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Molecular Tailoring Approach for the Estimation of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond Energy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102928. [PMID: 34069140 PMCID: PMC8155843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen bonds (HBs) play a crucial role in many physicochemical and biological processes. Theoretical methods can reliably estimate the intermolecular HB energies. However, the methods for the quantification of intramolecular HB (IHB) energy available in the literature are mostly empirical or indirect and limited only to evaluating the energy of a single HB. During the past decade, the authors have developed a direct procedure for the IHB energy estimation based on the molecular tailoring approach (MTA), a fragmentation method. This MTA-based method can yield a reliable estimate of individual IHB energy in a system containing multiple H-bonds. After explaining and illustrating the methodology of MTA, we present its use for the IHB energy estimation in molecules and clusters. We also discuss the use of this method by other researchers as a standard, state-of-the-art method for estimating IHB energy as well as those of other noncovalent interactions.
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Wolf ME, Turney JM, Schaefer HF. High level ab initio investigation of the catalytic effect of water on formic acid decomposition and isomerization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25638-25651. [PMID: 33146170 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03796f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) is a ubiquitous molecule found in the atmosphere, and is relevant to many important processes. The FA molecule generally exists as the trans isomer, which can decompose into H2O and CO (dehydration). It can also exist in the less favorable cis isomer which can decompose into H2 and CO2 (decarboxylation). Our work examines the complexes formed between each isomer of FA with water. We present geometries and vibrational frequencies obtained at the reliable CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory for seven FAwater complexes. We utilize the focal point method to determine CCSDT(Q)/CBS plus corrections binding energies of 7.37, 3.36, and 2.02 kcal mol-1 plus 6.07, 3.79, 2.60, and 2.55 kcal mol-1 for the trans-FAwater and cis-FAwater complexes, respectively. Natural bond orbital analysis is used to further decompose the interactions in each complex and gain insight into their relative strengths. Furthermore, we examine the effect that a single water molecule has on the barrier heights to each decomposition pathway by optimizing the transition states and verifying their connectivity with intrinsic reaction coordinate computations as well as utilizing a kinetic model. Water lowers the barrier to dehydration by at most 15.78 kcal mol-1 and the barrier to decarboxylation by up to 15.90 kcal mol-1. Our research also examines for the first time the effect of one water molecule on the interconversion barrier and we find that the barrier from trans to cis is not catalyzed by water due to the strong FA and water interactions. Our results highlight some instances where different binary complexes result in different decomposition pathways and even a case where one binary complex can form the same decomposition products via two distinct mechanisms. Our results provide a reliable benchmark of the FAH2O system as well as provide insight into future studies of similar atmospheric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Wolf
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Raynor S, Song HH. A Cyclic Periodic Wave Function Approach for the Study of Infinitely Periodic Solid-State Systems. I. Application to the C-H···π(C≡C) Hydrogen Bonding Systems. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27546-27555. [PMID: 33134718 PMCID: PMC7594129 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic periodic wave function (CPWF) approach is applied at the AM1 and PM3 semiempirical levels of approximation to infinitely periodic solid-state systems stabilized by weak CH-pi (C-H···π) interactions between repeat units. The reliability of the AM1 and PM3 methods for modeling C-H···π bonding is first demonstrated using two representative dimer systems: the T-shaped ethyne dimer and the T-shaped propyne dimer. The CPWF method is then applied to two different crystal systems that are stabilized by C-H···π interactions: (1) pent-4-ynoic acid solid and (2) a series of three infinite crystal systems-tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl)methane solid, tetraethynylmethane solid, and tetrabutadiynylmethane solid. A comparison of our results with available data demonstrates that the use of the CPWF approach at the AM1 and PM3 levels of approximation provides a convenient and reliable method for the study of infinitely periodic systems containing very weak C-H···π bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Raynor
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers
University—Newark, The State University
of New Jersey, 73 Warren
Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Duarte L, Rekola I, Khriachtchev L. Complex between Formic Acid and Nitrous Oxide: A Matrix-Isolation and Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8728-8737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iiris Rekola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leonid Khriachtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Li Y, Samet C. Polymer Soft-Landing Isolation of Acetylene on Polystyrene and Poly(vinylpyridine): A Novel Approach to Probing Hydrogen Bonding in Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12336-44. [PMID: 26317266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded complexes of acetylene (Ac) with the polymers polystyrene (PS), poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP), and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) have been characterized for the first time at 16 K in a "polymer soft-landing isolation" experiment which is being pioneered in our research laboratory. In particular, changes in vibrational modes of Ac provide ample evidence for hydrogen-bonded complexes between Ac and the phenyl groups of PS or the pyridyl groups of P4VP and P2VP. With PS, the proton on the top Ac molecule of the classic T-shaped Ac dimer interacts with the π cloud of the benzene (Bz) ring to form a C-H---π interaction, while the π cloud of the lower Ac forms a second C-H---π interaction with a proton on the Bz ring. An analogous (ring)1-(Ac)2 double interaction occurs between an Ac dimer and the pyridine (Pyr) rings on both P2VP and P4VP, yielding a C-H---N and C-H---π interaction. With P4VP and P2VP a second bridged (ring)2-(Ac)2 product is formed, with the Ac dimer forming nearly collinear C-H---N hydrogen bonds to adjacent Pyr rings. On P2VP this bridged product is the only one after extensive annealing. These complexes in which Ac acts as both proton donor and acceptor have not previously been observed in conventional matrix isolation experiments. This study is the second from our laboratory employing this method, which represents a slight modification of the traditional matrix isolation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Li
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College , Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013, United States
| | - Cindy Samet
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College , Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013, United States
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Lifschitz AM, Rodgers JM, Samet C. Matrix and Polymer Soft-Landing Isolation of Selected Acids with Pyridine and Poly(4-vinylpyridine): A Comparative Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Hydrogen Bonding. J Phys Chem B 2011; 116:211-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2080012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejo M. Lifschitz
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013, United States
| | - Cindy Samet
- Department of Chemistry, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013, United States
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Palgunadi J, Indarto A. RETRACTED: Room temperature ionic liquids for propyne–propylene separations: Solubility behaviors and selectivity investigation. Chem Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Metzelthin A, Sánchez-García E, Birer Ö, Schwaab G, Thiel W, Sander W, Havenith M. Acetylene⋅⋅⋅Furan Trimer Formation at 0.37 K as a Model for Ultracold Aggregation of Non- and Weakly Polar Molecules. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:2009-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Interaction of brassinolide with essential amino acid residues: A theoretical approach. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 28:604-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Deshmukh MM, Gadre SR. Estimation of N-H...O=C intramolecular hydrogen bond energy in polypeptides. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7927-32. [PMID: 19496581 DOI: 10.1021/jp9031207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The previously proposed molecular tailoring approached (MTA) [Deshmukh, M. M.; Gadre, S. R.; Bartolotti, L. J. J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 12519] for the estimation of intramolecular O-H...O hydrogen bond energy is extended to that for the N-H...O=C bond within polypeptides. The methodology is initially tested on a tetrapeptide containing two types of N-H...O=C hydrogen bonds and is found to distinguish between them. The estimated values are in good agreement with the trends predicted by the geometrical parameters. Furthermore, this methodology is applied to partially as well as fully substituted, capped polyglycines that contain five glycine residues (acetyl-(gly)(5)-NH(2)) to check the effect of substituents on the energetics of hydrogen bonds. The estimated N-H...O=C bond energy values lie in the range of 4-6 kcal/mol. These estimated values are not only in concurrence with the geometric parameters but also able to reflect the subtle effects of substituents for the substituted polypeptides studied in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind M Deshmukh
- Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, V. N. Purav Marg, Mankhurd, Mumbai-400 088, India.
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Rodríguez-Linares D, Codorniu-Hernández E, Velez-Ortíz E, Murillo-López JA, Villegas-Bolaños PA, Quijano-Tobón J. Theoretical study on the thermolysis of methyl-3-hydroxypropanoate in m-xylene solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mardyukov A, Sánchez-García E, Sander W. Matrix Isolation and Ab Initio Study of the Noncovalent Complexes between Formamide and Acetylene. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1086-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp806675n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mardyukov
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Elsa Sánchez-García
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Morera-Boado C, Alonso-Becerra E, González-Jonte R, Montero-Cabrera LA, García-de-la-Vega JM. A theoretical approach to the solvation of brassinosteroids. J Mol Graph Model 2009; 27:600-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nishio M, Umezawa Y, Honda K, Tsuboyama S, Suezawa H. CH/π hydrogen bonds in organic and organometallic chemistry. CrystEngComm 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b902318f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Codorniu-Hernández E, Boese AD, Schauerte C, Rolo-Naranjo A, Miranda-Quintana R, Montero-Cabrera LA, Boese R. MMH-2 as a new approach for the prediction of intermolecular interactions: the crystal packing of acetamide. CrystEngComm 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b905779j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sánchez-García E, Mardyukov A, Tekin A, Crespo-Otero R, Montero LA, Sander W, Jansen G. Ab initio and matrix isolation study of the acetylene–furan dimer. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mardyukov A, Sanchez-Garcia E, Rodziewicz P, Doltsinis NL, Sander W. Formamide Dimers: A Computational and Matrix Isolation Study. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:10552-61. [PMID: 17887658 DOI: 10.1021/jp074927y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dimerization of formamide (FMA) has been investigated by matrix isolation spectroscopy, static ab initio calculations, and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Comparison of the experimental matrix IR spectra with the ab initio calculations reveals that two types of dimers A and C are predominantly formed, with two and one strong NH...O hydrogen bonds, respectively. This is in accordance with previously published experiments. In addition, there is also experimental evidence for the formation of the thermally labile dimer B after deposition of high concentrations of FMA in solid xenon. The AIMD simulations of the aggregation process show that in all cases dimer C is initially formed, but rearrangement to the more stable doubly hydrogen-bonded structures A or B occurs for a fraction of collisions on the sub-picosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mardyukov
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II and Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum
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Exploring the potential energy surfaces of association of NO with aminoacids and related organic functional groups: the role of entropy of association. Theor Chem Acc 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-007-0346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Deshmukh MM, Gadre SR, Bartolotti LJ. Estimation of intramolecular hydrogen bond energy via molecular tailoring approach. J Phys Chem A 2007; 110:12519-23. [PMID: 17091958 DOI: 10.1021/jp065836o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel method, based on the molecular tailoring approach for estimating intramolecular hydrogen bond energies, is proposed. Here, as a case study, the O-H...O bond energy is directly estimated by addition/subtraction of the single point individual fragment energies. This method is tested on polyhydroxy molecules at MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory. It is seen to be able to distinguish between weak ( approximately 1 kcal mol(-1)) and moderately strong ( approximately 5 kcal mol(-1)) hydrogen bonds in polyhydroxy molecules.
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Sánchez-García E, Mardyukov A, Studentkowski M, Montero LA, Sander W. Furan−Formic Acid Dimers: An ab Initio and Matrix Isolation Study. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:13775-85. [PMID: 17181334 DOI: 10.1021/jp065064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The dimers formed by formic acid (FA) and furan are investigated by ab initio methods and matrix isolation spectroscopy. Nine complexes with binding energies between -3.91 and -0.82 kcal/mol (MP2/6-311++G(d,p) + ZPE + BSSE) are identified. Another five weaker bound complexes are localized at lower level of theory only. The binding in the furan-FA dimers can be described in terms of OH...O, C=O...H, HO...H, CH...O, OH...pi, and CH...pi interactions. Therefore, the furan-FA complexes are classified in two types: (1) the dimers where the OH hydrogen of formic acid interacts with the furan molecule and (2) the dimers where the main interactions of FA with the furan molecule are via the less acidic CH hydrogen. Duning's and Pople's triple and double basis sets were used to study the dependence of the geometries and energies of the complexes from the basis set. BSSE (basis set superposition error) counterpoise corrections (CP) were included during the geometry optimizations of all dimers at the MP2/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Matrix isolation spectroscopy allowed us to record the IR spectrum of aggregates between FA and furan. By comparison of the experimental IR spectrum with calculated IR spectra of a variety of complexes, it was possible to identify the most stable furan-FA dimer as the major product of the aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sánchez-García
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Sánchez-García E, Montero LA, Sander W. Computational Study of Noncovalent Complexes between Formamide and Formic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:12613-22. [PMID: 17107112 DOI: 10.1021/jp0553636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The geometries and binding energies of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 formic acid-formamide complexes (FA-FMA) are calculated by quantum chemical procedures. Vibrational spectra and intermolecular distances of the most stable FA-FMA dimers as well as the influence of the basis set superposition error (BSSE) on the geometries and energies of the dimers are also discussed. All FA-FMA dimers are optimized at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ, the MP2/cc-pVDZ, aug-cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ, and aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory to study the influence of the level of theory on the calculated geometries and energies. CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ single-point calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ-optimized geometries were performed as reference for estimating the quality of lower level calculations. These calculations allow us to qualitatively describe the competition between different types of hydrogen-bonding interactions in FA-FMA complexes. FA-FMA dimers are compared to other formamide complexes and to the FA-FMA crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sánchez-García
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany, and Laboratorio de Química Computacional y Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Habana, 10400, Cuba
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Roy D, Sunoj RB. Quantification of Intramolecular Nonbonding Interactions in Organochalcogens. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5942-7. [PMID: 16640393 DOI: 10.1021/jp060218t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular nonbonding interactions between chalcogen atoms in a series of ortho substituted arylselenides (S/O...Se-Y, with Y = -Me, -CN, -Cl, and -F) are quantified using the coupled cluster CCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ level of theory. A homodesmic reaction method as well as an ortho-para approach are employed in evaluating the strength of intramolecular interactions. Comparison of the results obtained using the ab initio MP2 method and pure and hybrid density functional theories are performed with that of the coupled cluster values to assess the quality of different density functionals in evaluating the strength of nonbonding interactions. The interaction energies are found to be higher when the thioformyl group acts as the donor and the Se-F bond acts as the acceptor. In a given series with the same donor atom, the strength of the interaction follows the order Me < CN < Cl < F, exhibiting fairly high sensitivity to the group attached to selenium (Se-Y). Analysis of electron density at the S/O...Se bond critical point within the Atoms in Molecule framework shows a very good correlation with the computed intramolecular interaction energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai
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Sánchez-García E, Studentkowski M, Montero LA, Sander W. Noncovalent Complexes between Dimethyl Ether and Formic Acid-An Ab Initio and Matrix Isolation Study. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:618-24. [PMID: 15881577 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200400430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The complexes formed by noncovalent interactions between formic acid and dimethyl ether are investigated by ab initio methods and characterized by matrix isolation spectroscopy. Six complexes with binding energies between -2.26 and -7.97 kcal mol(-1) (MP2/cc-pVTZ+zero point vibrational energy+basis set superposition erros) are identified. The two strongest bound complexes are, within a range of 0.3 kcal mol(-1), isoenergetic. The binding in these six dimers can be described in terms of OH...O, C=O...H, C-O...H and CH...O interactions. Matrix isolation spectroscopy allowed to characterize the two strongest bound complexes by their infrared spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sánchez-García
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum (Germany)
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