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Guo X, You Y, Bao A, Jia P, Xiong J, Li J. Recent Progress of Nanodiamond Film in Controllable Fabrication and Field Emission Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:577. [PMID: 36770538 PMCID: PMC9920309 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the field electron emission cathode nanomaterials is on the rise due to the wide applications, such as electron sources, miniature X-ray devices, display materials, etc. In particular, nanodiamond (ND) film is regarded as an ideal next-generation cathode emitter in the field emission devices, due to the low or negative electron affinity, small grain size, high mechanical hardness, low work function, and high reliability. Increasing efforts are conducted on the investigation of the emission structures, manufacturing cost, and field emission properties improvement of the ND films. This review aims to summarize the recent research, highlight the new findings, and provide a roadmap for future developments in the area of ND film electron field emitter. Specially, the optimizing methods of large-scale, high-quality, and cost-effective synthesis of ND films are discussed to achieve more stable surface structure and optimal physical properties. Additionally, the mainstream strategies applied to produce high field emission performance of ND films are analyzed in detail, including regulating the grain size/boundary, hybrid phase carbon content, and doping element/type of ND films; meanwhile, the problems existing in the related research and the outlook in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yajun You
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Aida Bao
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Pinggang Jia
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jijun Xiong
- National Key Laboratory for Electronic Measurement Technology, North University of China, 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Junshuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Wang L, Wang W. A New Strategy to Design Highly Sustainable Sulfide PhotoCatalyst for Hydrogen Production. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Wenzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200050 China
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Shi X, Cai L, Ma M, Zheng X, Park JH. General Characterization Methods for Photoelectrochemical Cells for Solar Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:3192-203. [PMID: 26365789 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a very promising technology that converts water into clean hydrogen fuel and oxygen by using solar light. However, the characterization methods for PEC cells are diverse and a systematic introduction to characterization methods for PEC cells has rarely been attempted. Unlike most other review articles that focus mainly on the material used for the working electrodes of PEC cells, this review introduces general characterization methods for PEC cells, including their basic configurations and methods for characterizing their performance under various conditions, regardless of the materials used. Detailed experimental operation procedures with theoretical information are provided for each characterization method. The PEC research area is rapidly expanding and more researchers are beginning to devote themselves to related work. Therefore, the content of this Minireview can provide entry-level knowledge to beginners in the area of PEC, which might accelerate progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Lili Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ming Ma
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jong Hyeok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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Shaikh SF, Mane RS, Joo OS. Spraying distance and titanium chloride surface treatment effects on DSSC performance of electrosprayed SnO2photoanodes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02679a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Yeap WS, Murib MS, Cuypers W, Liu X, van Grinsven B, Ameloot M, Fahlman M, Wagner P, Maes W, Haenen K. Boron-Doped Diamond Functionalization by an Electrografting/Alkyne-Azide Click Chemistry Sequence. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zang J, Wang Y, Bian L, Zhang J, Meng F, Zhao Y, Ren S, Qu X. Surface modification and electrochemical behaviour of undoped nanodiamonds. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Huang G, Zhu Y. Synthesis and photoactivity enhancement of ZnWO4 photocatalysts doped with chlorine. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce26005k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Meziane D, Barras A, Kromka A, Houdkova J, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Thiol-yne reaction on boron-doped diamond electrodes: application for the electrochemical detection of DNA-DNA hybridization events. Anal Chem 2011; 84:194-200. [PMID: 22022777 DOI: 10.1021/ac202350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boron-doped diamond (BDD) interfaces were chemically functionalized through the catalyst free thiol-yne reaction. Different thiolated precursors (e.g., perfluorodecanethiol, 6-(ferrocenyl)-hexanethiol, DNA) were successfully "clicked" to alkynyl-terminated BDD by irradiating the interface at 365 nm for 30 min. Thiolated oligonucleotide strands were immobilized using the optimized reaction conditions, and the surface concentration was tuned to obtain a surface coverage of 3.1 × 10(12) molecules cm(-2). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to follow the kinetics of hybridization and dehybridization events. The sensitivity of the oligonucleotide modified BDD interface was assayed, and a detection limit of 1 nM was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Meziane
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI), CNRS USR 3078, Université de Lille1, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 avenue de Halley, B;P 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Villalba P, Ram MK, Gomez H, Kumar A, Bhethanabotla V, Kumar A. GOX-functionalized nanodiamond films for electrochemical biosensor. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Stavis C, Clare TL, Butler JE, Radadia AD, Carr R, Zeng H, King WP, Carlisle JA, Aksimentiev A, Bashir R, Hamers RJ. Surface functionalization of thin-film diamond for highly stable and selective biological interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:983-8. [PMID: 20884854 PMCID: PMC3024699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006660107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon is an extremely versatile family of materials with a wide range of mechanical, optical, and mechanical properties, but many similarities in surface chemistry. As one of the most chemically stable materials known, carbon provides an outstanding platform for the development of highly tunable molecular and biomolecular interfaces. Photochemical grafting of alkenes has emerged as an attractive method for functionalizing surfaces of diamond, but many aspects of the surface chemistry and impact on biological recognition processes remain unexplored. Here we report investigations of the interaction of functionalized diamond surfaces with proteins and biological cells using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence methods. XPS data show that functionalization of diamond with short ethylene glycol oligomers reduces the nonspecific binding of fibrinogen below the detection limit of XPS, estimated as > 97% reduction over H-terminated diamond. Measurements of different forms of diamond with different roughness are used to explore the influence of roughness on nonspecific binding onto H-terminated and ethylene glycol (EG)-terminated surfaces. Finally, we use XPS to characterize the chemical stability of Escherichia coli K12 antibodies on the surfaces of diamond and amine-functionalized glass. Our results show that antibody-modified diamond surfaces exhibit increased stability in XPS and that this is accompanied by retention of biological activity in cell-capture measurements. Our results demonstrate that surface chemistry on diamond and other carbon-based materials provides an excellent platform for biomolecular interfaces with high stability and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Stavis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Tami Lasseter Clare
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - James E. Butler
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20375
| | - Adarsh D. Radadia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Rogan Carr
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Hongjun Zeng
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc., 429 B Weber Road #286, Romeoville, IL 60446
| | - William P. King
- Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and
| | - John A. Carlisle
- Advanced Diamond Technologies, Inc., 429 B Weber Road #286, Romeoville, IL 60446
| | | | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Micro and Nano Technology Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Robert J. Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
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11
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Hydrophobic to hydrophilic transition of HF-treated Si surface during Langmuir–Blodgett film deposition. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Szunerits S, Niedziǒłka-Jönsson J, Boukherroub R, Woisel P, Baumann JS, Siriwardena A. Label-Free Detection of Lectins on Carbohydrate-Modified Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8203-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1016387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078), Université Lille Nord de France, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, Unité des Matériaux Et Transformations (UMET, UMR 8207), Team “Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères” (ISP), Université Lille Nord de France, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France, Laboratoire des Glucides (UMR 6219), Université de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France, and Institute of Physical Chemistry,
| | - Joanna Niedziǒłka-Jönsson
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078), Université Lille Nord de France, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, Unité des Matériaux Et Transformations (UMET, UMR 8207), Team “Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères” (ISP), Université Lille Nord de France, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France, Laboratoire des Glucides (UMR 6219), Université de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France, and Institute of Physical Chemistry,
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078), Université Lille Nord de France, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, Unité des Matériaux Et Transformations (UMET, UMR 8207), Team “Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères” (ISP), Université Lille Nord de France, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France, Laboratoire des Glucides (UMR 6219), Université de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France, and Institute of Physical Chemistry,
| | - Patrice Woisel
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078), Université Lille Nord de France, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, Unité des Matériaux Et Transformations (UMET, UMR 8207), Team “Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères” (ISP), Université Lille Nord de France, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France, Laboratoire des Glucides (UMR 6219), Université de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France, and Institute of Physical Chemistry,
| | - Jean-Sébastien Baumann
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078), Université Lille Nord de France, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, Unité des Matériaux Et Transformations (UMET, UMR 8207), Team “Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères” (ISP), Université Lille Nord de France, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France, Laboratoire des Glucides (UMR 6219), Université de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France, and Institute of Physical Chemistry,
| | - Aloysius Siriwardena
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire (IRI, USR 3078), Université Lille Nord de France, Parc de la Haute Borne, 50 Avenue de Halley, BP 70478, 59658 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France, Unité des Matériaux Et Transformations (UMET, UMR 8207), Team “Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères” (ISP), Université Lille Nord de France, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France, Laboratoire des Glucides (UMR 6219), Université de Picardie Jules Vernes, 33 rue saint Leu, 80039 Amiens, France, and Institute of Physical Chemistry,
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13
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Wang YL, Guo M, Zhang M, Wang XD. Hydrothermal preparation and photoelectrochemical performance of size-controlled SnO2 nanorod arrays. CrystEngComm 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Dai M, Wang Y, Kwon J, Halls MD, Chabal YJ. Nitrogen interaction with hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces at the atomic scale. NATURE MATERIALS 2009; 8:825-830. [PMID: 19684585 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Passivation of semiconductor surfaces is conveniently realized by terminating surface dangling bonds with a monovalent atom such as hydrogen using a simple wet chemical process (for example, HF treatment for silicon). However, the real potential of surface chemical passivation lies in the ability to replace surface hydrogen by multivalent atoms to form surfaces with tailored properties. Although some progress has been made to attach organic layers on top of H-terminated surfaces, it has been more challenging to understand and control the incorporation of multivalent atoms, such as oxygen and nitrogen, within the top surface layer of H-terminated surfaces. The difficulty arises partly because such processes are dominated by defect sites. Here, we report mechanistic pathways involved in the nitridation of H-terminated silicon surfaces using ammonia vapour. Surface infrared spectroscopy and first-principles calculations clearly show that the initial interaction is dominated by the details of the surface morphology (defect structure) and that NH and NH(2) are precursors to N insertion into Si-Si bonds. For the dihydride-stepped Si(111) surface, a unique reaction pathway is identified leading to selective silazane step-edge formation at the lowest reaction temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dai
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Hernando J, Lud SQ, Bruno P, Gruen DM, Stutzmann M, Garrido JA. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of oxidized and hydrogen-terminated nitrogen-induced conductive ultrananocrystalline diamond. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Huang G, Zhang S, Xu T, Zhu Y. Fluorination of ZnWO4 photocatalyst and influence on the degradation mechanism for 4-chlorophenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8516-8521. [PMID: 19068841 DOI: 10.1021/es801672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The fluorine doped ZnWO4 photocatalyst was synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis and annealing treatment. The existing states of fluorine in the crystal were elucidated, and the effects of fluorine on the crystal structure, photocatalytic activity, and degradative intermediates were investigated. The doping concentration of fluorine in the interstitial lattice of ZnWO4 crystal can be controlled bythe annealing conditions. The photocatalytic activity can be enhanced about 50% after the doped ZnWO4 was annealed at 450 degrees C for 1 h due to perfect crystal structure. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity after fluorine doping could be attributed to the higher separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs, which results in a large number of holes participated in the photocatalytic process. The fluorine doping does not change the degradation pathway of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) in our system. 4-CP was mainly transformed into hydroxylated aromatic intermediates such as benzoquinone (BQ), hydroquinone (HQ), and 4-chlorocatechol (4-CC). The photodegradation of 4-CP in powdered F-doped ZnWO4 system proceeded via direct holes oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Vamvakaki V, Chaniotakis N. DNA Stabilization and Hybridization Detection on Porous Silicon Surface by EIS and Total Reflection FT-IR Spectroscopy. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Weng J, Zhang J, Li H, Sun L, Lin C, Zhang Q. Label-free DNA sensor by boron-doped diamond electrode using an ac impedimetric approach. Anal Chem 2008; 80:7075-83. [PMID: 18707136 DOI: 10.1021/ac800610z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical biosensor using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode is described for differentiating between gene sequences according to DNA hybridization events using an ac impedimetric approach. BDD electrodes were dipped into a 1% solution of polyethylenimine (PEI) to adsorb a thin layer of positively charged PEI on the surface of BDD, then PEI-modified BDD electrodes were used to immobilize negatively charged single-stranded PCR fragments from Exon 7 of human p53 gene. Alternating current impedimetric measurements were first performed on these systems in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and then upon exposure to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). When the ssDNA-immobilized BDD electrode and solution ssDNA were completely complementary, a large drop in impedance was measured. Complementary DNA could be clearly detected at concentrations down to 10 (-19) g mL (-1) at a fixed frequency (10 Hz). Higher concentrations of DNA gave faster hybridization with saturation occurring at levels above 1.0 pg mL (-1.) Responses were much lower upon exposure to noncDNA, even at higher concentrations. The results show it is possible to directly detect target DNA at a fixed frequency and without additional labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Weng
- Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, College of Materials, Technology Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen City, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, PR China.
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Kondo T, Niwano Y, Tamura A, Ivandini T, Einaga Y, Tryk D, Fujishima A, Kawai T. Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Oxalate at a Positively Charged Boron‐Doped Diamond Surface. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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McCreery RL. Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2646-87. [PMID: 18557655 DOI: 10.1021/cr068076m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1448] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L McCreery
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada.
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Enhanced photoelectrochemical method for linear DNA hybridization detection using Au-nanopaticle labeled DNA as probe onto titanium dioxide electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 23:1534-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Hamers RJ. Formation and characterization of organic monolayers on semiconductor surfaces. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:707-736. [PMID: 20636095 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic-semiconductor interfaces are playing increasingly important roles in fields ranging from electronics to nanotechnology to biosensing. The continuing decrease in microelectronic device feature sizes is raising an especially great interest in understanding how to integrate molecular systems with conventional, inorganic microelectronic materials, particularly silicon. The explosion of interest in the biological sciences has provided further impetus for learning how to integrate biological molecules and systems with microelectronics to form true bioelectronic systems. Organic monolayers present an excellent opportunity for surmounting many of the practical barriers that have hindered the full integration of microelectronics technology with organic and biological systems. Of all the semiconductor materials, silicon and diamond stand out as unique. This review focuses upon the preparation and characterization of organic and biomolecular layers on semiconductor surfaces, with special emphasis on monolayers formed on silicon and diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 53706, USA.
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Wang X, Colavita PE, Metz KM, Butler JE, Hamers RJ. Direct photopatterning and SEM imaging of molecular monolayers on diamond surfaces: mechanistic insights into UV-initiated molecular grafting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11623-11630. [PMID: 17939694 DOI: 10.1021/la701803g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the formation of single- and two-component molecular patterns by direct photochemical grafting of alkenes onto hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces using sub-band gap 254 nm ultraviolet light. Trifluoroacetamide-protected 1-aminodec-1-ene (TFAAD) and 1-dodecene were used as model systems for grafting. Illumination with sub-band gap light can induce several different kinds of excitations, including creation of mobile electrons and holes in the bulk and creation of radicals at the surface and in the adjacent fluid, which induce grafting of the alkenes to the surface. SEM images of patterned molecular layers on nanocrystalline diamond surfaces reveal sharp transitions between functionalized and nonfunctionalized regions consistent with diffraction-limited excitation. However, identical experiments on type IIb single-crystal diamond yield a significantly more extended transition region in the molecular pattern. These data imply that the spatial resolution of the direct molecular photopatterning is affected by diffusion of charge carriers in the bulk of the diamond samples. The molecular contrast between surfaces with different terminations is consistent with the expected trends in molecular electron affinity. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the direct patterning and imaging of molecular monolayers on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Nichols BM, Butler JE, Russell JN, Hamers RJ. Photochemical functionalization of hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces: a structural and mechanistic study. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:20938-47. [PMID: 16853714 DOI: 10.1021/jp0545389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-terminated diamond surfaces can be covalently modified with molecules bearing a terminal vinyl (C=C) group via a photochemical process using sub-band-gap light at 254 nm. We have investigated the photochemical modification of hydrogen-terminated surfaces of nanocrystalline and single-crystal diamond (111) to help understand the structure of the films and the underlying mechanism of photochemical functionalization. A comparison of the rates of photochemical modification of single-crystal diamond and nanocrystalline diamond films shows no significant difference in reactivity, demonstrating that the modification process is not controlled by grain boundaries or other structures unique to polycrystalline films. We find that both single-crystal and polycrystalline hydrogen-terminated diamond samples exhibit negative electron affinity and are functionalized at comparable rates, while oxidized surfaces with positive electron affinity undergo no detectable reaction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis shows the formation of new chemical products in the liquid phase that are formed only when the alkenes are illuminated in direct contact with H-terminated diamond, while control experiments with other surfaces and in the dark show no reaction. Our results show that the functionalization is a surface-mediated photochemical reaction and suggest that modification is initiated by the photoejection of electrons from the diamond surfaces into the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Daniels JS, Pourmand N. Label-Free Impedance Biosensors: Opportunities and Challenges. ELECTROANAL 2007; 19:1239-1257. [PMID: 18176631 PMCID: PMC2174792 DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Impedance biosensors are a class of electrical biosensors that show promise for point-of-care and other applications due to low cost, ease of miniaturization, and label-free operation. Unlabeled DNA and protein targets can be detected by monitoring changes in surface impedance when a target molecule binds to an immobilized probe. The affinity capture step leads to challenges shared by all label-free affinity biosensors; these challenges are discussed along with others unique to impedance readout. Various possible mechanisms for impedance change upon target binding are discussed. We critically summarize accomplishments of past label-free impedance biosensors and identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Daniels
- Stanford Genome Technology Center; 855 S. California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Stanford Center for Integrated Systems; 420 Via Palou, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nader Pourmand
- Stanford Genome Technology Center; 855 S. California Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Zhong YL, Chong KF, May PW, Chen ZK, Loh KP. Optimizing biosensing properties on undecylenic Acid-functionalized diamond. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:5824-30. [PMID: 17419656 DOI: 10.1021/la063658k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The optimization of biosensing efficiency on a diamond platform depends on the successful coupling of biomolecules on the surface, and also on effective signal transduction in the biorecognition events. In terms of biofunctionalization of diamond surfaces, surface electrochemical studies of diamond modified with undecylenic acid (UA), with and without headgroup protection, were performed. The direct photochemical coupling method employing UA was found to impart a higher density of carboxylic acid groups on the diamond surface compared to that using trifluoroethyl undecenoate (TFEU) as the protecting group during the coupling process. Non-faradic impedimetric DNA sensing revealed that lightly doped diamond gives better signal transduction sensitivity compared to highly doped diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Szunerits S, Mermoux M, Crisci A, Marcus B, Bouvier P, Delabouglise D, Petit JP, Janel S, Boukherroub R, Tay L. Raman imaging and Kelvin probe microscopy for the examination of the heterogeneity of doping in polycrystalline boron-doped diamond electrodes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:23888-97. [PMID: 17125355 DOI: 10.1021/jp064429+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The issue of the heterogeneity of boron doping in microcrystalline diamond films was addressed by four different methods: micro-Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging, Kelvin probe force microscopy, conducting atomic force microscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. The samples were commercially available films from Windsor Scientific, with an average boron concentration of about 5 x 10(20) cm(-3). In agreement with previous works, all of the methods showed that the boron uptake was nonuniform across the surface of the electrode. Two different types of regions were evidenced, with metallic or semiconducting properties that were characterized with different types of Raman spectra. The line shape of these spectra was strongly dependent on the excitation wavelength. Local variations in electroactivity were evidenced by the SECM curves, which are related to the electronic properties of the individual grains, which, in turn, are governed by the boron content of the individual crystallites. In this study, two different micro-Raman imaging techniques were used that reveal the grain structure of the films: the images constructed from the diamond line intensity perfectly reproduced the optical image obtained by illuminating the sample in reflection. The method also allows detection of the presence of nondiamond carbon, especially in the metallic parts of the samples. Other spectral features (intensity of the boron-related broad lines, as well as the frequency and width of the diamond line) were used to construct images. In every case, the grain structure of the film was revealed, as well as twinning within individual crystallites. All approaches revealed that no enhanced doping or boron depletion occurred at the grain boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physicochimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, CNRS-INPG-UJF, 1130 rue de la piscine, BP 75, 38402 St. Martin d'Hères Cedex, France.
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Wang G, Lu W, Li J, Choi J, Jeong Y, Choi SY, Park JB, Ryu MK, Lee K. V-shaped tin oxide nanostructures featuring a broad photocurrent signal: an effective visible-light-driven photocatalyst. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2006; 2:1436-9. [PMID: 17193001 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Wang G, Wang Q, Lu W, Li J. Photoelectrochemical Study on Charge Transfer Properties of TiO2−B Nanowires with an Application as Humidity Sensors. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:22029-34. [PMID: 17064173 DOI: 10.1021/jp064630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1-D) TiO2-B nanowires have been synthesized via a facile solvothermal route. The morphology and crystalline structures of the nanowires were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction, low/high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller methods. It is important with the calcination treatment at 350 degrees C to maintain 1-D morphologies of the material in the form of single-crystalline TiO2-B nanowires. In addition, a simple method was used to study the photogenerated charge transfer and photoelectrochemical properties of the TiO2-B nanowires in comparison with commercial TiO2 P25 nanoparticles based on the experimental data from the electric field-effected photocurrent action spectrum and Mott-Schottky measurements. It was revealed that TiO2-B nanostructures played an important role in the photoelectrochemical processes. The synthetic TiO2-B nanowire electrode exhibited unique electronic properties, e.g., favorable charge-transfer ability, negative-shifted appearing flat-band potential, existence of abundant surface states or oxygen vacancies, and high-level dopant density. Moreover, the obtained TiO2-B nanowires were found to display excellent humidity sensing abilities as functional materials in the humidity sensor application. With relative humidity increased from 5% to 95%, about one and half orders of magnitude change in resistance was observed in the TiO2-B nanowire-based surface-type humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Chane-Tune J, Petit JP, Szunerits S, Bouvier P, Delabouglise D, Marcus B, Mermoux M. Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy to Determine the Doping Level and the Flatband Potential of Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:89-93. [PMID: 16323227 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Chane-Tune
- LEPMI, UMR CNRS/INPG/UJF 5631, ENSEEG, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, Domaine Universitaire, 38042 Saint Martin d'Hères, France
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McCreery RL, Wu J, Kalakodimi RP. Electron transport and redox reactions in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:2572-90. [PMID: 16738711 DOI: 10.1039/b601163m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A unique molecular junction design is described, consisting of a molecular mono- or multilayer oriented between a conducting carbon substrate and a metallic top contact. The sp2 hybridized graphitic carbon substrate (pyrolyzed photoresist film, PPF) is flat on the scale of the molecular dimensions, and the molecular layer is bonded to the substrate via diazonium ion reduction to yield a strong, conjugated C-C bond. Molecular junctions were completed by electron-beam deposition of copper, titanium oxide, or aluminium oxide followed by a final conducting layer of gold. Vibrational spectroscopy and XPS of completed junctions showed minimal damage to the molecular layer by metal deposition, although some electron transfer to the molecular layer resulted in partial reduction in some cases. Device yield was high (>80%), and the standard deviations of junction electronic properties such as low voltage resistance were typically in the range of 10-20%. The resistance of PPF/molecule/Cu/Au junctions exhibited a strong dependence on the structure and thickness of the molecular layer, ranging from 0.13 ohms cm2 for a nitrobiphenyl monolayer, to 4.46 ohms cm2 for a biphenyl monolayer, and 160 ohms cm2 for a 4.3 nm thick nitrobiphenyl multilayer. Junctions containing titanium or aluminium oxide had dramatically lower conductance than their PPF/molecule/Cu counterparts, with aluminium oxide junctions exhibiting essentially insulating behavior. However, in situ Raman spectroscopy of PPF/nitroazobenzene/AlO(x)/Au junctions with partially transparent metal contacts revealed that redox reactions occurred under bias, with nitroazobenzene (NAB) reduction occurring when the PPF was biased negative relative to the Au. Similar redox reactions were observed in PPF/NAB/TiO(x)/Au molecular junctions, but they were accompanied by major effects on electronic behavior, such as rectification and persistent conductance switching. Such switching was evident following polarization of PPF/molecule/TiO2/Au junctions by positive or negative potential pulses, and the resulting conductance changes persisted for several minutes at room temperature. The "memory" effect implied by these observations is attributed to a combination of the molecular layer and the TiO2 properties, namely metastable "trapping" of electrons in the TiO2 when the Au is negatively biased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L McCreery
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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