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Liu Y, Huang H, Li L, Jiang W, Liu Z. An arc profile-based approach to evaluate gas pollutants in welding. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18764-18776. [PMID: 36219285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Welding is widely used to make assembly of structural components and it will trigger serious environmental pollution, especially waste gas, i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). It is hard to accurately measure gas pollutants because of their fluidity and diffusivity. However, the pollutants could be evaluated by exploring its generation procedure, i.e., how these pollutants are produced and how to quantify these pollutants. In this paper, an arc profile-based approach to evaluate the emissions of gas pollutants in welding was proposed. The emission of gas pollutants in welding can be calculated according to the chemical reaction and corresponding reaction condition, i.e., the intensity of discharge that determines the coverage volume of the welding arc. To obtain the coverage volume, the welding arc was observed using a high-speed camera and the arc edge was extracted and reconstructed by a binarization processing based method. A welding experiment was performed for recording the arc shape and measuring the emission of gas pollutants. Results show that the measured concentrations of NOx and O3 are 70% and 79% of the calculated emissions of gas pollutants, respectively. It demonstrates the proposed method is credible and feasible, which can help quantitatively analyze the emission of gas pollutants. Meanwhile, the influence of welding time, welding current, and arc length on the emission of gas pollutants was investigated for lowering emission of gas pollution in welding, in order to support the development of sustainable manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Industry, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihong Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Green Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Industry, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Industry, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Industry, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Industry, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
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Marco Tobías M, Åhlén M, Cheung O, Bucknall DG, McCoustra MRS, Yiu HHP. Plasma degradation of contaminated PPE: an energy-efficient method to treat contaminated plastic waste. NPJ MATERIALS DEGRADATION 2023; 7:33. [PMID: 37096160 PMCID: PMC10115383 DOI: 10.1038/s41529-023-00350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of PPE has drastically increased because of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic as disposable surgical face masks made from non-biodegradable polypropylene (PP) polymers have generated a significant amount of waste. In this work, a low-power plasma method has been used to degrade surgical masks. Several analytical techniques (gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflection-infra-red spectroscopy (ATR-IR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS)) were used to evaluate the effects of plasma irradiation on mask samples. After 4 h of irradiation, an overall mass loss of 63 ± 8%, through oxidation followed by fragmentation, was observed on the non-woven 3-ply surgical mask, which is 20 times faster than degrading a bulk PP sample. Individual components of the mask also showed different degradation rates. Air plasma clearly represents an energy-efficient tool for treating contaminated PPE in an environmentally friendly approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Marco Tobías
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Michelle Åhlén
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ocean Cheung
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David G. Bucknall
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Martin R. S. McCoustra
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - Humphrey H. P. Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
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Sun B, Liu D, Iza F, Wang S, Yang A, Liu Z, Rong M, Wang X. Global model of an atmospheric-pressure capacitive discharge in helium with air impurities from 100 to 10 000 ppm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6595/aaf8e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jiménez-Redondo M, Carrasco E, Herrero VJ, Tanarro I. Chemistry in glow discharges of H 2 / O 2 mixtures. Diagnostics and modelling. PLASMA SOURCES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 24:015029. [PMID: 26702195 PMCID: PMC4685741 DOI: 10.1088/0963-0252/24/1/015029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of low pressure H2 + O2 discharges with different mixture ratios has been studied in a hollow cathode DC reactor. Neutral and positive ion distributions have been measured by mass spectrometry, and Langmuir probes have been used to provide charge densities and electron temperatures. A simple zero order kinetic model including neutral species and positive and negative ions, which takes into account gas-phase and heterogeneous chemistry, has been used to reproduce the global composition of the plasmas over the whole range of mixtures experimentally studied, and allows for the identification of the main physicochemical mechanisms that may explain the experimental results. To our knowledge, no combined experimental and modelling studies of the heavy species kinetics of low pressure H2 + O2 plasmas including ions has been reported before. As expected, apart from the precursors, H2O is detected in considerable amounts. The model also predicts appreciable concentrations of H and O atoms and the OH radical. The relevance of the metastable species O(1D) and O2(a1Δg) is analysed. Concerning the charged species, positive ion distributions are dominated by H3O+ for a wide range of intermediate mixtures, while H3+ and O2+ are the major ions for the higher and lower H2/O2 ratios, respectively. The mixed ions OH+, H2O+ and HO2+ are also observed in small amounts. Negative ions are shown to have a limited relevance in the global chemistry; their main contribution is the reduction of the electron density available for electron impact processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jiménez-Redondo
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Carrasco
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - V J Herrero
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Tanarro
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Jiménez-Redondo M, Cueto M, Doménech JL, Tanarro I, Herrero VJ. Ion kinetics in Ar/H 2 cold plasmas: the relevance of ArH .. RSC Adv 2014; 4:62030-62041. [PMID: 26702354 PMCID: PMC4685740 DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13102a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of ArH+ in the interstellar medium has awakened the interest in the chemistry of this ion. In this work, the ion-molecule kinetics of cold plasmas of Ar/H2 is investigated in glow discharges spanning the whole range of [H2]/([H2]+[Ar]) proportions for two pressures, 1.5 and 8 Pa. Ion concentrations are determined by mass spectrometry, and electron temperatures and densities, with Langmuir probes. A kinetic model is used for the interpretation of the results. The selection of experimental conditions evinces relevant changes with plasma pressure in the ion distributions dependence with the H2 fraction, particularly for the major ions: Ar+, ArH+ and H3+. At 1.5 Pa, ArH+ prevails for a wide interval of H2 fractions: 0.3<[H2]/([H2]+[Ar])<0.7. Nevertheless, a pronounced displacement of the ArH+ maximum towards the lowest H2 fractions is observed at 8 Pa, in detriment of Ar+, which becomes restricted to very small [H2]/([H2]+[Ar]) ratios, whereas H3+ becomes dominant for all [H2]/([H2]+[Ar]) > 0.1. The analysis of the data with the kinetic model allows the identification of the sources and sinks of the major ions over the whole range of experimental conditions sampled. Two key factors turn out to be responsible for the different ion distributions observed: the electron temperature, which determines the rate of Ar+ formation and thus of ArH+, and the equilibrium ArH+ + H2 ⇄ H3+ + Ar, which can be strongly dependent of the degree of vibrational excitation of H3+. The results are discussed and compared with previously published data on other Ar/H2 plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maite Cueto
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Doménech
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Tanarro
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor J. Herrero
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Removal dynamics of nitric oxide (NO) pollutant gas by pulse-discharged plasma technique. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:653576. [PMID: 24737985 PMCID: PMC3967449 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonthermal plasma technique has drawn extensive attentions for removal of air pollutants such as NOx and SO2. The NO removal mechanism in pulse discharged plasma is discussed in this paper. Emission spectra diagnosis indicates that the higher the discharge voltage is, the more the NO are removed and transformed into O, N, N2, NO2, and so forth. Plasma electron temperature Te is ranged from 6400 K at 2.4 kV discharge voltage to 9500 K at 4.8 kV. After establishing a zero-dimensional chemical reaction kinetic model, the major reaction paths are clarified as the electron collision dissociation of NO into N and O during discharge and followed by single substitution of N on NO to form N2 during and after discharge, compared with the small fraction of NO2 formed by oxidizing NO. The reaction directions can be adjusted by N2 additive, and the optimal N2/NO mixing ratio is 2 : 1. Such a ratio not only compensates the disadvantage of electron competitive consumption by the mixed N2, but also heightens the total NO removal extent through accelerating the NO oxidization process.
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Carrasco E, Tanarro I, Herrero VJ, Cernicharo J. Proton transfer chains in cold plasmas of H2with small amounts of N2. The prevalence of NH4+. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:1699-706. [PMID: 23247609 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43438e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Carrasco
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Jiménez-Redondo M, Carrasco E, Herrero VJ, Tanarro I. Isotopic exchange processes in cold plasmas of H2/D2 mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9655-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20426b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Carrasco E, Jiménez-Redondo M, Tanarro I, Herrero VJ. Neutral and ion chemistry in low pressure dc plasmas of H2/N2 mixtures: routes for the efficient production of NH3 and NH4+. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19561-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Méndez I, Tanarro I, Herrero VJ. On the ionic chemistry in DC cold plasmas of H2 with Ar. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:4239-45. [DOI: 10.1039/b925202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gordillo-Vázquez F, Herrero V, Tanarro I. From Carbon Nanostructures to New Photoluminescence Sources: An Overview of New Perspectives and Emerging Applications of Low-Pressure PECVD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200604034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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