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Jing H, Magdaong NCM, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Investigation of a bacteriochlorin-containing pentad array for panchromatic light-harvesting and charge separation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1781-1798. [PMID: 36597966 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new pentad array designed to exhibit panchromatic absorption and charge separation has been synthesized and characterized. The array is composed of a triad panchromatic absorber (a bis(perylene-monoimide)-porphyrin) to which are appended an electron acceptor (perylene-diimide) and an electron donor/hole acceptor (bacteriochlorin) in a crossbar arrangement. The motivation for incorporation of the bacteriochlorin versus a free-base or zinc chlorin utilized in prior constructs was to facilitate hole transfer to this terminal unit and thereby achieve a higher yield of charge separation across the array. The intense S0 → S1 (Qy) band of the bacteriochlorin also enhances absorption in the near-infrared spectral region. Due to synthetic constraints, a phenylethyne linker was used to join the bacteriochlorin to the core porphyrin of the panchromatic triad rather than the diphenylethyne linker employed for the prior chlorin-containing pentads. Static and time-resolved photophysical studies reveal enhanced excited-state quenching for the pentad in benzonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide compared to the prior chlorin-containing analogues. Success was only partial, however, as a long-lived charge separated state was not observed despite the improved energetics for the final ground-state hole/electron-shift reaction. The apparent reason is more facile competing charge-recombination due to the shorter bacteriochlorin - porphyrin linker that increases electronic coupling for this process. The studies highlight design criteria for balancing panchromatic absorption and long-lived charge separation in molecular architectures for solar-energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
| | | | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
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Jing H, Magdaong NCM, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Dyads with tunable near-infrared donor-acceptor excited-state energy gaps: molecular design and Förster analysis for ultrafast energy transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1827-1847. [PMID: 36601996 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04689j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorophylls, nature's near-infrared absorbers, play an essential role in energy transfer in photosynthetic antennas and reaction centers. To probe energy-transfer processes akin to those in photosynthetic systems, nine synthetic bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin dyads have been prepared wherein the constituent pigments are joined at the meso-positions by a phenylethyne linker. The phenylethyne linker is an unsymmetric auxochrome, which differentially shifts the excited-state energies of the phenyl- or ethynyl-attached bacteriochlorin constituents in the dyad. Molecular designs utilized known effects of macrocycle substituents to engineer bacteriochlorins with S0 → S1 (Qy) transitions spanning 725-788 nm. The design-predicted donor-acceptor excited-state energy gaps in the dyads agree well with those obtained from time dependent density functional theory calculations and with the measured range of 197-1089 cm-1. Similar trends with donor-acceptor excited-state energy gaps are found for (1) the measured ultrafast energy-transfer rates of (0.3-1.7 ps)-1, (2) the spectral overlap integral (J) in Förster energy-transfer theory, and (3) donor-acceptor electronic mixing manifested in the natural transition orbitals for the S0 → S1 transition. Subtle outcomes include the near orthogonal orientation of the π-planes of the bacteriochlorin macrocycles, and the substituent-induced shift in transition-dipole moment from the typical coincidence with the NH-NH axis; the two features together afforded the Förster orientation term κ2 ranging from 0.55-1.53 across the nine dyads, a value supportive of efficient excited-state energy transfer. The molecular design and collective insights on the dyads are valuable for studies relevant to artificial photosynthesis and other processes requiring ultrafast energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
| | | | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
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Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Beyond green with synthetic chlorophylls – Connecting structural features with spectral properties. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays containing free base and diverse metal chelate forms – Versatile synthetic architectures for catalysis and artificial photosynthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Al Mogren MM, Ahmed NM, Hasanein AA. Molecular modeling and photovoltaic applications of porphyrin-based dyes: A review. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Farley C, Aggarwal A, Singh S, Dolor A, To P, Falber A, Crossley M, Drain CM. A Structural Model of Nitro-Porphyrin Dyes Based on Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory. J Comput Chem 2017; 39:1129-1142. [PMID: 28749597 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitro-porphyrins are an important class of commercial dyes with a range of potential applications. The nitro group is known to dramatically affect the photophysics of the porphyrin, but there are few systematic investigations of the contributing factors. To address this deficiency, we present spectroscopic studies of a series of nitro-porphyrins, accompanied by density functional theory calculations to elucidate their structures. In particular, we explore how the positions of the substituents affect the energy levels and nuclear geometry. As expected, nitro groups on the meso-phenyl rings cause small changes to the orbital energies by induction, while those at the β-pyrrole positions more strongly conjugate into the aromatic system. In addition, however, we find evidence that β-pyrrole nitro groups distort the porphyrin, creating two non-planar conformations with distinct properties. This unexpected result helps explain the anomalous photophysics of nitro-porphyrins reported throughout the literature, including inhomogeneous line broadening and biexponential fluorescence decay. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Farley
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, 10065.,Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, 10016
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York, 11101
| | - Sunaina Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York, 11101
| | - Aaron Dolor
- Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Philip To
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Alexander Falber
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Maxwell Crossley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, 10065.,The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065
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Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis of gem-dialkyl chlorophyll analogues for probing and emulating our green world. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6534-620. [PMID: 26068531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Yang E, Wang J, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Probing electronic communication for efficient light-harvesting functionality: dyads containing a common perylene and a porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1630-47. [PMID: 24484243 DOI: 10.1021/jp411629m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of three perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads were investigated to probe the efficacy of the arrays for use as light-harvesting constituents. Each dyad contains a common perylene-monoimide that is linked at the N-imide position via an arylethynyl group to the meso-position of the tetrapyrrole. The tetrapyrroles include a porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin, which have zero, one, and two reduced pyrrole rings, respectively. The increased pyrrole-ring reduction results in a progressive red shift and intensification of the lowest-energy absorption band, as exemplified by benchmark monomers. The arylethyne linkage affords moderate perylene-tetrapyrrole electronic coupling in the dyads as evidenced by the optical, molecular-orbital, and redox properties of the components of the dyads versus the constituent parts. All three dyads in nonpolar solvents exhibit relatively fast (subpicosecond) energy transfer from the perylene to the tetrapyrrole. Competing charge-transfer processes are also absent in nonpolar solvents, but become active for both the chlorin and bacteriochlorin-containing dyads in polar solvents. Calculations of energy-transfer rates via the Förster, through-space mechanism reveal that these rates are, on average, 3-fold slower than the observed rates. Thus, the Dexter through-bond mechanism contributes more substantially than the through-space mechanism to energy transfer in the dyads. The electronic communication between the perylene and tetrapyrrole falls in a regime intermediate between those operative in other classes of perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads that have previously been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, 63130-4889, United States
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Acharya R, Paudel L, Joseph J, McCarthy CE, Dudipala VR, Modarelli JM, Modarelli DA. Synthesis of Three Asymmetric N-Confused Tetraarylporphyrins. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6043-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300810n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claire E. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234, United
States
| | | | - Jody M. Modarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio 44234, United
States
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11
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Neupane B, Dang NC, Kelley RF, Wasielewski MR, Jankowiak R. Low-Temperature Frequency Domain Study of Excitation Energy Transfer in Ethynyl-Linked Chlorophyll Trefoils and Aggregates. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10391-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2027252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Nhan C. Dang
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Richard F. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ryszard Jankowiak
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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12
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Alemán EA, Manríquez Rocha J, Wongwitwichote W, Godínez Mora-Tovar LA, Modarelli DA. Spectroscopy of Free-Base N-Confused Tetraphenylporphyrin Radical Anion and Radical Cation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6456-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200411q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvin A. Alemán
- Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Juan Manríquez Rocha
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, C.P. 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
| | - Wongwit Wongwitwichote
- Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
| | - Luis Arturo Godínez Mora-Tovar
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica S.C., Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, C.P. 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, México
| | - David A. Modarelli
- Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601, United States
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Amatatsu Y. Theoretical study on the photochemical behavior of 4-dimethylamino-4'-cyanodiphenylacetylene. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:543-51. [PMID: 19894701 DOI: 10.1021/jp907492r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical behavior of 4-dimethylamino-4'-cyanodiphenylacetylene (DCDPA) has been examined by ab initio complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and its second-order multireference Moller-Plesset perturbation (MRMP2) methods. DCDPA is mainly excited into an internal charge-transfer (ICT) state where the charge transfers from the dimethylanilino group into the benzonitrile part. In S(1), there are two stable geometries. One is an ICT state where DCDPA is skeletally relaxed from the stable geometry in S(0) upon electronic excitation. The other is a diradical state where DCDPA takes a trans-bent form and the acetylenic C identical withC triple bond turns to be an ethylenic C horizontal lineC double bond, as already confirmed in the case of parent diphenylacetylene. On the way to the globally stable trans-bent form in S(1), a conical intersection between the charge-transfer and the diradical state is located. The photochemical behavior of DCDPA in polar solvent has been also examined by CASSCF combined with the polarized continuum model. Thereby, it was found that a twisted ICT (TICT) state where the dimethylanilino group is perpendicularly twisted against the remaining part is formed in polar solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Amatatsu
- Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, Tegata Gakuen-cho, Akita 010-8502, Japan.
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Song HE, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Linker Dependence of Energy and Hole Transfer in Neutral and Oxidized Multiporphyrin Arrays. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:16483-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9072558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-eun Song
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403
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Mass O, Ptaszek M, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Kee HL, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Photochemical Properties of 12-Substituted versus 13-Substituted Chlorins. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5276-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900706x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Muthiah C, Lahaye D, Taniguchi M, Ptaszek M, Lindsey JS. Regioselective Bromination Tactics in the de Novo Synthesis of Chlorophyll b Analogues. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3237-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9002954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinnasamy Muthiah
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Dorothée Lahaye
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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Brandel J, Trabolsi A, Traboulsi H, Melin F, Koepf M, Wytko JA, Elhabiri M, Weiss J, Albrecht-Gary AM. Molecular Tools for the Self-Assembly of Bisporphyrin Photodyads: A Comprehensive Physicochemical and Photophysical Study. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:3743-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ic802407x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Brandel
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hassan Traboulsi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Melin
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Matthieu Koepf
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jennifer A. Wytko
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Weiss
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne-Marie Albrecht-Gary
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie des Ligands à Architecture Contrôlée, ULP-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Kee HL, Diers JR, Ptaszek M, Muthiah C, Fan D, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads as prototypes for near-infrared molecular imaging probes: controlling charge-transfer and fluorescence properties in polar media. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:909-20. [PMID: 19222800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00532.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of two energy-transfer dyads that are potential candidates for near-infrared (NIR) imaging probes are investigated as a function of solvent polarity. The dyads (FbC-FbB and ZnC-FbB) contain either a free base (Fb) or zinc (Zn) chlorin (C) as the energy donor and a free base bacteriochlorin (B) as the energy acceptor. The dyads were studied in toluene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, acetone, acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). In both dyads, energy transfer from the chlorin to bacteriochlorin occurs with a rate constant of approximately (5-10 ps)(-1) and a yield of >99% in nonpolar and polar media. In toluene, the fluorescence yields (Phif=0.19) and singlet excited-state lifetimes (tau approximately 5.5 ns) are comparable to those of the benchmark bacteriochlorin. The fluorescence yield and excited-state lifetime decrease as the solvent polarity increases, with quenching by intramolecular electron (or hole) transfer being greater for FbC-FbB than for ZnC-FbB in a given solvent. For example, the Phif and tau values for FbC-FbB in acetone are 0.055 and 1.5 ns and in DMSO are 0.019 and 0.28 ns, whereas those for ZnC-FbB in acetone are 0.12 and 4.5 ns and in DMSO are 0.072 and 2.4 ns. The difference in fluorescence properties of the two dyads in a given polar solvent is due to the relative energies of the lowest energy charge-transfer states, as assessed by ground-state redox potentials and supported by molecular-orbital energies derived from density functional theory calculations. Controlling the extent of excited-state quenching in polar media will allow the favorable photophysical properties of the chlorin-bacteriochlorin dyads to be exploited in vivo. These properties include very large Stokes shifts (85 nm for FbC-FbB, 110 nm for ZnC-FbB) between the red-region absorption of the chlorin and the NIR fluorescence of the bacteriochlorin (lambdaf=760 nm), long bacteriochlorin excited-state lifetime (approximately 5.5 ns), and narrow (<or=20 nm) absorption and fluorescence bands. The latter will facilitate selective excitation/detection and multiprobe applications using both intensity- and lifetime-imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Vyas S, Hadad CM, Modarelli DA. A Computational Study of the Ground and Excited State Structure and Absorption Spectra of Free-Base N-Confused Porphine and Free-Base N-Confused Tetraphenylporphyrin. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6533-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802094r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Vyas
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601
| | - David A. Modarelli
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and Department of Chemistry and The Center for Laser and Optical Spectroscopy, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3601
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Muthiah C, Kee HL, Diers JR, Fan D, Ptaszek M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Excited-state Photodynamics of a Chlorin–Bacteriochlorin Dyad—Through-space Versus Through-bond Energy Transfer in Tetrapyrrole Arrays. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:786-801. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Kee HL, Kirmaier C, Tang Q, Diers JR, Muthiah C, Taniguchi M, Laha JK, Ptaszek M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Effects of substituents on synthetic analogs of chlorophylls. Part 2: Redox properties, optical spectra and electronic structure. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 83:1125-43. [PMID: 17880507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The optical absorption spectra and redox properties are presented for 24 synthetic zinc chlorins and 18 free base analogs bearing a variety of 3,13 (beta) and 5,10,15 (meso) substituents. Results are also given for a zinc and free base oxophorbine, which contain the keto-bearing isocyclic ring present in the natural photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to probe the effects of the types and positions of substituents on the characteristics (energies, electron distributions) of the frontier molecular orbitals. A general finding is that the 3,13 positions are more sensitive to the effects of auxochromes than the 5,10,15 positions. The auxochromes investigated (acetyl>ethynyl>vinyl>aryl) cause a significant redshift and intensification of the Qy band upon placement at the 3,13 positions, whereas groups at the 5,10,15 positions result in much smaller redshifts that are accompanied by a decrease in relative Qy intensity. In addition, the substituent-induced shifts in first oxidation and reduction potentials faithfully track the energies of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO), respectively. The calculations show that the LUMO is shifted more by substituents than the HOMO, which derives from the differences in the electron densities of the two orbitals at the substituent sites. The trends in the substituent-induced effects on the wavelengths and relative intensities of the major features (By, Bx, Qx, Qy) in the near-UV to near-IR absorption bands are well accounted for using Gouterman's four-orbital model, which incorporates the effects of the substituents on the HOMO-1 and LUMO+1 in addition to the HOMO and LUMO. Collectively, the results and analysis presented herein and in the companion paper provide insights into the effects of substituents on the optical absorption, redox and other photophysical properties of the chlorins. These insights form a framework that underpins the rational design of chlorins for applications encompassing photomedicine and solar-energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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22
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Kee HL, Kirmaier C, Tang Q, Diers JR, Muthiah C, Taniguchi M, Laha JK, Ptaszek M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Effects of Substituents on Synthetic Analogs of Chlorophylls. Part 1: Synthesis, Vibrational Properties and Excited-state Decay Characteristics. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1110-24. [PMID: 17880506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of substituents on the spectra of chlorins is essential for a wide variety of applications. Recent developments in synthetic methodology have made possible systematic studies of the properties of the chlorin macrocycle as a function of diverse types and patterns of substituents. In this paper, the spectral, vibrational and excited-state decay characteristics are examined for a set of synthetic chlorins. The chlorins bear substituents at the 5,10,15 (meso) positions or the 3,13 (beta) positions (plus 10-mesityl in a series of compounds) and include 24 zinc chlorins, 18 free base (Fb) analogs and one Fb or zinc oxophorbine. The oxophorbine contains the keto-bearing isocyclic ring present in the natural photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll a). The substituents cause no significant perturbation to the structure of the chlorin macrocycle, as evidenced by the vibrational properties investigated using resonance Raman spectroscopy. In contrast, the fluorescence properties are significantly altered due to the electronic effects of substituents. For example, the fluorescence wavelength maximum, quantum yield and lifetime for a zinc chlorin bearing 3,13-diacetyl and 10-mesityl groups (662 nm, 0.28, 6.0 ns) differ substantially from those of the parent unsubstituted chlorin (602 nm, 0.062, 1.7 ns). Each of these properties of the lowest singlet excited state can be progressively stepped between these two extremes by incorporating different substituents. These perturbations are associated with significant changes in the rate constants of the decay pathways of the lowest excited singlet state. In this regard, the zinc chlorins with the red-most fluorescence also have the greatest radiative decay rate constant and are expected to have the fastest nonradiative internal conversion to the ground state. Nonetheless, these complexes have the longest singlet excited-state lifetime. The Fb chlorins bearing the same substituents exhibit similar fluorescence properties. Such combinations of factors render the chlorins suitable for a range of applications that require tunable coverage of the solar spectrum, long-lived excited states and red-region fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ling Kee
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Gupta I, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and photophysical studies of covalently linked porphyrin-21-thiaporphyrin dyads. Inorganica Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rai S, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and fluorescence properties of covalently linked homo- and hetero-porphyrin dyads containing meso-tolyl porphyrin and meso-furyl porphyrin sub-units. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pepitone MF, Jernigan GG, Melinger JS, Kim OK. Synthesis and Characterization of Donor−Acceptor Chromophores for Unidirectional Electron Transfer. Org Lett 2007; 9:801-4. [PMID: 17286407 DOI: 10.1021/ol063000y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A series of electron-transfer chromophores containing a donor and acceptor linked by an alkyl spacer were synthesized, and their electronic spectra were investigated. By inclusion with amylose, the supramolecularly encapsulated chromophores exhibit enhanced fluorescence quenching with discrete distance dependence and acquire the ability to sustain self-assemblies of a densely packed supramolecular array on a SiOH/Si substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Pepitone
- Chemistry Division, Electronics Science & Technology Division and Institute for Nanoscience, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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Kelley RF, Tauber MJ, Wilson TM, Wasielewski MR. Controlling energy and charge transfer in linear chlorophyll dimers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4407-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b708318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Kelley RF, Tauber MJ, Wasielewski MR. Linker-Controlled Energy and Charge Transfer within Chlorophyll Trefoils. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Kelley RF, Tauber MJ, Wasielewski MR. Linker-Controlled Energy and Charge Transfer within Chlorophyll Trefoils. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7979-82. [PMID: 17083140 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Kelley
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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Vail SA, Krawczuk PJ, Guldi DM, Palkar A, Echegoyen L, Tomé JPC, Fazio MA, Schuster DI. Energy and Electron Transfer in Polyacetylene-Linked Zinc-Porphyrin-[60]Fullerene Molecular Wires. Chemistry 2005; 11:3375-88. [PMID: 15803520 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200401348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and electrochemical and photophysical studies of a series of alkyne-linked zinc-porphyrin-[60]fullerene dyads are described. These dyads represent a new class of fully conjugated donor-acceptor systems. An alkynyl-fullerene synthon was synthesized by a nucleophilic addition reaction, and was then oxidatively coupled with a series of alkynyl tetra-aryl zinc-porphyrins with 1-3 alkyne units. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry studies confirmed that the porphyrin and fullerene are electronically coupled and that the degree of electronic interaction decreases with increasing length of the alkyne bridge. In toluene, energy transfer from the excited zinc-porphyrin singlet to the fullerene moiety occurs, affording fullerene triplet quantum yields of greater than 90 %. These dyads exhibit very rapid photoinduced electron transfer in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and benzonitrile (PhCN), which is consistent with normal Marcus behavior. Slower rates for charge recombination in THF versus PhCN clearly indicate that charge-recombination events are occurring in the Marcus inverted region. Exceptionally small attenuation factors (beta) of 0.06+/-0.005 A(-1) demonstrate that the triple bond is an effective mediator of electronic interaction in zinc-porphyrin-alkyne-fullerene molecular wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Vail
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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