[1,2-a]borinine radical (B), were synthesized, and characterized in the reaction of atomic boron with benzocyclobutene. Species B involving a fused boron heterocyclic was spectroscopically characterized for the first time. This work is a new approach for boron-mediated molecular editing and the synthesis of fused boron heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
| | - Danyang Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
| | - Jiwen Jian
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China.
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Sindlinger M, Ströbele M, Maichle-Mössmer C, Bettinger HF. Kinetic stabilization allows structural analysis of a benzoborirene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2818-2821. [PMID: 35050291 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06588b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Formal reduction of (2-bromophenyl)chloro(2,2'',4,4'',6,6''-hexaisopropyl-[1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-2'-yl)borane with tert-butyl lithium at low temperatures yields a highly strained benzoborirene that is kinetically stabilized by the bulky terphenyl substituent. The target compound withstands heating to 80 °C, and represents the first benzoborirene fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The bond length pattern of the six-membered ring of the parent benzoborirene follows an anti-Mills-Nixon distortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Sindlinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Markus Ströbele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Xu J, Xu X, Li D, Jian J. Spectroscopic Characterization of Two Boron Heterocyclic Radicals in the Solid Neon Matrix. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7961-7968. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00076h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two novel boron heterocyclic radicals, 3,4,5-trihydroborinine radical and 1-methyl-2-dihydro-1H-borole radical, were observed in the reaction of boron atom with cyclopentene. These radicals were trapped in solid neon and identified by...
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Li D, Xu J, Xu X, Yang W, Jian J. Matrix Infrared Spectra of 1-Ethynyl-1H-Silole Species from Reaction of Silicon Atoms with Benzene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4978-4986. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of silicon atoms with benzene molecule in solid neon are studied by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy. Aided by carbon-13 and deuterium isotopic shifts as well as quantum-chemical predictions,...
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Dzhemilev UM, Khusainova LI, Ryazanov KS, Khafizova LO. Boron-containing small rings: synthesis, properties, and application prospects. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jian J, Wu X, Chen M, Zhou M. Boron-Mediated Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage and Rearrangement of Benzene Forming the Borepinyl Radical and Borole Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10079-10086. [PMID: 32383858 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of atomic boron with benzene in solid neon has been investigated by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy with isotopic substitutions as well as quantum chemical calculations. The reaction is initiated by boron atom addition to benzene in forming an η2-(1, 4) π adduct (A). A borepinyl radical (B) formed by C-C bond insertion is also observed on annealing. The η2-(1,4) π adduct photoisomerizes to an unprecedented borole substituted vinyl radical intermediate (C) via ring-opening and rearrangement reactions involving an antiaromatic borole subunit. A previously unconsidered 1-ethynyl-2-dihydro-1H-borole radical (D) is generated as the final product under UV light irradiation. The results presented herein give new insight into the benzene carbon-carbon bond cleavage and rearrangement reactions mediated by a nonmetal and provide a possible route for the construction of heterocyclic borepinyl and borole species via benzene ring opening and rearrangement reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Jian
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mohua Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Hahn J, Keck C, Maichle-Mössmer C, von Grotthuss E, Ruth PN, Paesch A, Stalke D, Bettinger HF. Synthesis and Ring Strain of a Benzoborirene-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adduct. Chemistry 2018; 24:18634-18637. [PMID: 30444011 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of an N-heterocyclic carbene (1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazolin-2-ylidene, IiPr Me 2 ) adduct of dichloro(ortho-bromophenyl)borane by tert-butyl lithium at low temperature yields the IiPr Me 2 adduct A of parent benzoborirene, a highly strained boron-containing bicyclic compound. A is unstable at room temperature and dimerizes at low temperature to the bis-IiPr Me 2 adduct of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracene, characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hahn
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Esther von Grotthuss
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Paesch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Jian J, Li W, Wu X, Zhou M. Double C-H bond activation of acetylene by atomic boron in forming aromatic cyclic-HBC 2BH in solid neon. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4443-4449. [PMID: 28936331 PMCID: PMC5590098 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The organo-boron species formed from the reactions of boron atoms with acetylene in solid neon are investigated using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy with isotopic substitutions as well as quantum chemical calculations. Besides the previously reported single C-H bond activation species, a cyclic-HBC2BH diboron species is formed via double C-H bond activation of acetylene. It is characterized to have a closed-shell singlet ground state with planar D2h symmetry. Bonding analysis indicates that it is a doubly aromatic species involving two delocalized σ electrons and two delocalized π electrons. This finding reveals the very first example of double C-H bond activation of acetylene in forming new organo-boron compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Jian
- Department of Chemistry , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China .
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China .
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China .
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China .
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Yang T, Dangi BB, Parker DSN, Kaiser RI, An Y, Chang AHH. A combined crossed molecular beams and ab initio investigation on the formation of vinylsulfidoboron (C₂H₃¹¹B³²S). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:17580-7. [PMID: 25026168 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We exploited crossed molecular beams techniques and electronic structure calculations to provide compelling evidence that the vinylsulfidoboron molecule (C2H3(11)B(32)S) - the simplest member of hitherto elusive olefinic organo-sulfidoboron molecules (RBS) - can be formed via the gas phase reaction of boron monosulfide ((11)B(32)S) with ethylene (C2H4) under single collision conditions. The reaction mechanism follows indirect scattering dynamics via a barrierless addition of the boron monosulfide radical to the carbon-carbon double bond of ethylene. The initial reaction complex can either decompose to vinylsulfidoboron (C2H3(11)B(32)S) via the emission of a hydrogen atom from the sp(3) hybridized carbon atom, or isomerize via a 1,2-hydrogen shift prior to a hydrogen loss from the terminal carbon atom to form vinylsulfidoboron. Statistical (RRKM) calculations predict branching ratios of 8% and 92% for both pathways leading to vinylsulfidoboron, respectively. A comparison between the boron monosulfide ((11)B(32)S) plus ethylene and the boron monoxide ((11)BO) plus ethylene systems indicates that both reactions follow similar reaction mechanisms involving addition - elimination and addition - hydrogen migration - elimination pathways. Our experimental findings open up a novel pathway to access the previously poorly-characterized class of organo-sulfidoboron molecules via bimolecular gas phase reactions, which are difficult to form through 'classical' organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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Parker DS, Yang T, Kaiser RI, Landera A, Mebel AM. On the formation of ethynylbiphenyl (C14D5H5; C6D5C6H4CCH) isomers in the reaction of D5-phenyl radicals (C6D5; X2A1) with phenylacetylene (C6H5C2H; X1A1) under single collision conditions. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maity S, Parker DSN, Dangi BB, Kaiser RI, Fau S, Perera A, Bartlett RJ. A crossed molecular beam and ab-initio investigation of the reaction of boron monoxide (BO; X2Σ+) with methylacetylene (CH3CCH; X1A1): competing atomic hydrogen and methyl loss pathways. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11794-807. [PMID: 23651442 DOI: 10.1021/jp402743y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase reaction of boron monoxide ((11)BO; X(2)Σ(+)) with methylacetylene (CH3CCH; X(1)A1) was investigated experimentally using crossed molecular beam technique at a collision energy of 22.7 kJ mol(-1) and theoretically using state of the art electronic structure calculation, for the first time. The scattering dynamics were found to be indirect (complex forming reaction) and the reaction proceeded through the barrier-less formation of a van-der-Waals complex ((11)BOC3H4) followed by isomerization via the addition of (11)BO(X(2)Σ(+)) to the C1 and/or C2 carbon atom of methylacetylene through submerged barriers. The resulting (11)BOC3H4 doublet radical intermediates underwent unimolecular decomposition involving three competing reaction mechanisms via two distinct atomic hydrogen losses and a methyl group elimination. Utilizing partially deuterated methylacetylene reactants (CD3CCH; CH3CCD), we revealed that the initial addition of (11)BO(X(2)Σ(+)) to the C1 carbon atom of methylacetylene was followed by hydrogen loss from the acetylenic carbon atom (C1) and from the methyl group (C3) leading to 1-propynyl boron monoxide (CH3CC(11)BO) and propadienyl boron monoxide (CH2CCH(11)BO), respectively. Addition of (11)BO(X(2)Σ(+)) to the C1 of methylacetylene followed by the migration of the boronyl group to the C2 carbon atom and/or an initial addition of (11)BO(X(2)Σ(+)) to the sterically less accessible C2 carbon atom of methylacetylene was followed by loss of a methyl group leading to the ethynyl boron monoxide product (HCC(11)BO) in an overall exoergic reaction (78 ± 23 kJ mol(-1)). The branching ratios of these channels forming CH2CCH(11)BO, CH3CC(11)BO, and HCC(11)BO were derived to be 4 ± 3%, 40 ± 5%, and 56 ± 15%, respectively; these data are in excellent agreement with the calculated branching ratios using statistical RRKM theory yielding 1%, 38%, and 61%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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KASSAEE MZ, MUSAVI SM, MOTAMEDI E. BOREPIN, BORANORBORNADIENE AND BORANORCARADIENE: SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON INTERCONVERSIONS AT THEORETICAL LEVELS. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633610005190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Density-functional B3LYP and ab initio HF calculations are used to study three isomeric systems including: borepin I, boranorbornadiene II, and boranorcaradiene III as well as their X-substituted analogues at two different positions ( X = F, Cl, Br, CH3, OCH3, CF3, CN , and NH2 ). Geometries, enthalpies, and energy barriers for two series of interconversions, IIIX → IX and IIIX → IIX, are calculated using 6-311G* basis set. The B3LYP calculated relative stability is in the order: I (0.00 kcal/mol) > II (23.33 kcal/mol) > III (39.07 kcal/mol). Except for NH2 , the electronic effects of the substituents are generally insignificant on the relative stability. At B3LYP, the gas-phase activation enthalpies for III → I and III → II interconversions are estimated to be very small (0.6 and 0.75 kcal/mol, respectively). The reverse conversions, I → III and II → III, have activation energies of 39.67 and 16.49 kcal/mol, respectively. These energies rule out the possibility of a rapid interconversion of the isomers in the gas phase. Again, none of the substituents, X, can change this situation. Two pathways are proposed for the possible [1, 3]-suprafacial sigmatropic shifts of IIIX → IIX. The partial aromatic characters of planar borepins are estimated using magnetic (NICS) and structural criteria (bond length alternation).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Z. KASSAEE
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, P. O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. M. MUSAVI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, ShahreQods Branch, Shahryar, Iran
| | - E. MOTAMEDI
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modarres University, P. O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
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Maksyutenko P, Parker DSN, Zhang F, Kaiser RI. An LIF characterization of supersonic BO (X2Σ+) and CN (X2Σ+) radical sources for crossed beam studies. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:083107. [PMID: 21895233 DOI: 10.1063/1.3624695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Various ablation sources generating supersonic boron monoxide (BO; X(2)Σ(+)) radical beams utilizing oxygen (O(2)), carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methanol (CH(3)OH), and water (H(2)O) as seeding gases were characterized in a crossed molecular beams setup by mass resolved time-of-flight spectroscopy and spectroscopically via laser induced fluorescence. Intensities of the sources as well as rovibrational energy distributions were analyzed. The molecular oxygen source was found to produce excessive amount of an unwanted BO(2) byproduct. Internal vibrational energy of boron monoxide generated in the water and methanol sources was too high to be considered for the study of dynamics of ground state radicals. The best combination of intensity, purity, and low internal energy was found in the carbon dioxide source to generate boron monoxide. We successfully tested the boron monoxide (BO; X(2)Σ(+)) radical beam source in crossed beams reactions with acetylene (C(2)H(2)) and ethylene (C(2)H(4)). The source was also compared with supersonic beams of the isoelectronic cyano (CN; X(2)Σ(+)) radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Maksyutenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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Parker DSN, Zhang F, Maksyutenko P, Kaiser RI, Chang AHH. A crossed beam and ab initio investigation of the reaction of boron monoxide (11BO; X2Σ+) with acetylene (C2H2; X1Σ+g). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8560-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhang F, Maksyutenko P, Kaiser RI, Mebel AM, Gregušová A, Perera SA, Bartlett RJ. On the directed gas phase synthesis of the imidoborane molecule (HNBH)--an isoelectronic molecule of acetylene (HCCH). J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12148-54. [PMID: 21038899 DOI: 10.1021/jp107210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The elementary reaction of ground state boron atoms, (B((2)P(j))), with ammonia (NH(3)(X(1)A(1))) was conducted under single collision conditions at a collision energy of 20.5 ± 0.4 kJ mol(-1) in a crossed molecular beams machine. Combined with electronic structure calculations, our experimental results suggested that the reaction was initiated by a barrier-less addition of the boron atom to the nonbonding electron pair of the nitrogen atom forming a weakly bound BNH(3) collision complex. This intermediate underwent a hydrogen shift to a doublet HBNH(2) radical that decomposed via atomic hydrogen loss to at least the imidoborane (HBNH(X(1)Σ(+)) molecule, an isoelectronic species of acetylene (HCCH(X(1)Σ(g)(+))). Our studies are also discussed in light of the isoelectronic C(2)H(3) potential energy surface accessed via the isoelectronic carbon-methyl system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangtong Zhang
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Chemistry, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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19
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Balucani N, Zhang F, Kaiser RI. Elementary Reactions of Boron Atoms with Hydrocarbons—Toward the Formation of Organo-Boron Compounds. Chem Rev 2010; 110:5107-27. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900404k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Balucani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fangtong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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20
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Zhang F, Jones B, Maksyutenko P, Kaiser RI, Chin C, Kislov VV, Mebel AM. Formation of the Phenyl Radical [C6H5(X2A1)] under Single Collision Conditions: A Crossed Molecular Beam and ab Initio Study. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2672-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ja908559v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangtong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - Brant Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - Pavlo Maksyutenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - Christine Chin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - Vadim V. Kislov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199
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21
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Ess D, Wheeler S, Iafe R, Xu L, Çelebi-Ölçüm N, Houk K. Bifurkationen auf den Potentialenergiehyperflächen organischer Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Poully B, Bergeat A, Hannachi Y. Theoretical Study of the Mechanism and Rate Constant of the B + CO2 Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:8148-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp804504g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Poully
- ISM Groupe de Spectroscopie Moléculaire and ISM Groupe d’Astrochimie, Université Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255 CNRS), 351, cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence cedex, France, and CNRS UMR 5255, ISM, Talence, France
| | - Astrid Bergeat
- ISM Groupe de Spectroscopie Moléculaire and ISM Groupe d’Astrochimie, Université Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255 CNRS), 351, cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence cedex, France, and CNRS UMR 5255, ISM, Talence, France
| | - Yacine Hannachi
- ISM Groupe de Spectroscopie Moléculaire and ISM Groupe d’Astrochimie, Université Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR 5255 CNRS), 351, cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence cedex, France, and CNRS UMR 5255, ISM, Talence, France
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23
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Zhang F, Kao CH, Chang AHH, Gu X, Guo Y, Kaiser RI. A Crossed Molecular Beam Study on the Reaction of Boron Atoms with Methylacetylene and Partially Deuterated Methylacetylene. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:95-105. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Ess DH, Wheeler SE, Iafe RG, Xu L, Çelebi-Ölçüm N, Houk KN. Bifurcations on potential energy surfaces of organic reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7592-601. [PMID: 18767086 PMCID: PMC2790825 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A single transition state may lead to multiple intermediates or products if there is a post-transition-state reaction pathway bifurcation. These bifurcations arise when there are sequential transition states with no intervening energy minimum. For such systems, the shape of the potential energy surface and dynamic effects, rather than transition-state energetics, control selectivity. This Minireview covers recent investigations of organic reactions exhibiting reaction pathway bifurcations. Such phenomena are surprisingly general and affect experimental observables such as kinetic isotope effects and product distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, (USA), (+ 1) 310-206-1843, E-mail:
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25
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Zhang F, Sun HL, Chang AHH, Gu X, Kaiser RI. Crossed Molecular Beam Study on the Reaction of Boron Atoms, B(2Pj), with Allene, H2CCCH2(XA1). J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:13305-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp076341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangtong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Hui Lun Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Xibin Gu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, and Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
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26
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A crossed molecular beam study on the reaction of boron atoms, B(2Pj), with benzene, C6H6(X1A1g), and D6-benzene C6D6(X1A1g). Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Bettinger HF. Generation of iodobenzoborirene, a boraaromatic cyclopropabenzene derivative. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:2756-7. [PMID: 15917944 DOI: 10.1039/b419415b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iodobenzoborirene is obtained photochemically (lambda = 308 nm) from diiodophenylborane by elimination of HI in solid argon at 10 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger F Bettinger
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie 2, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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