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Mostajabi Sarhangi S, Matyushov DV. Electron Tunneling in Biology: When Does it Matter? ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27355-27365. [PMID: 37546584 PMCID: PMC10399179 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrons can tunnel between cofactor molecules positioned along biological electron transport chains up to a distance of ≃ 20 Å on the millisecond time scale of enzymatic turnover. This tunneling range determines the design of biological energy chains facilitating the cross-membrane transport of electrons. Tunneling distance and cofactors' redox potentials become the main physical parameters affecting the rate of electron transport. In addition, universal charge-transport properties are assigned to all proteins, making protein identity, flexibility, and dynamics insignificant. This paradigm is challenged by dynamical models of electron transfer, showing that the electron hopping rate is constant within the crossover distance R* ≃ 12 Å, followed with an exponential falloff at longer distances. If this hypothesis is fully confirmed, natural and man-made energy chains for electron transport should be best designed by placing redox cofactors near the crossover distance R*. Protein flexibility and dynamics affect the magnitude of the maximum hopping rate within the crossover distance. Changes in protein flexibility between forward and backward transitions contribute to vectorial charge transport. For biological energy chains, charge transport through proteins is not defined by universal parameters, and protein identity matters.
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2
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Wei J, Bloom BP, Dunlap-Shohl WA, Clever CB, Rivas JE, Waldeck DH. Examining the Effects of Homochirality for Electron Transfer in Protein Assemblies. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6462-6469. [PMID: 37463031 PMCID: PMC10388353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein voltammetry studies of cytochrome c, immobilized on chiral tripeptide monolayer films, reveal the importance of the electron spin and the film's homochirality on electron transfer kinetics. Magnetic film electrodes are used to examine how an asymmetry in the standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant arises from changes in the electron spin direction and the enantiomer composition of the tripeptide monolayer; rate constant asymmetries as large as 60% are observed. These findings are rationalized in terms of the chiral induced spin selectivity effect and spin-dependent changes in electronic coupling. Lastly, marked differences in the average rate constant are shown between homochiral ensembles, in which the peptide and protein possess the same enantiomeric form, compared to heterochiral ensembles, where the handedness of the peptide layer is opposite to that of the protein or itself comprises heterochiral building blocks. These data demonstrate a compelling rationale for why nature is homochiral; namely, spin alignment in homochiral systems enables more efficient energy transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Brian P Bloom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Wiley A Dunlap-Shohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Caleb B Clever
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - José E Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - David H Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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3
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Abstract
The theory of electron transfer reactions establishes the conceptual foundation for redox solution chemistry, electrochemistry, and bioenergetics. Electron and proton transfer across the cellular membrane provide all energy of life gained through natural photosynthesis and mitochondrial respiration. Rates of biological charge transfer set kinetic bottlenecks for biological energy storage. The main system-specific parameter determining the activation barrier for a single electron-transfer hop is the reorganization energy of the medium. Both harvesting of light energy in natural and artificial photosynthesis and efficient electron transport in biological energy chains require reduction of the reorganization energy to allow fast transitions. This review article discusses mechanisms by which small values of the reorganization energy are achieved in protein electron transfer and how similar mechanisms can operate in other media, such as nonpolar and ionic liquids. One of the major mechanisms of reorganization energy reduction is through non-Gibbsian (nonergodic) sampling of the medium configurations on the reaction time. A number of alternative mechanisms, such as electrowetting of active sites of proteins, give rise to non-parabolic free energy surfaces of electron transfer. These mechanisms, and nonequilibrium population of donor-acceptor vibrations, lead to a universal phenomenology of separation between the Stokes shift and variance reorganization energies of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, USA.
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4
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Recovering Biological Electron Transfer Reaction Parameters from Multiple Protein Film Voltammetric Techniques Informed by Bayesian Inference. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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5
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Clark RA, Yawitz T, Luchs L, Conrad T, Bartlebaugh O, Boyd H, Hargittai B. Tripeptide Self-Assembled Monolayers as Biocompatible Surfaces for Cytochrome c Electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1414-1424. [PMID: 36688667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible tripeptide self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are designed with a carboxylate group on the terminal amino acid (glutamate, aspartate, or amino adipate) to electrostatically attract the lysine groups around the heme crevice in horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c), creating an electroactive protein/tripeptide/Au interfacial structure. Exposing the peptide/Au electrode to cyt c resulted in an 11 ± 3 pmol/cm2 electroactive protein surface coverage. Topographical images of the interfacial structure are obtained down to single-protein resolution by atomic force microscopy. Uniform protein monolayer assemblies are formed on the Au electrode with no major surface roughness changes. The cyt c/peptide/Au electrode systems were examined electrochemically to probe surface charge effects on the redox thermodynamics and kinetics of cyt c. Neutralization of protein surface charge due to adsorption on anionic COOH-terminated SAMs was found to change the formal potential, as determined by cyclic voltammetry. The cyt c/peptide/Au electrodes exhibit formal potentials shifted to more positive values, have a surface carboxylic acid pKa of 6 or higher, and produce effective cyt c surface charges (Zox) of -6 to -14. The Marcus theory is utilized to determine the protein electron transfer rates, which are ∼5 times faster for cyt c/tripeptide/Au compared to cyt c/11-mercaptoundecanoic acid SAMs of similar chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Tanner Yawitz
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Logan Luchs
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Tiffany Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Owen Bartlebaugh
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Hannah Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
| | - Balazs Hargittai
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, 169 Lakeview Drive, P.O. Box 600, Loretto, Pennsylvania15940, United States
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6
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Sarhangi SM, Matyushov DV. Theory of Protein Charge Transfer: Electron Transfer between Tryptophan Residue and Active Site of Azurin. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10360-10373. [PMID: 36459590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
One reaction step in the conductivity relay of azurin, electron transfer between the Cu-based active site and the tryptophan residue, is studied theoretically and by classical molecular dynamics simulations. Oxidation of tryptophan results in electrowetting of this residue. This structural change makes the free energy surfaces of electron transfer nonparabolic as described by the Q-model of electron transfer. We analyze the medium dynamical effect on protein electron transfer produced by coupled Stokes-shift dynamics and the dynamics of the donor-acceptor distance modulating electron tunneling. The equilibrium donor-acceptor distance falls in the plateau region of the rate constant, where it is determined by the protein-water dynamics, and the probability of electron tunneling does not affect the rate. The crossover distance found here puts most intraprotein electron-transfer reactions under the umbrella of dynamical control. The crossover between the medium-controlled and tunneling-controlled kinetics is combined with the effect of the protein-water medium on the activation barrier to formulate principles of tunability of protein-based charge-transfer chains. The main principle in optimizing the activation barrier is the departure from the Gaussian-Gibbsian statistics of fluctuations promoting activated transitions. This is achieved either by incomplete (nonergodic) sampling, breaking the link between the Stokes-shift and variance reorganization energies, or through wetting-induced structural changes of the enzyme's active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setare Mostajabi Sarhangi
- School of Molecular Sciences and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona85287-1504, United States
| | - Dmitry V Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona85287-1504, United States
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7
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Matyushov DV. Conformational dynamics modulating electron transfer. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:095102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0102707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusional dynamics of the donor-acceptor distance are responsible for the appearance of a new time scale of diffusion over the distance of electronic tunneling in electron-transfer reactions. The distance dynamics compete with the medium polarization dynamics in the dynamics-controlled electron-transfer kinetics. The pre-exponential factor of the electron-transfer rate constant switches, at the crossover distance, between a distance-independent, dynamics-controlled plateau and exponential distance decay. The crossover between two regimes is controlled by an effective relaxation time slowed down by a factor exponentially depending on the variance of the donor-acceptor displacement. Flexible donor-acceptor complexes must show a greater tendency for dynamics-controlled electron transfer. Energy chains based on electron transport are best designed by placing the redox cofactors near the crossover distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Departments of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, United States of America
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8
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Sarhangi SM, Matyushov DV. Anomalously Small Reorganization Energy of the Half Redox Reaction of Azurin. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3000-3011. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Setare M. Sarhangi
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, United States
| | - Dmitry V. Matyushov
- School of Molecular Sciences and Department of Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, United States
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9
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Ghithan JH, Moreno M, Keynton RS, O'Toole MG, Mendes SB. Adsorption Properties and Electron-transfer Rates of a Redox Probe at Different Interfaces of an Immunoassay Assembled on an Electro-active Photonic Platform. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1391-1399. [PMID: 33896878 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical and chemical properties of a redox protein adsorbed to different interfaces of a multilayer immunoassay assembly were studied using a single-mode, electro-active, integrated optical waveguide (SM-EA-IOW) platform. For each interface of the immunoassay assembly (indium tin oxide, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, recombinant protein G, antibody, and bovine serum albumin) the surface density, the adsorption kinetics, and the electron-transfer rate of bound species of the redox-active cytochrome c (Cyt-C) protein were accurately quantified at very low surface concentrations of redox species (from 0.4 to 4% of a full monolayer) using a highly sensitive optical impedance spectroscopy (OIS) technique based on measurements obtained with the SM-EA-IOW platform. The technique is shown here to provide quantitative insights into an important immunoassay assembly for characterization and understanding of the mechanisms of electron transfer rate, the affinity strength of molecular binding, and the associated bio-selectivity. Such methodology and acquired knowledge are crucial for the development of novel and advanced immuno-biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar H Ghithan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville
| | - Monica Moreno
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville
| | | | | | - Sergio B Mendes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville
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10
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Martin DR, Dinpajooh M, Matyushov DV. Polarizability of the Active Site in Enzymatic Catalysis: Cytochrome c. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10691-10699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadhasan Dinpajooh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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11
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Jiang X, Futera Z, Blumberger J. Ergodicity-Breaking in Thermal Biological Electron Transfer? Cytochrome C Revisited. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7588-7598. [PMID: 31405279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It was recently suggested that certain redox proteins operate in an ergodicity-breaking regime to facilitate biological electron transfer (ET). A signature for this is a large variance reorganization free energy (several electronvolts) but a significantly smaller Stokes reorganization free energy due to incomplete protein relaxation on the time scale of the ET event. Here we investigate whether this picture holds for oxidation of cytochrome c in aqueous solution, at various levels of theory including classical molecular dynamics with two additive and one electronically polarizable force field, and QM/MM calculations with the QM region treated by full electrostatic DFT embedding and by the perturbed matrix method. Sampling the protein and energy gap dynamics over more than 250 ns, we find no evidence for ergodicity-breaking effects. In particular, the inclusion of electronic polarizability of the heme group at QM/MM levels did not induce nonergodic effects, contrary to previous reports by Matyushov et al. The well-known problem of overestimation of reorganization free energies with additive force fields is cured when the protein and solvent are treated as electronically polarizable. Ergodicity-breaking effects may occur in other redox proteins, and our results suggest that long simulations, ideally on the ET time scale, with electronically polarizable force fields are required to obtain strong numerical evidence for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Jiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Zdenek Futera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Thomas Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, United States
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13
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Waskasi MM, Martin DR, Matyushov DV. Wetting of the Protein Active Site Leads to Non-Marcusian Reaction Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:10490-10495. [PMID: 30365331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes exist in continuously fluctuating water bath dramatically affecting their function. Water not only forms the solvation shell but also penetrates into the protein interior. Changing the wetting pattern of the protein's active site in response to altering redox state initiates a highly nonlinear structural change and non-Gaussian electrostatic fluctuations at the active site. The free-energy surfaces of electron transfer are highly nonparabolic (non-Marcusian), as shown by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of hydrated ferredoxin protein and by an analytical model in agreement with simulations. The reorganization energy of electron transfer passes through a spike marking equal probabilities of the wet and dry states of the active site. The activation thermodynamics affected by wetting leads to a non-Arrhenius, passing through a maximum, plot for the reaction rate vs the inverse temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza M Waskasi
- School of Molecular Sciences , Arizona State University , P.O. Box 871604, Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
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14
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15
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Matyushov DV. Fluctuation relations, effective temperature, and ageing of enzymes: The case of protein electron transfer. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Seyedi S, Matyushov DV. Termination of Biological Function at Low Temperatures: Glass or Structural Transition? J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2359-2366. [PMID: 29669418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy of life is produced by electron transfer in energy chains of respiration or photosynthesis. A small input of free energy available to biology puts significant restrictions on how much free energy can be lost in each electron-transfer reaction. We advocate the view that breaking ergodicity, leading to violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT), is how proteins achieve high reaction rates without sacrificing the reaction free energy. Here we show that a significant level of nonergodicity, represented by a large extent of the configurational temperature over the kinetic temperature, is maintained in the entire physiological range for the cytochrome c electron transfer protein. The protein returns to the state consistent with the FDT below the crossover temperature close to the temperature of the protein glass transition. This crossover leads to a sharp increase in the activation barrier of electron transfer and is displayed by a kink in the Arrhenius plot for the reaction rate constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Seyedi
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences , Arizona State University , P.O. Box 871504, Tempe , Arizona 85287-1504 , United States
| | - Dmitry V Matyushov
- Department of Physics and School of Molecular Sciences , Arizona State University , P.O. Box 871504, Tempe , Arizona 85287-1504 , United States
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17
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Wang F, Li G, Zheng J, Ma J, Yang C, Wang Q. Hydrothermal synthesis of flower-like molybdenum disulfide microspheres and their application in electrochemical supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38945-38954. [PMID: 35558308 PMCID: PMC9090781 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional flower-like molybdenum disulfide microspheres composed of nanosheets were prepared by a hydrothermal method using ammonium molybdate as the molybdenum source and thiourea as the sulfur source. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical properties of MoS2 electrode were studied by performing cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). When used as an electrode material for supercapacitor, the hybrid MoS2 showed a high specific capacity of 518.7 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and 275 F g−1 at a high discharge current density of 10 A g−1. In addition, a symmetric supercapacitor composed of MoS2 as positive and negative electrodes was prepared, which exhibited a high energy density of 12.46 W h kg−1 at a power density of 70 W kg−1 and still maintains an impressive energy density of 6.42 W h kg−1 at a large power density of 7000 W kg−1. The outstanding performance of the MoS2 electrode material indicates its great potential for applications in high-performance energy storage systems. Three-dimensional flower-like molybdenum disulfide microspheres composed of nanosheets were prepared by a hydrothermal method using ammonium molybdate as the molybdenum source and thiourea as the sulfur source.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
| | - Guifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
| | - Jinfeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
| | - Caixia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
| | - Qizhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials
- Ministry of Education of China
- Key Laboratory of Gansu Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
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18
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Abstract
Extensive simulations of cytochrome c in solution are performed to address the apparent contradiction between large reorganization energies of protein electron transfer typically reported by atomistic simulations and much smaller values produced by protein electrochemistry. The two sets of data are reconciled by deriving the activation barrier for electrochemical reaction in terms of an effective reorganization energy composed of half the Stokes shift (characterizing the medium polarization in response to electron transfer) and the variance reorganization energy (characterizing the breadth of electrostatic fluctuations). This effective reorganization energy is much smaller than each of the two components contributing to it and is fully consistent with electrochemical measurements. Calculations in the range of temperatures between 280 and 360 K combine long, classical molecular dynamics simulations with quantum calculations of the protein active site. The results agree with the Arrhenius plots for the reaction rates and with cyclic voltammetry of cytochrome c immobilized on self-assembled monolayers. Small effective reorganization energy, and the resulting small activation barrier, is a general phenomenology of protein electron transfer allowing fast electron transport within biological energy chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman S Seyedi
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University , P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, United States
| | - Morteza M Waskasi
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Dmitry V Matyushov
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University , P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1504, United States.,School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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19
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Gunawan CA, Nam EV, Marquis CP, Gooding JJ, Thordarson P, Zhao C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Cytochrome
c
Peroxidase through the Orientation‐Controlled Immobilisation of Cytochrome
c. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina V. Nam
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Christopher P. Marquis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
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Dai Y, Proshlyakov DA, Swain GM. Effects of Film Morphology and Surface Chemistry on the Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c at Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2016; 197:129-138. [PMID: 27103750 PMCID: PMC4834903 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of film morphology and surface termination on the direct electron transfer of horse heart cytochrome c on boron-doped ultrananocrystalline (B-UNCD) and microcrystalline (B-MCD) diamond thin-film electrodes were investigated. Quasi-reversible, diffusion-controlled cyclic voltammetric responses were observed on oxygen-terminated (atomic O/C ~0.015), but not hydrogen-terminated (atomic O/C ~0.02) diamond thin films. The effect of the surface termination was the same for both the nanostructured B-UNCD film with sp2-bonded carbon atoms in the grain boundaries and the well faceted B-MCD film with micron-sized grains and largely devoid of sp2 carbon. Stable cyclic voltammetric i-E curves were recorded with cycling for both oxygen-terminated films indicating the absence of protein denaturation and electrode fouling. The peak currents increased linearly with the square root of the scan rate and the protein concentration; both indicative of a reaction rate limited by semi-infinite linear diffusion of the protein. Similar heterogeneous electron-transfer rate constants were observed for oxygen-terminated B-UNCD (3.48 (± 1.25) × 10-3 cm/s) and B-MCD films (2.38 (± 0.72) × 10-3 cm/s). The results clearly reveal that the oxygen-terminated surface is more active for electron-transfer with this soluble redox protein than is the hydrogen-terminated surface. The film morphology does not influence the diffusion-controlled response of the redox protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Greg M. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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21
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Guo B, Hu Z, An Y, An N, Jia P, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li Z. Nitrogen-doped heterostructure carbon functionalized by electroactive organic molecules for asymmetric supercapacitors with high energy density. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07923g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic molecules (TCBQ, AQ) with multi-electron redox center are selected to modify nitrogen-doped heterostructure carbon (NHC) by noncovalent interaction and the electrode materials show good performances and potential self-matching behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Zhongai Hu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Yufeng An
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Pengfei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Yadi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Yuying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
| | - Zhimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- Lanzhou
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22
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Sepunaru L, Refaely-Abramson S, Lovrinčić R, Gavrilov Y, Agrawal P, Levy Y, Kronik L, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Electronic Transport via Homopeptides: The Role of Side Chains and Secondary Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9617-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Sivan Refaely-Abramson
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Robert Lovrinčić
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yulian Gavrilov
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Piyush Agrawal
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Israel Pecht
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, ‡Department of Organic
Chemistry, §Department of Structural
Biology, and ∥Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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23
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Fapyane D, Kartashov A, von Wachenfeldt C, Ferapontova EE. Gated electron transfer reactions of truncated hemoglobin from Bacillus subtilis differently orientated on SAM-modified electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15365-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer in truncated hemoglobin depends on the SAMs it is attached to demonstrating a new type of electronic responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deby Fapyane
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Science and Technology
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Andrey Kartashov
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Science and Technology
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | | | - Elena E. Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Science and Technology
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
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24
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Nishizawa S, Asakura N. Intramolecular Electron Transfer of [Ni–Fe]-Hydrogenase Monitored by Spectroelectrochemistry with a Porphyrin Indicator. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.131064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaw Nishizawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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25
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Capdevila DA, Marmisollé WA, Williams FJ, Murgida DH. Phosphate mediated adsorption and electron transfer of cytochrome c. A time-resolved SERR spectroelectrochemical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5386-94. [PMID: 23000972 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of proteins immobilized on biomimetic or biocompatible electrodes represents an active field of research as it pursues both fundamental and technological interests. In this context, adsorption and redox properties of cytochrome c (Cyt) on different electrode surfaces have been extensively reported, although in some cases with contradictory results. Here we report a SERR spectroelectrochemical study of the adsorption and electron transfer behaviour of the basic protein Cyt on electrodes coated with amino-terminated monolayers. The obtained results show that inorganic phosphate (Pi) and ATP anions are able to mediate high affinity binding of the protein with preservation of the native structure and rendering an average orientation that guarantees efficient pathways for direct electron transfer. These findings aid the design of Cyt-based bioelectronic devices and understanding the modulation by Pi and ATP of physiological functions of Cyt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana A Capdevila
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física and INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Zhang T, He Y, Wei J, Que L. Nanostructured optical microchips for cancer biomarker detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:382-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Ranieri A, Bernini F, Bortolotti CA, Bonifacio A, Sergo V, Castellini E. pH-Dependent peroxidase activity of yeast cytochrome c and its triple mutant adsorbed on kaolinite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10683-10690. [PMID: 21776978 DOI: 10.1021/la201876k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidase activity of wild-type yeast cytochrome c and its triple mutant K72AK73AK79A adsorbed onto kaolinite was investigated as a function of pH and temperature. Both adsorbed proteins displayed an appreciable catalytic activity, which remained constant from pH 7 to pH 10, decreased below pH 7, and showed a remarkable increase at pH values lower than 4. In the whole pH range investigated the catalytic activity of the adsorbed wild-type cytochrome c was higher than that of the mutant. Both diffuse-reflectance UV-vis and resonance Raman spectroscopies applied on solid samples were used to probe the structural features responsible for the catalytic activity of the immobilized proteins. At neutral and alkaline pH values a six-coordinate low-spin form of cytochrome c was observed, while at pH < 7 the formation of a high-spin species occurred whose population increased at decreasing pH. The orientation and exposure of the heme to the substrate-strictly dependent on adsorption-was found to affect the peroxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ranieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, I-41125 Modena, Italy
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28
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Khoa Ly H, Wisitruangsakul N, Sezer M, Feng JJ, Kranich A, Weidinger IM, Zebger I, Murgida DH, Hildebrandt P. Electric-field effects on the interfacial electron transfer and protein dynamics of cytochrome c. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Ly HK, Sezer M, Wisitruangsakul N, Feng JJ, Kranich A, Millo D, Weidinger IM, Zebger I, Murgida DH, Hildebrandt P. Surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy for probing transient interactions of proteins with biomimetic interfaces: electric field effects on structure, dynamics and function of cytochrome c. FEBS J 2011; 278:1382-90. [PMID: 21352495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most of the biochemical and biophysical processes of proteins take place at membranes, and are thus under the influence of strong local electric fields, which are likely to affect the structure as well as the reaction mechanism and dynamics. To analyse such electric field effects, biomimetic interfaces may be employed that consist of membrane models deposited on nanostructured metal electrodes. For such devices, surface-enhanced resonance Raman and IR absorption spectroscopy are powerful techniques to disentangle the complex interfacial processes of proteins in terms of rotational diffusion, electron transfer, and protein and cofactor structural changes. The present article reviews the results obtained for the haem protein cytochrome c, which is widely used as a model protein for studying the various reaction steps of interfacial redox processes in general. In addition, it is shown that electric field effects may be functional for the natural redox processes of cytochrome c in the respiratory chain, as well as for the switch from the redox to the peroxidase function, one of the key events preceding apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Khoa Ly
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Waldeck DH, Khoshtariya DE. Fundamental Studies of Long- and Short-Range Electron Exchange Mechanisms between Electrodes and Proteins. MODERN ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0347-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Molinas MF, De Candia A, Szajnman SH, Rodríguez JB, Martí M, Pereira M, Teixeira M, Todorovic S, Murgida DH. Electron transfer dynamics of Rhodothermus marinus caa3 cytochrome c domains on biomimetic films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:18088-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21925a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Ly HK, Marti MA, Martin DF, Alvarez-Paggi D, Meister W, Kranich A, Weidinger IM, Hildebrandt P, Murgida DH. Thermal Fluctuations Determine the Electron-Transfer Rates of Cytochrome c in Electrostatic and Covalent Complexes. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1225-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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33
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34
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Mai Z, Zhao X, Dai Z, Zou X. Direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin adsorbed on self-assembled monolayers with different head groups or chain length. Talanta 2010; 81:167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Georg S, Kabuss J, Weidinger IM, Murgida DH, Hildebrandt P, Knorr A, Richter M. Distance-dependent electron transfer rate of immobilized redox proteins: a statistical physics approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:046101. [PMID: 20481780 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.046101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The electron transfer kinetics of redox proteins adsorbed on metal electrodes coated with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of mercaptanes shows an unusual distance-dependence. For thick SAMs, the experimentally measured electron transfer rate constant k{exp} obeys the behavior predicted by Marcus theory [R. A. Marcus and N. Sutin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 811, 265 (1985)], whereas for thin SAMs, k{exp} remains virtually constant [Z. Q. Feng, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 93, 1367 (1997)]. In this work, we present a simple theoretical model system for the redox protein cytochrome c electrostatically bound to a SAM-coated electrode. A statistical average of the electron tunneling rate is calculated by accounting for all possible orientations of the model protein. This approach, which takes into account the electric field dependent orientational distribution, allows for a satisfactory description of the "saturation" regime in the high electric field limit. It further predicts a nonexponential behavior of the average electron transfer processes that may be experimentally checked by extending kinetic experiments to shorter sampling times, i.e., 1/k{exp}. For a comprehensive description of the overall kinetics in the saturation regime at sampling times of the order of <<1/k{exp}, it is essential to consider the dynamics of protein reorientation, which is not implemented in the present model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Georg
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Chi Q, Zhang J, Arslan T, Borg L, Pedersen GW, Christensen HEM, Nazmudtinov RR, Ulstrup J. Approach to Interfacial and Intramolecular Electron Transfer of the Diheme Protein Cytochrome c4 Assembled on Au(111) Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:5617-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1007208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qijin Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano•DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, and Kazan State Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Nano•DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, and Kazan State Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Taner Arslan
- Department of Chemistry and Nano•DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, and Kazan State Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Lotte Borg
- Department of Chemistry and Nano•DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, and Kazan State Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Gert W. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano•DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, and Kazan State Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Hans E. M. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Nano•DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, and Kazan State Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Renat R. Nazmudtinov
- Department of Chemistry and Nano•DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, and Kazan State Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry and Nano•DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, and Kazan State Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
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37
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Esplandiu MJ, Pacios M, Cyganek L, Bartroli J, del Valle M. Enhancing the electrochemical response of myoglobin with carbon nanotube electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:355502. [PMID: 19671979 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/35/355502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the electrochemical behavior of different myoglobin-modified carbon electrodes is evaluated. In particular, the performance of voltammetric biosensors made of forest-like carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube composites and graphite composites is compared by monitoring mainly the electrocatalytic reduction of H(2)O(2) by myoglobin and their corresponding electroanalytical characteristics. Graphite composites showed the worst electroanalytical performance, exhibiting a small linear range, a limit of detection (LOD) of 9 x 10(-5) M and low sensitivity. However, it was found that the electrochemical response was enhanced with the use of carbon nanotube-based electrodes with LOD up to 5 x 10(-8) M, higher sensitivities and wider linear range response. On the one hand, in the case of the CNT epoxy composite, the improvement in the response can be mainly attributed to its more porous surface which allows the immobilization of higher amounts of the electroactive protein. On the other hand, in the case of the forest-like CNT electrodes, the enhancement is due to an increase in the electron transfer kinetics. These findings encourage the use of myoglobin-modified carbon nanotube electrodes as potential (bio)sensors of H(2)O(2) or O(2) in biology, microbiology and environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Esplandiu
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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38
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Gooding JJ, Lai LMH, Goon IY. Nanostructured Electrodes with Unique Properties for Biological and other Applications. CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627059.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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39
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Zuo P, Albrecht T, Barker PD, Murgida DH, Hildebrandt P. Interfacial redox processes of cytochrome b562. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7430-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b904926f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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40
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Davis KL, Waldeck DH. Effect of Deuterium Substitution on Electron Transfer at Cytochrome c/SAM Interfaces. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:12498-507. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803006b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
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41
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Zhang J, Kuznetsov AM, Medvedev IG, Chi Q, Albrecht T, Jensen PS, Ulstrup J. Single-Molecule Electron Transfer in Electrochemical Environments. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2737-91. [PMID: 18620372 DOI: 10.1021/cr068073+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Léger C, Bertrand P. Direct Electrochemistry of Redox Enzymes as a Tool for Mechanistic Studies. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2379-438. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0680742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Electron Tunneling through Pseudomonas aeruginosa Azurins on SAM Gold Electrodes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2008; 361:1095-1099. [PMID: 19262679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Robust voltammetric responses were obtained for wild-type and Y72F/H83Q/Q107H/Y108F azurins adsorbed on CH(3)(CH(2))(n)SH:HO(CH(2))(m)SH (n=m=4,6,8,11; n=13,15 m=11) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) gold electrodes in acidic solution (pH 4.6) at high ionic strengths. Electron-transfer (ET) rates do not vary substantially with ionic strength, suggesting that the SAM methyl headgroup binds to azurin by hydrophobic interactions. The voltammetric responses for both proteins at higher pH values (>4.6 to 11) also were strong. A binding model in which the SAM hydroxyl headgroup interacts with the Asn47 carboxamide accounts for the relatively strong coupling to the copper center that can be inferred from the ET rates. Of particular interest is the finding that rate constants for electron tunneling through n = 8, 13 SAMs are higher at pH 11 than those at pH 4.6, possibly owing to enhanced coupling of the SAM to Asn 47 caused by deprotonation of nearby surface residues.
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44
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Takahashi I, Inomata T, Funahashi Y, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Electron-Transfer Reactions through the Associated Interaction between Cytochromec and Self-Assembled Monolayers of Optically Active Cobalt(III) Complexes: Molecular Recognition Ability Induced by the Chirality of the Cobalt(III) Units. Chemistry 2007; 13:8007-17. [PMID: 17616958 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of optically active Co(III) complexes ((S)-2/(R)-2) that contain (S)- or (R)-phenylalanine derivatives as a molecular recognition site were constructed on Au electrodes ((S)-2-Au/(R)-2-Au). Molecular recognition characteristics induced by the S and R configurations were investigated by measurements of electron-transfer reactions with horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c). The electrochemical studies indicate that the maximum current of cyt c reduction is obtained when the Au electrode is modified by 2 with a moderate coverage of approximately 4.0 x 10(-11) mol cm(-2). Since the Au electrode is not densely packed with the Co(III) units at this concentration, we conclude that the penetrative association process between cyt c and the Co(III) unit plays an important role in this electron-transfer system. The differences in the electron-transfer rates of (S)-2-Au and (R)-2-Au increase with increasing scan rates, a result indicating that the chiral ligand has an influence on the rate of association of the complexes with cyt c. 3-Au has a mixed monolayer composed of 2 and hexanethiol and exhibits electron-transfer behavior comparable to 2-Au. The difference in the association rates of (S)-3-Au and (R)-3-Au is larger than that between (S)-2-Au and (R)-2-Au, which indicates that the molecular recognition ability of 3-Au has been enhanced by filling the gap between molecules of 2 with hexanethiols. The differences in the oxidation rates of cyt c(II) between (S)-2-Au and (R)-2-Au and between (S)-3-Au and (R)-3-Au were larger than the differences in the rates of the reduction of cyt c(III); this suggests that the size of the heme crevice varies according to the oxidation state of cyt c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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45
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Bernad S, Leygue N, Korri-Youssoufi H, Lecomte S. Kinetics of the electron transfer reaction of Cytochrome c 552 adsorbed on biomimetic electrode studied by time-resolved surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy and electrochemistry. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2007; 36:1039-48. [PMID: 17549469 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-007-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (552) (Cyt-c (552)) and its redox partner ba ( 3 )-oxidase from Thermus thermophilus possess structural differences compared with Horse heart cytochrome c (cyt-c)/cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) system, where the recognition between partners and the electron transfer (ET) process is initiated via electrostatic interactions. We demonstrated in a previous study by surface-enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) spectroscopy that roughened silver electrodes coated with uncharged mixed self-assembled monolayers HS-(CH(2))( n )-CH(3)/HS-(CH(2))( n + 1)-OH 50/50, n = 5, 10 or 15, was a good model to mimic the Cyt-c (552) redox partner. All the adsorbed molecules are well oriented on such biomimetic electrodes and transfer one electron during the redox process. The present work focuses on the kinetic part of the heterogeneous ET process of Cyt-c (552) adsorbed onto electrodes coated with such mixed SAMs of different alkyl chain length. For that purpose, two complementary methods were combined. Firstly cyclic voltammetry shows that the ET between the adsorbed Cyt-c (552) and the biomimetic electrode is direct and reversible. Furthermore, it allows the estimation of both the density surface coverage of adsorbed Cyt-c (552) and the kinetic constants values. Secondly, time-resolved SERR (TR-SERR) spectroscopy showed that the ET process occurs without conformational change of the Cyt-c (552) heme group and allows the determination of kinetic constants. Results show that the kinetic constant values obtained by TR-SERR spectroscopy could be compared to those obtained from cyclic voltammetry. They are estimated at 200, 150 and 40 s(-1) for the ET of Cyt-c (552) adsorbed onto electrodes coated with mixed SAMs HS-(CH(2))( n )-CH(3)/HS-(CH(2))( n + 1)-OH 50/50, n = 5, 10 or 15, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bernad
- LADIR, CNRS/UPMC (UMR 7075), 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320, Thiais, France
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Liu G, Gooding JJ. An interface comprising molecular wires and poly(ethylene glycol) spacer units self-assembled on carbon electrodes for studies of protein electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:7421-30. [PMID: 16893248 DOI: 10.1021/la0607510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The characterization and application of a modified electrode interface for protein electrochemistry is reported. This generic interface is composed of a mixed monolayer of oligo(phenylethynylene) molecular wires (MWs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) deposited on glassy carbon electrodes by reductive adsorption of the respective aryl diazonium salts. Electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the PEG component exhibits a distinct decrease in nonspecific adsorption of blood serum and the proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) relative to a bare glassy carbon electrode. The ability of the MWs to facilitate efficient electron transfer through the PEG layer to the underlying electrode was demonstrated by covalently attaching ferrocenemethylamine to the end of the MWs. The calculated rate constant for this system was 229 +/- 30 s(-1). Covalent attachment of HRP to the MWs allowed direct electron transfer to the redox protein with almost ideal electrochemistry, indicating a specific interaction between the MW and HRP, with a rate constant of 13.4 +/- 2.3 s(-1). This rate constant is more rapid than previously reported for HRP shown to still be catalytically active. Retained catalytic activity of HRP was demonstrated by the enzyme responding to the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Similarly, by attaching myoglobin to the end of the MWs, a rate constant for this protein of 2 s(-1) was measured. The rigidity of the MWs, as well as it being longer than the PEG diluent, means this generic interface can be employed to investigate the electrochemistry of a wide range of redox proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Liu
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Monolayers, Langmuir-Blodgett films of carbon nanotubes-cytochrome c conjugates and electrochemistry. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Murgida DH, Hildebrandt P. Redox and redox-coupled processes of heme proteins and enzymes at electrochemical interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:3773-84. [PMID: 16358026 DOI: 10.1039/b507989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modern bioelectrochemical methods rely upon the immobilisation of redox proteins and enzymes on electrodes coated with biocompatible materials to prevent denaturation. However, even when protein denaturation is effectively avoided, heterogeneous protein electron transfer is often coupled to non-Faradaic processes like reorientation, conformational transitions or acid-base equilibria. Disentangling these processes requires methods capable of probing simultaneously the structure and reaction dynamics of the adsorbed species. Here we provide an overview of the recent developments in Raman and infrared surface-enhanced spectroelectrochemical techniques applied to the study of soluble and membrane bound redox heme proteins and enzymes. Possible biological implications of the findings are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Murgida
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany.
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Borgmann S, Hartwich G, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Amperometric Enzyme Sensors based on Direct and Mediated Electron Transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-0069(05)01017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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