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Shaik S, Danovich D, Hiberty PC. Valence Bond Theory-Its Birth, Struggles with Molecular Orbital Theory, Its Present State and Future Prospects. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061624. [PMID: 33804038 PMCID: PMC8001733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This essay describes the successive births of valence bond (VB) theory during 1916–1931. The alternative molecular orbital (MO) theory was born in the late 1920s. The presence of two seemingly different descriptions of molecules by the two theories led to struggles between the main proponents, Linus Pauling and Robert Mulliken, and their supporters. Until the 1950s, VB theory was dominant, and then it was eclipsed by MO theory. The struggles will be discussed, as well as the new dawn of VB theory, and its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (P.C.H.)
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (P.C.H.)
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2
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Shaik S. Stories of My Journeys Through Valence Bond Theory, DFT, MD and their Applications to Complex Objects. Isr J Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram 91904 Jerusalem Israel
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3
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Chen Z, Wu W. Ab initio valence bond theory: A brief history, recent developments, and near future. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:090902. [PMID: 32891101 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This Perspective presents a survey of several issues in ab initio valence bond (VB) theory with a primary focus on recent advances made by the Xiamen VB group, including a brief review of the earlier history of the ab initio VB methods, in-depth discussion of algorithms for nonorthogonal orbital optimization in the VB self-consistent field method and VB methods incorporating dynamic electron correlation, along with a concise overview of VB methods for complex systems and VB models for chemical bonding and reactivity, and an outlook of opportunities and challenges for the near future of the VB theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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4
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Zhang H, Zhou C, Mo Y, Wu W. Performance of the VBSCF method for pericyclic and π bond shift reactions. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:1123-1129. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chen Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of Chemistry; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo Michigan 49008 USA
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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Chen Z, Chen X, Ying F, Gu J, Zhang H, Wu W. Nonorthogonal orbital based n-body reduced density matrices and their applications to valence bond theory. III. Second-order perturbation theory using valence bond self-consistent field function as reference. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:134118. [PMID: 25296795 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the formulas and techniques developed in Papers I and II of this series, the recently developed second-order perturbation theory based on a valence bond self-consistent field reference function (VBPT2) has been extended by using the internally contracted correction wave function. This ansatz strongly reduces the size of the interaction space compared to the uncontracted wave function and thus improves the capability of the VBPT2 method dramatically. Test calculations show that internally contracted VBPT2 using only a small number of reference valence bond functions, can give results as accuracy as the VBPT2 method and other more sophisticated methods such as full configuration interaction and multireference configuration interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Fuming Ying
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Junjing Gu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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7
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VBEFP/PCM: a QM/MM/PCM approach for valence-bond method and its application for the vertical excitations of formaldehyde and acetone in aqueous solution. Sci China Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-014-5192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Shurki A, Sharir-Ivry A. Valence Bond-Based Hybrid Quantum Mechanics Molecular Mechanics Approaches and Proper Inclusion of the Effect of the Surroundings. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Wang C, Ying F, Wu W, Mo Y. How solvent influences the anomeric effect: roles of hyperconjugative versus steric interactions on the conformational preference. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1571-81. [PMID: 24456135 DOI: 10.1021/jo402306e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The block-localized wave function (BLW) method, which can derive optimal electron-localized state with intramolecular electron delocalization completely deactivated, has been combined with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) to probe the variation of the anomeric effect in solution. Currently both the hyperconjugation and electrostatic models have been called to interpret the anomeric effect in carbohydrate molecules. Here we employed the BLW-PCM scheme to analyze the energy differences between α and β anomers of substituted tetrahydropyran C5OH9Y (Y = F, Cl, OH, NH2, and CH3) and tetrahydrothiopyran C5SH9Y (Y = F, Cl, OH, and CH3) in solvents including chloroform, acetone, and water. In accord with literature, our computations show that for anomeric systems the conformational preference is reduced in solution and the magnitude of reduction increases as the solvent polarity increases. Significantly, on one hand the solute-solvent interaction diminishes the intramolecular electron delocalization in β anomers more than in α anomers, thus destabilizing β anomers relatively. But on the other hand, it reduces the steric effect in β anomers much more than α anomers and thus stabilizes β anomers relatively more, leading to the overall reduction of the anomeric effect in anomeric systems in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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10
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Chen Z, Chen X, Wu W. Nonorthogonal orbital basedN-body reduced density matrices and their applications to valence bond theory. I. Hamiltonian matrix elements between internally contracted excited valence bond wave functions. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:164119. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4801631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Chen Z, Chen X, Wu W. Nonorthogonal orbital based N-body reduced density matrices and their applications to valence bond theory. II. An efficient algorithm for matrix elements and analytical energy gradients in VBSCF method. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:164120. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4801632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Song J, Chen Z, Shaik S, Wu W. An efficient algorithm for complete active space valence bond self-consistent field calculation. J Comput Chem 2012; 34:38-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Su P, Wu W. Ab initio
nonorthogonal valence bond methods. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Ying F, Chang X, Su P, Wu W. VBEFP: A Valence Bond Approach That Incorporates Effective Fragment Potential Method. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1846-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Ying
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xin Chang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Peifeng Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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15
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Wu W, Su P, Shaik S, Hiberty PC. Classical Valence Bond Approach by Modern Methods. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7557-93. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100228r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Peifeng Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Groupe de Chimie Théorique, CNRS UMR 8000, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cédex, France
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16
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Hirao H. Correlation diagram approach as a tool for interpreting chemistry: an introductory overview. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Shaik S, Hiberty PC. A primer on qualitative valence bond theory – a theory coming of age. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner‐Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemisty, The Edmond J. Safra Campus‐Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Bat 349, Université de Paris‐Sud, 19405 Orsay, France
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Sharir-Ivry A, Shnerb T, Štrajbl M, Shurki A. VB/MM Protein Landscapes: A Study of the SN2 Reaction in Haloalkane Dehalogenase. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:2212-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avital Sharir-Ivry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Product, The Institute of Drug Research, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Shnerb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Product, The Institute of Drug Research, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marek Štrajbl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Product, The Institute of Drug Research, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avital Shurki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Product, The Institute of Drug Research, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Song L, Song J, Mo Y, Wu W. An efficient algorithm for energy gradients and orbital optimization in valence bond theory. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:399-406. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Valero R, Song L, Gao J, Truhlar DG. Perspective on Diabatic Models of Chemical Reactivity as Illustrated by the Gas-Phase S(N)2 Reaction of Acetate Ion with 1,2-Dichloroethane. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:1-22. [PMID: 20047005 PMCID: PMC2658610 DOI: 10.1021/ct800318h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabatic models are widely employed for studying chemical reactivity in condensed phases and enzymes, but there has been little discussion of the pros and cons of various diabatic representations for this purpose. Here we discuss and contrast six different schemes for computing diabatic potentials for a charge rearrangement reaction. They include (i) the variational diabatic configurations (VDC) constructed by variationally optimizing individual valence bond structures and (ii) the consistent diabatic configurations (CDC) obtained by variationally optimizing the ground-state adiabatic energy, both in the nonorthogonal molecular orbital valence bond (MOVB) method, along with the orthogonalized (iii) VDC-MOVB and (iv) CDC-MOVB models. In addition, we consider (v) the fourfold way (based on diabatic molecular orbitals and configuration uniformity), and (vi) empirical valence bond (EVB) theory. To make the considerations concrete, we calculate diabatic electronic states and diabatic potential energies along the reaction path that connects the reactant and the product ion-molecule complexes of the gas-phase bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S(N)2) reaction of 1,2-dichloethane (DCE) with acetate ion, which is a model reaction corresponding to the reaction catalyzed by haloalkane dehalogenase. We utilize ab initio block-localized molecular orbital theory to construct the MOVB diabatic states and ab initio multi-configuration quasidegenerate perturbation theory to construct the fourfold-way diabatic states; the latter are calculated at reaction path geometries obtained with the M06-2X density functional. The EVB diabatic states are computed with parameters taken from the literature. The MOVB and fourfold-way adiabatic and diabatic potential energy profiles along the reaction path are in qualitative but not quantitative agreement with each other. In order to validate that these wave-function-based diabatic states are qualitatively correct, we show that the reaction energy and barrier for the adiabatic ground state, obtained with these methods, agree reasonably well with the results of high-level calculations using the composite G3SX and G3SX(MP3) methods and the BMC-CCSD multi-coefficient correlation method. However, a comparison of the EVB gas-phase adiabatic ground-state reaction path with those obtained from MOVB and with the fourfold way reveals that the EVB reaction path geometries show a systematic shift towards the products region, and that the EVB lowest-energy path has a much lower barrier. The free energies of solvation and activation energy in water reported from dynamical calculations based on EVB also imply a low activation barrier in the gas phase. In addition, calculations of the free energy of solvation using the recently proposed SM8 continuum solvation model with CM4M partial atomic charges lead to an activation barrier in reasonable agreement with experiment only when the geometries and the gas-phase barrier are those obtained from electronic structure calculations, i.e., methods i-v. These comparisons show the danger of basing the diabatic states on molecular mechanics without the explicit calculation of electronic wave functions. Furthermore, comparison of schemes i-v with one another shows that significantly different quantitative results can be obtained by using different methods for extracting diabatic states from wave function calculations, and it is important for each user to justify the choice of diabatization method in the context of its intended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Valero
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431
| | - Lingchun Song
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0431
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21
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Song L, Gao J. On the construction of diabatic and adiabatic potential energy surfaces based on ab initio valence bond theory. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12925-35. [PMID: 18828577 PMCID: PMC2736346 DOI: 10.1021/jp803050e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical model is presented for deriving effective diabatic states based on ab initio valence bond self-consistent field (VBSCF) theory by reducing the multiconfigurational VB Hamiltonian into an effective two-state model. We describe two computational approaches for the optimization of the effective diabatic configurations, resulting in two ways of interpreting such effective diabatic states. In the variational diabatic configuration (VDC) method, the energies of the diabatic states are variationally minimized. In the consistent diabatic configuration (CDC) method, both the configuration coefficients and orbital coefficients are simultaneously optimized to minimize the adiabatic ground-state energy in VBSCF calculations. In addition, we describe a mixed molecular orbital and valence bond (MOVB) approach to construct the CDC diabatic and adiabatic states for a chemical reaction. Note that the VDC-MOVB method has been described previously. Employing the symmetric S(N)2 reaction between NH(3) and CH(3)NH(3)(+) as a test system, we found that the results from ab initio VBSCF and from ab initio MOVB calculations using the same basis set are in good agreement, suggesting that the computationally efficient MOVB method is a reasonable model for VB simulations of condensed phase reactions. The results indicate that CDC and VDC diabatic states converge, respectively, to covalent and ionic states as the molecular geometries are distorted from the minimum of the respective diabatic state along the reaction coordinate. Furthermore, the resonance energy that stabilizes the energy of crossing between the two diabatic states, resulting in the transition state of the adiabatic ground-state reaction, has a strong dependence on the overlap integral between the two diabatic states and is a function of both the exchange integral and the total diabatic ground-state energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchun Song
- Department of Chemistry and the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, Digital Technology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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22
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Sharir-Ivry A, Shurki A. VB/MM—The Validity of the Underlying Approximations. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:12491-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp802667y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avital Sharir-Ivry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Avital Shurki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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23
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Su P, Wu W, Kelly CP, Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG. VBSM: A Solvation Model Based on Valence Bond Theory. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12761-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Su
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Centre for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 36105, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry
and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Centre for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 36105, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry
and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
| | - Casey P. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Centre for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 36105, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry
and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Centre for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 36105, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry
and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
| | - Donald G. Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Centre for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen
University, Xiamen 36105, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry
and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431
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Sharir-Ivry A, Shurki A. A VB/MM View of the Identity SN2 Valence-Bond State Correlation Diagram in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:13157-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avital Sharir-Ivry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Avital Shurki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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25
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Su P, Song L, Wu W, Shaik S, Hiberty PC. Heterolytic Bond Dissociation in Water: Why Is It So Easy for C4H9Cl But Not for C3H9SiCl? J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2988-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8004647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Su
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China, Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bât 490, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Lingchun Song
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China, Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bât 490, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China, Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bât 490, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sason Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China, Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bât 490, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China, Department of Organic Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, and Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bât 490, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
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Sharir-Ivry A, Crown HA, Wu W, Shurki A. Density Embedded VB/MM: A Hybrid ab Initio VB/MM with Electrostatic Embedding. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2489-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710395b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avital Sharir-Ivry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel, and Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hadar A. Crown
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel, and Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel, and Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Avital Shurki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel, and Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Su P, Ying F, Wu W, Hiberty PC, Shaik S. The Menshutkin Reaction in the Gas Phase and in Aqueous Solution: A Valence Bond Study. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:2603-14. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Havenith RWA, van Lenthe JH, Jenneskens LW, Engelberts JJ. On the interpretation of valence bond wavefunctions. Faraday Discuss 2007; 135:299-308; discussion 367-401, 503-6. [PMID: 17328435 DOI: 10.1039/b604721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Valence bond wavefunctions are naturally geared to the chemist's idea of chemical bonding. In a structure one may distinguish different electron pair bonds and possible radical character. A structure may correspond to a covalent bond, where all electrons are equally divided over the atoms, or may describe an excess charge on a discrete part of the molecule, which indicates ionic bond character. From the weights of the structure in a variationally optimised multi-structure valence bond wavefunction one may derive the importance of the different bonding types. The individual structures could be considered to represent the different physical situations. We explore this concept for simple diatomic molecules and for polyatomics, and we discuss the relation to Lewis structures. We show that the assumption of individual properties for the individual structures leads to inconsistencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco W A Havenith
- Theoretical Chemistry Group (Affiliated to Organic Chemistry and Catalysis), Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Song L, Wu W, Hiberty PC, Shaik S. Identity SN2 Reactions X−+CH3X→XCH3+X− (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) in Vacuum and in Aqueous Solution: A Valence Bond Study. Chemistry 2006; 12:7458-66. [PMID: 16874822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The recently developed (L. Song, W. Wu, Q. Zhang, S. Shaik, J. Phys. Chem. A 2004, 108, 6017) valence bond method coupled with a polarized continuum model (VBPCM) has been applied to the identity SN2 reaction of halides in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. The barriers computed at the level of the breathing orbital VB method (P. C. Hiberty, J. P. Flament, E. Noizet, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 189, 259), BOVB and VBPCM//BOVB, are comparable to CCSD(T) and CCSD(T)//PCM results and to experimentally derived barriers in solution (W. J. Albery, M. M. Kreevoy, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem. 1978, 16, 85). The reactivity parameters needed to apply the valence bond state correlation diagram (VBSCD) method (S. Shaik, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 1227), were also determined by VB calculations. It has been shown that the reactivity parameters along with their semiempirical derivations provide a satisfactory qualitative and quantitative account of the barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchun Song
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Chemistry and State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Abstract
This essay provides a perspective on several issues in valence bond theory: the physical significance of semilocal bonding orbitals, the capability of valence bond concepts to explain systems with multireferences character, the use of valence bond theory to provide analytical representations of potential energy surfaces for chemical dynamics by the method of semiempirical valence bond potential energy surfaces (an early example of specific reaction parameters), by multiconfiguration molecular mechanics, by the combined valence bond-molecular mechanics method, and by the use of valence bond states as coupled diabatic states for describing electronically nonadiabatic processes (photochemistry). The essay includes both ab initio and semiempirical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, USA.
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Hiberty PC, Shaik S. A survey of recent developments in ab initio valence bond theory. J Comput Chem 2006; 28:137-51. [PMID: 17061241 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Starting from the 1980s and onwards, Valence Bond theory has been enjoying renaissance that is characterized by the development of a growing number of ab initio methods, and by many applications to chemical reactivity and to the central paradigms of chemistry. Owing the increase of computational power of modern computers and to significant advances in the methodology, valence bond theory begins to offer a sound and attractive alternative to Molecular Orbital theory. This review aims at summarizing the most important developments of ab initio valence bond methods during the last two or three decades, and is primarily devoted to a description of what the various methods can actually achieve within their specific scopes and limitations. Key available softwares are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe C Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Groupe de Chimie Théorique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cédex, France.
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Shurki A, Crown HA. Hybrid ab initio VB/MM Method − A Valence Bond Ride through Classical Landscapes. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:23638-44. [PMID: 16375342 DOI: 10.1021/jp054913x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of a new hybrid (QM/MM) method, where the QM part is treated by ab initio valence bond (VB) theory is presented. This VB/MM method has the advantages of empirical VB (EVB) methodology but does not rely on empirical parameterization for the quantum part. The method implements embedding of the quantum region of each diabatic state separately, by treating the electrostatic interactions between QM and MM regions classically. Additionally, it assumes that changes of the off diagonal matrix element due to different environments are such that the overall resonance integral does not change. These assumptions are discussed in detail and the validity of the method is shown to be successful in three different bond dissociation processes, where bond dissociation as well as solvation energies compare very well with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Shurki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Song L, Mo Y, Zhang Q, Wu W. XMVB: a program for ab initio nonorthogonal valence bond computations. J Comput Chem 2005; 26:514-21. [PMID: 15704237 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An ab initio nonorthogonal valence bond program, called XMVB, is described in this article. The XMVB package uses Heitler-London-Slater-Pauling (HLSP) functions as state functions, and calculations can be performed with either all independent state functions for a molecule or preferably a few selected important state functions. Both our proposed paired-permanent-determinant approach and conventional Slater determinant expansion algorithm are implemented for the evaluation of the Hamiltonian and overlap matrix elements among VB functions. XMVB contains the capabilities of valence bond self-consistent field (VBSCF), breathing orbital valence bond (BOVB), and valence bond configuration interaction (VBCI) computations. The VB orbitals, used to construct VB functions, can be defined flexibly in the calculations depending on particular applications and focused problems, and they may be strictly localized, delocalized, or bonded-distorted (semidelocalized). The parallel version of XMVB based on MPI (Message Passing Interface) is also available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
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