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Jones LO, Mosquera MA, Fu B, Schatz GC, Ratner MA, Marks TJ. Germanium Fluoride Nanocages as Optically Transparent n-Type Materials and Their Endohedral Metallofullerene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1672-1684. [PMID: 30608154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon- and silicon-based n-type materials tend to suffer from instability of the corresponding radical anions. With DFT calculations, we explore a promising route to overcome such challenges with molecular nanocages which utilize the heavier element Ge. The addition of fluorine substituents creates large electron affinities in the range 2.5-5.5 eV and HOMO-LUMO gaps between 1.6 and 3.2 eV. The LUMOs envelop the surfaces of these structures, suggesting extensive delocalization of injected electrons, analogous to fullerene acceptors. Moreover, these Ge nF n inorganic cages are found to be transparent in the UV-visible region as probed with their excited states. Their capacitance, linear polarizabilities, and dielectric constants are computed and found to be on the same order of magnitude as saturated oligomers and some extended π-organics (azobenzenes). Furthermore, we explore fullerene-type endohedral isomers, i.e., cages with internal substituents or guest atoms, and find them to be more stable than the parent exohedral isomers by up to -206.45 kcal mol-1. We also consider the addition of Li, He, Cs, and Bi, to probe the utility of the exo/ endo cages as host-guest systems. The endohedral He/Li@F8@Ge60F52 cages are significantly more stable than their parent exohedral isomers He/Li@Ge60F52 by -182.46 and -49.22 kcal mol-1, respectively. The energy of formation of endohedral He@F8@Ge60F52 is exothermic by -10.4 kcal mol-1, while Cs and Bi guests are too large to be accommodated but are stable in the exohedral parent cages. Conceivable applications of these materials include n-type semiconductors and transparent electrodes, with potential for novel energy storage modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leighton O Jones
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Martín A Mosquera
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Mark A Ratner
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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2
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Becerra R, Walsh R. Thermochemistry of germanium and organogermanium compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:988-1008. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06208k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current state of thermochemistry (enthalpies of formation) of germanium and organogermanium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Becerra
- Instituto de Quimica-Fisica ‘Rocasolano’
- C.S.I.C
- 28006 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Robin Walsh
- School of Chemistry
- University of Reading
- Reading
- UK
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3
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Suter R, Swidan A, Macdonald CLB, Burford N. Oxidation of a germanium(ii) dication to access cationic germanium(iv) fluorides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4140-4143. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of the tris(1-ethyl-benzoimidazol-2-ylmethyl)amine (BIMEt3 = L) complex of Ge(ii)2+ and its oxidation with XeF2 to access the cationic germanium fluorides [LGeF2][OTf]2 and [LGeF(OTf)][OTf]2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Suter
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada
| | - Ala'aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | | | - Neil Burford
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Victoria
- Victoria
- Canada
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4
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Thanthiriwatte KS, Vasiliu M, Battey SR, Lu Q, Peterson KA, Andrews L, Dixon DA. Gas Phase Properties of MX2 and MX4 (X = F, Cl) for M = Group 4, Group 14, Cerium, and Thorium. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5790-803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Sahan Thanthiriwatte
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Samuel R. Battey
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Qing Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Kirk A. Peterson
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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5
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Li H, Feng H, Sun W, Xie Y, Schaefer HF. Diatomic silylynes, germylynes, stannylynes, and plumbylynes: structures, dipole moments, dissociation energies, and quartet-doublet gaps of EH and EX (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; X = F, Cl, Br, I). Inorg Chem 2013; 52:6849-59. [PMID: 23731286 DOI: 10.1021/ic3025099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systematic theoretical studies of the carbyne and halocarbyne analogues E-H and E-X (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb; X = F, Cl, Br, I) were carried out with ab initio coupled-cluster methods using very large basis sets. The (2)Π state is the ground electronic state for all these compounds. The quartet-doublet energy separations, equilibrium distances, and dissociation energies for these species are predicted. The quartet-doublet splittings fall in the order EF > ECl > EBr > EI > EH for a given metal E; and PbX > GeX > SnX > SiX for the same halogen atom X. The dipole moments span a large range, from 0.08 debye (GeH) to 3.58 debye (PbCl). The dissociation energies range from 1.84 eV (PbH) to 6.15 eV (SiF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Li
- School of Physics and Chemistry, Research Center for Advanced Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, China 610039
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6
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Antoniotti P, Benzi P, Operti L, Rabezzana R, Borocco S, Giordani M, Grandinetti F. Germyl cations with Ge-S bond: an experimental and theoretical study on the gaseous F(n)Ge(SH)(3-n)+ (n=0-2). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:447-456. [PMID: 23221118 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The germyl cations F(2)Ge(SH)(+), FGe(SH)(2)(+) and Ge(SH)(3)(+) were obtained from ionized mixtures of GeF(4) and H(2)S. Ion trap mass spectrometry revealed the occurrence of three consecutive addition-HF elimination reactions between GeF(3)(+), F(2)Ge(SH)(+) and FGe(SH)(2)(+) and H(2)S. The structure and the mechanism of formation of the observed F(n)Ge(SH)(3-n)(+) (n = 0-2) were investigated by ab initio calculations performed at the MP2 and coupled cluster level of theory. It was also possible to note regular trends in the geometries and Lewis acidities of the F(n)Ge(SH)(3-n)(+) (n= 0-3).
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7
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Antoniotti P, Bottizzo E, Operti L, Rabezzana R, Borocci S, Grandinetti F. Gas-phase chemistry of ionized and protonated GeF4: a joint experimental and theoretical study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:465-477. [PMID: 21500305 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase ion chemistry of GeF(4) and of its mixtures with water, ammonia and hydrocarbons was investigated by ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) and ab initio calculations. Under ITMS conditions, the only fragment detected from ionized GeF(4) is GeF(3)(+). This cation is a strong Lewis acid, able to react with H(2)O, NH(3) and the unsaturated C(2)H(2), C(2)H(4) and C(6)H(6) by addition-HF elimination reactions to form F(2)Ge(XH)(+), FGe(XH)(2)(+), Ge(XH)(3)(+) (X = OH or NH(2)), F(2)GeC(2)H(+), F(2)GeC(2)H(3)(+) and F(2)GeC(6)H(5)(+). The structure, stability and thermochemistry of these products and the mechanistic aspects of the exemplary reactions of GeF(3)(+) with H(2)O, NH(3) and C(6)H(6) were investigated by MP2 and coupled cluster calculations. The experimental proton affinity (PA) and gas basicity (GB) of GeF(4) were estimated as 121.5 ± 6.0 and 117.1 ± 6.0 kcal mol(-1), respectively, and GeF(4)H(+) was theoretically characterized as an ion-dipole complex between GeF(3)(+) and HF. Consistently, it reacts with simple inorganic and organic molecules to form GeF(3)(+)-L complexes (L = H(2)O, NH(3), C(2)H(2), C(2)H(4), C(6)H(6), CO(2), SO(2) and GeF(4)). The theoretical investigation of the stability of these ions with respect to GeF(3)(+) and L disclosed nearly linear correlations between their dissociation enthalpies and free energies and the PA and GB of L. Comparing the behavior of GeF(3)(+) with the previously investigated CF(3)(+) and SiF(3)(+) revealed a periodically reversed order of reactivity CF(3)(+) < GeF(3)(+) < SiF(3)(+). This parallels the order of the Lewis acidities of the three cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Antoniotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università degli Studi di Torino, C.so M. d'Azeglio, 48, 10125 Torino, Italy
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8
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Operti L, Rabezzana R, Turco F, Borocci S, Giordani M, Grandinetti F. Positive ion chemistry of SiH4/GeF4 gaseous mixtures studied by ion trap mass spectrometry and ab initio calculations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:197-206. [PMID: 21828411 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The positive ion chemistry occurring in SiH(4)/GeF(4) gaseous mixtures was investigated by ion trap mass spectrometry and ab initio theoretical calculations. The GeF(3)(+) cation, the only fragment obtained from ionized GeF(4), was unreactive towards SiH(4). All the primary ions SiH(n)(+) (n = 0-3) react instead with GeF(4) so to form SiF(+) or SiH(2)F(+). The latter species reacts in turn with SiH(4) and GeF(4) so to form SiH(3)(+) and SiHF(2)(+), respectively. The potential energy profiles conceivably involved in these reactions were investigated by ab initio calculations performed at the MP2 and coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Operti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica, Università di Torino, C.so M. D' Azeglio, 48, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Antoniotti P, Operti L, Rabezzana R, Turco F, Borocci S, Grandineeti F. Positive ion chemistry of SiH4/NF3 gaseous mixtures studied by ion trap mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2009; 15:209-220. [PMID: 19423906 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The positive ion chemistry occurring in silane/nitrogen trifluoride gaseous mixtures has been investigated by ion trap mass spectrometry. Reaction sequences and rate constants have been determined for the processes involving the primary ions SiH(n)(+) (n = 0-3) and NF(x)(+) (x = 1-3) and the secondary ions obtained from their reactions with SiH(4) and NF(3). The SiH(n)(+) efficiently react with NF(3) and undergo cascades of abstraction and scrambling reactions which form the fluorinated and perfluorinated cations SiHF(m)(+) (m = 1, 2), SiH(2)F(+) and SiF(x)(+) (x = 0-3). Fluorinated Si(2)- clusters such as Si(2)H(2)F(+), Si(2)H(3)F(+) and Si(2)H(5)F(+) were also observed. The reaction of both SiH(3)(+) and SiH(2)F(+) with NF(3) produces the elusive fluoronitrenium ion NHF(+). Any NF(x)(+) reacts with SiH(4) mainly by charge transfer. Additional ionic products are, however, observed which suggest intimate reaction complexes. Worth mentioning is the formation of SiNH(2)(+) from the reaction of both NF(+) and NHF(+) with SiH(4). The primary ions NF(2)(+) and SiH(2)(+) are also "sink" species in our observed chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Antoniotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale e Chimica Organica and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino, C.so M. D'Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy
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10
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Antoniotti P, Rabezzana R, Turco F, Borocci S, Giordani M, Grandinetti F. Ion chemistry in germane/fluorocompounds gaseous mixtures: a mass spectrometric and theoretical study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1320-1333. [PMID: 18366143 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ion-molecule reactions occurring in GeH(4)/NF(3), GeH(4)/SF(6), and GeH(4)/SiF(4) gaseous mixtures have been investigated by ion trap mass spectrometry and ab initio calculations. While the NF(x)(+) (x=1-3) react with GeH(4) mainly by the exothermic charge transfer, the open-shell Ge(+) and GeH(2)(+) undergo the efficient F-atom abstraction from NF(3) and form GeF(+) and F-GeH(2)(+) as the only ionic products. The mechanisms of these two processes are quite similar and involve the formation of the fluorine-coordinated complexes Ge-F-NF(2)(+) and H(2)Ge-F-NF(2)(+), their subsequent crossing to the significantly more stable isomers FGe-NF(2)(+) and F-GeH(2)-NF(2)(+), and the eventual dissociation of these ions into GeF(+) (or F-GeH(2)(+)) and NF(2). The closed-shell GeH(+) and GeH(3)(+) are instead much less reactive towards NF(3), and the only observed process is the less efficient formation of GeF(+) from GeH(+). The theoretical investigation of this unusual H/F exchange reaction suggests the involvement of vibrationally-hot GeH(+). Passing from NF(3) to SF(6) and SiF(4), the average strength of the M-F bond increases from 70 to 79 and 142 kcal mol(-1), and in fact the only process observed by reacting GeH(n)(+) (n=0-3) with SF(6) and SiF(4) is the little efficient F-atom abstraction from SF(6) by Ge(+). Irrespective of the experimental conditions, we did not observe any ionic product of Ge-N, Ge-S, or Ge-Si connectivity. This is in line with the previously observed exclusive formation of GeF(+) from the reaction between Ge(+) and C-F compounds such as CH(3)F. Additionally observed processes include in particular the conceivable formation of the elusive thiohypofluorous acid FSH from the reaction between SF(+) and GeH(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Antoniotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università degli Studi di Torino, C.so M. d'Azeglio, 48, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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11
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Wang L, Zhang J. Quantum Chemistry Study on Cation Structures of Fluorinated and Chlorinated Germanes and Their Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3454-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp7115752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry and Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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12
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Antoniotti P, Borocci S, Bronzolino N, Giordani M, Grandinetti F. Fluoromethyl Cations and Group XIV Congeners AH
n
F
3 –
n
+
(A = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb;
n
= 0–2): From Covalent Structures to Ion‐Molecule Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Antoniotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università degli Studi di Torino, C.so M. D’Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, L.go dell’ Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy, Fax: +39‐0761‐357179
| | - Nicoletta Bronzolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, L.go dell’ Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy, Fax: +39‐0761‐357179
| | - Maria Giordani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, L.go dell’ Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy, Fax: +39‐0761‐357179
| | - Felice Grandinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, L.go dell’ Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy, Fax: +39‐0761‐357179
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