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He X, Lu T, Rong C, Liu W, Ayers PW, Liu S. Energetic Information from Information-Theoretic Approach in Density Functional Theory as Quantitative Measures of Physicochemical Properties. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:6049-6061. [PMID: 38995176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The Hohenberg-Kohn theorem of density functional theory (DFT) stipulates that energy is a universal functional of electron density in the ground state, so energy can be thought of having encoded essential information for the density. Based on this, we recently proposed to quantify energetic information within the framework of information-theoretic approach (ITA) of DFT (J. Chem. Phys. 2022, 157, 101103). In this study, we systematically apply energetic information to a variety of chemical phenomena to validate the use of energetic information as quantitative measures of physicochemical properties. To that end, we employed six ITA quantities such as Shannon entropy and Fisher information for five energetic densities, yielding twenty-six viable energetic information quantities. Then, they are applied to correlate with physicochemical properties of molecular systems, including chemical bonding, conformational stability, intermolecular interactions, acidity, aromaticity, cooperativity, electrophilicity, nucleophilicity, and reactivity. Our results show that different quantities of energetic information often behave differently for different properties but a few of them, such as Shannon entropy of the total kinetic energy density and information gain of the Pauli energy density, stand out and strongly correlate with several properties across different categories of molecular systems. These results suggest that they can be employed as quantitative measures of physicochemical properties. This work not only enriches the body of our knowledge about the relationship between energy and information, but also provides scores of newly introduced explicit density functionals to quantify physicochemical properties, which can serve as robust features for building machine learning models in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Chunying Rong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Paul W Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario ONL8S, Canada
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3420, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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2
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Hussein EM, Moussa Z, Al-Fahemi JH, Al-Rooqi MM, Obaid RJ, Malik MS, Abd-El-Aziz AS, Ahmed SA. Study on Regio- and Diastereoselectivity of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Azomethine Ylide with 2-(Benzo[ d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-(aryl)acrylonitrile: Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Computational Approach. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23802-23821. [PMID: 38854577 PMCID: PMC11154954 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
An unprecedented and efficient three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction using (E)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-(aryl)acrylonitriles 4a-g and an in situ generated azomethine ylide 3 from isatin and N-methylglycine is described. The reaction exhibits exclusive regioselectivity, resulting in the formation of 3'-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1'-methyl-2-oxo-4'-(aryl)spiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine]-3'-carbonitriles regioisomers through exo/endo approaches. The diastereoselectivity of the reaction is highly dependent on the substitution pattern of the phenyl ring in dipolarophiles 4a-g, leading to the formation of exo-/endo-cycloadducts in varying ratios. To understand the stereoselectivity, the transition state structures were optimized using the TS guess geometry with the QST3-based method. The reaction mechanism and regioselectivity were elucidated by evaluating global and local electrophilicity and nucleophilicity descriptors at the B3LYP/cc-pVTZ level of theory, along with considerations based on the HSAB principle. The analysis of global electron density transfer (GEDT) showed that the reactions are polar and electron density fluxes from azomethine ylide 3 toward dipolarophile 4a-g. It was found from the molecular electrostatic potential map (MESP) that at the more favorable transition state, approach of reactants locates the oppositely charged regions over each other resulting in attractive forces between the two fragments. The computational results are consistent with the experimental observations, confirming that the reactions proceed through an asynchronous one-step mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Hussein
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura
University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi
Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jabir H. Al-Fahemi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura
University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Munirah M. Al-Rooqi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura
University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Rami J. Obaid
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura
University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi
Arabia
| | - M. Shaheer Malik
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura
University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz
- Qingdao
Innovation and Development Center, Harbin
Engineering University, Qingdao, 266400, China
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura
University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi
Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
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3
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Fernandes AJ, Giri R, Houk KN, Katayev D. Review and Theoretical Analysis of Fluorinated Radicals in Direct C Ar-H Functionalization of (Hetero)arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318377. [PMID: 38282182 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We highlight key contributions in the field of direct radical CAr- H (hetero)aromatic functionalization involving fluorinated radicals. A compilation of Functional Group Transfer Reagents and their diverse activation mechanisms leading to the release of radicals are discussed. The substrate scope for each radical is analyzed and classified into three categories according to the electronic properties of the substrates. Density functional theory computational analysis provides insights into the chemical reactivity of several fluorinated radicals through their electrophilicity and nucleophilicity parameters. Theoretical analysis of their reduction potentials also highlights the remarkable correlation between electrophilicity and oxidizing ability. It is also established that highly fluorinated radicals (e.g. ⋅OCF3) are capable of engaging in single-electron transfer (SET) processes rather than radical addition, which is in good agreement with experimental literature data. A reactivity scale, based on activation barrier of addition of these radicals to benzene is also elaborated using the high accuracy DLPNO-(U)CCSD(T) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Fernandes
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Giri
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Luo W, Chen MJ, Wang T, Feng JF, Fu ZC, Deng JN, Yan YW, Wang YZ, Zhao HB. Catalytic polymer self-cleavage for CO 2 generation before combustion empowers materials with fire safety. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2726. [PMID: 38548723 PMCID: PMC10978860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials, rich in carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen elements, present substantial fire hazards to both human life and property due to their intrinsic flammability. Overcoming this challenge in the absence of any flame-retardant elements is a daunting task. Herein, we introduce an innovative strategy employing catalytic polymer auto-pyrolysis before combustion to proactively release CO2, akin to possessing responsive CO2 fire extinguishing mechanisms. We demonstrate that potassium salts with strong nucleophilicity (such as potassium formate/malate) can transform conventional polyurethane foam into materials with fire safety through rearrangement. This transformation results in the rapid generation of a substantial volume of CO2, occurring before the onset of intense decomposition, effectively extinguishing fires. The inclusion of just 1.05 wt% potassium formate can significantly raise the limiting oxygen index of polyurethane foam to 26.5%, increase the time to ignition by 927%, and tremendously reduce smoke toxicity by 95%. The successful application of various potassium salts, combined with a comprehensive examination of the underlying mechanisms, underscores the viability of this strategy. This pioneering catalytic approach paves the way for the efficient and eco-friendly development of polymeric materials with fire safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Ming-Jun Chen
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Jin-Feng Feng
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Fu
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Jin-Ni Deng
- Green Preparation and Recycling Laboratory of Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610039, China
| | - Yuan-Wei Yan
- Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China.
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5
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Liu C, Chen Y, Guo G, Zhao Q, Jiang H, Wang H, Gao W, Yang F, Shen BX, Sun H. Unveiling the Quantitative Relationships between Electron Distribution and Steric Hindrance of Organic Amines and Their Reaction Rates with Carbonyl Sulfur: A Theoretical Calculation Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:152-162. [PMID: 38145416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The removal of carbonyl sulfide (COS) commonly contained in natural gas is of great significance but still very challenging via a widely employed absorption process due to its low reactivity and solubility in various commercial solvents. Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in the exploration of desulfurization solvents. However, practically feasible AI models still lack a thorough understanding of the reaction mechanisms. Machine learning (ML) models established on chemical mechanisms exhibit enhanced chemical interpretability and prediction performance. In this study, we constructed a series of solvent molecules with varying functional groups, including linear aliphatic amines, cyclic aliphatic amines, and aromatic amines and proposed a three-step reaction pathway to dissect the effects of charge and steric hindrance of different substituents on their reaction rates with COS. Chemical descriptors, based on electrostatic potential (ESP), average local ionization energy (ALIE) theory, Hirshfeld charges, and Fukui functions, were used to correlate and predict the electrophilic reactivity of amine groups with COS. Substituents influence the reaction rate by changing the attraction interaction of amine groups to COS molecules and the electron rearrangement in the electrophilic reaction. Furthermore, they have more pronounced steric effects on the reaction rate in the linear amines. The descriptors N_ALIE and q(N) were found to be crucial in predicting the reactivity of amine groups with COS. Present study provides a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanisms of COS with amine compounds, offers specific chemical principles for the development of chemistry-driven ML models, sheds light on other types of electrophilic reactions occurring on amine and phosphine groups, and guides the development of chemical solvents in gas absorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guanchu Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiyue Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weikang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Fengjing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ben-Xian Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- International Joint Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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6
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Baghersad MH, Habibi A, Dehdashti Nejad A. Novel uncharged triazole salicylaldoxime derivatives as potential acetylcholinesterase reactivators: comprehensive computational study, synthesis and in vitro evaluation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28527-28541. [PMID: 37780731 PMCID: PMC10534079 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to design and synthesise novel uncharged aldoximes and explore their reactivation abilities, structures, descriptors, and mechanisms of action, as well as assessing the interactions and stabilities in the active site of paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase enzyme using computational studies and in vitro assay. The comprehensive computational studies including quantum chemical, molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking were conducted on paraoxon-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase to investigate the reactivation ability of the novel aldoximes and compare them with pralidoxime as a reactivator model molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Baghersad
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Azizollah Habibi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University No. 43, P. Code 15719-14911, Mofatteh Street, Enghelab Ave. Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Dehdashti Nejad
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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7
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Fabrication of Li, Na and K electrolytes with doping elements for improved efficiency based on MOT and symmetry. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Wang HD, Jiang L, Fan HJ. Silylium ion migration dominated hydroamidation of siloxy-alkynes. Commun Chem 2022; 5:133. [PMID: 36697660 PMCID: PMC9814853 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of silver-catalyzed hydroamidation of siloxy-alkynes reaction remains controversial. Using density functional theory (DFT), we revealed that the reaction takes place through a silylium ion migration mediated hydroamination (SMH) pathway. The SMH pathway goes through two steps, the first step is Ag+ promoted proton and silylium ion exchange between siloxy-alkynes and amide, leading to ketene and silyl-imines, the second step is Ag+ catalyzed nucleophilic addition between ketene and silyl-imines, following with a silylium ion migration afford the final product. In this reaction, Ag+ activates the siloxy-alkyne into silylium ion (TIPS+) and silver-ketene through the p-π conjugate effect, the silylium ion then catalyzes the reaction. According to our calculation, the scopes of alkynes in this reaction may be extended to silyl-substituted ynamines or silyl-substituted ynamides. The scopes of amide may be extended into the p-π conjugate system such as diazoles, diazepines, etc. Our calculations also reveal a concise way to construct enamides through Ag+ catalyzed nucleophilic addition between substituted-ketenes and silyl-substituted p-π conjugate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Ding Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Jun Fan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 116023 Dalian, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100864 Beijing, China
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9
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El Guesmi N, Hussein EM, Moussa Z, Alkhuzaee AH, Alzahrani AY, Jassas RS, Al-Rooqi MM, Obaid RJ, Ahmed SA. Spectroscopic, computational and mechanistic studies on regio- and stereoselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in the synthesis of dispiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidine-3′,3"-indolines] festooned with pyrene moiety. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Cytocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties of Coaxial Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Ciprofloxacin and Indomethacin Drugs. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132565. [PMID: 35808610 PMCID: PMC9269477 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A coaxial nanofibrous scaffold of poly (ε-caprolactone) and gelatin/cellulose acetate encapsulating anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs was co-electrospun for skin tissue regeneration. Indomethacin and ciprofloxacin as model drugs were added to the core and the shell solutions, respectively. The effect of the drugs’ presence and crosslinking on the scaffold properties was investigated. TEM images confirmed the core−shell structure of the scaffold. The fiber diameter and the pore size of the scaffold increased after crosslinking. The tensile properties of the scaffold improved after crosslinking. The crosslinked scaffold illustrated a higher rate of swelling, and a lower rate of degradation and drug release compared to the uncrosslinked one. Fitting the release data into the Peppas equation showed that Fickian diffusion was the dominant mechanism of drug release from the scaffolds. The results of biocompatibility evaluations showed no cytotoxicity and suitable adhesion and cell growth on the prepared core−shell structure. The antibacterial activity of the scaffolds was studied against one of the most common pathogens in skin wounds, where the existence of ciprofloxacin could prevent the growth of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria around the scaffold. The obtained results suggested a new coaxial nanofibrous scaffold as a promising candidate for simultaneous tissue regeneration and controlled drug release.
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11
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Tandon H, Yadav P, Chakraborty T, Suhag V. Can chemical reactivity descriptors explain catalytic reactivity? J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Cossío FP, de Cózar A, Sierra MA, Casarrubios L, Muntaner JG, Banik BK, Bandyopadhyay D. Role of imine isomerization in the stereocontrol of the Staudinger reaction between ketenes and imines. RSC Adv 2021; 12:104-117. [PMID: 35424513 PMCID: PMC8978721 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational–experimental analysis has allowed determining that the stereochemistry of the Staudinger reaction between ketenes and imines is strongly associated with the nature of the imine, which affects the two steps of the reaction. The first step, namely the nucleophilic attack of the sp2-hybridized nitrogen atom of the imine on the sp-hybridized carbon atom of the ketene, is affected by the energetically accessible in situ isomerization patterns of the imine. The second step consists of a conrotatory electrocyclization of the zwitterionic intermediate formed in the previous step. This latter pericyclic step depends on the inward/outward torquoelectronic effects generated by the substituents of the imine. The impact of these factors on the stereochemistry of this reaction has been analyzed kinetically by numerical methods. The results of these simulations are compatible with the experimental results and support these conclusions. Experimental and computational studies reveal the importance of isomerization pathways in the Staudinger reaction between ketenes and imines. In the studied cases, the stereochemistry is determined by the pre-cycloaddition isomerization step.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P Cossío
- Kimika Fakultatea, Kimika Organikoa I Saila, Universidad del País Vasco - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitaea P. K. 1071 28018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain .,Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC) P.O. Box 1072 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Spain
| | - Abel de Cózar
- Kimika Fakultatea, Kimika Organikoa I Saila, Universidad del País Vasco - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitaea P. K. 1071 28018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain .,Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC) P.O. Box 1072 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain.,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Spain
| | - Miguel A Sierra
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Casarrubios
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Jaime G Muntaner
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Bimal K Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Deanship of Research, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University Al Khobar Kingdom of Saudi Arabia .,Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas-Pan American 1201 West University Drive Edinburg Texas 78541 USA
| | - Debasish Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas-Pan American 1201 West University Drive Edinburg Texas 78541 USA
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13
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Huang S, Wang Y, Hu C, Yan X. Nucleophilic Activation of Sulfur Hexafluoride by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and N-Heterocyclic Olefins: A Computational Study. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2687-2693. [PMID: 34320272 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) is considered as a potent greenhouse gas, whose effective degradation is challenging. Here we report a computational study on the nucleophilic activation of sulfur hexafluoride by N-heterocyclic carbenes and N-heterocyclic olefins. The result shows that the activation of SF6 is both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable at mild condition using NHOs with fluoro-substituted azolium and sulfur pentafluoride anion being formed. The Gibbs free energy barrier during the activation of SF6 has a linear relationship with the energy of HOMO of substrates, which could be a guideline for applying those compounds that feature higher energy in HOMO to activate SF6 in high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yedong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Chubin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China
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14
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Huang M, Jia Z, Luo S, Cheng JP. Quantitative Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters of Radical. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202106018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Bhoge BA, Mala P, Kurian JS, Srinivasan V, Saraogi I. Selective functionalization at N 2-position of guanine in oligonucleotides via reductive amination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13832-13835. [PMID: 33084637 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05492e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemo- and site-specific modifications in oligonucleotides have wide applicability as mechanistic probes in chemical biology. However, methods that label specific sites in nucleic acids are scarce, especially for labeling DNA/RNA from biological or enzymatic sources rather than synthetic ones. Here we have employed a classical reaction, reductive amination, to selectively functionalize the N2-amine of guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine monophosphate (GMP/dGMP). This method specifically modifies guanine in DNA and RNA oligonucleotides, while leaving the other nucleobases unaffected. Using this approach, we have successfully incorporated a reactive handle chemoselectively into nucleic acids for further functionalization and downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapurao A Bhoge
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, MP, India.
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Alenzi RA, El Guesmi N, Shaaban MR, Asghar BH, Farghaly TA. Assessing the nucleophilic character of 2-amino-4-arylthiazoles through coupling with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan: Experimental and theoretical approaches based on structure-reactivity relationships. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Munar I, Fındık V, Degirmenci I, Aviyente V. Solvent Effects on Thiol–Ene Kinetics and Reactivity of Carbon and Sulfur Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2580-2590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Munar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Fındık
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isa Degirmenci
- Chemical Engineering Department, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Towards an unified chemical model of secondary bonding. J Mol Model 2020; 26:62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Tandon H, Chakraborty T, Suhag V. A New Scale of the Electrophilicity Index Invoking the Force Concept and Its Application in Computing the Internuclear Bond Distance. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476619110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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A comparative study to predict regioselectivity, electrophilicity and nucleophilicity with Fukui function and Hirshfeld charge. Theor Chem Acc 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-019-2515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Ignatiuk ŻA, Janicki MJ, Góra RW, Konieczny K, Kowalczyk R. Applications of Thermal Activation, Ball-milling and Aqueous Medium in Stereoselective Michael Addition of Nitromethane to Enynones Catalyzed by Chiral Squaramides. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Żaneta A. Ignatiuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Mikołaj J. Janicki
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Robert W. Góra
- Department of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Krzysztof Konieczny
- Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University of Science and Technology; Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 50-370 Wrocław Poland
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22
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Yasarawan N, Thipyapong K. Complexation reactions, electronic properties, and reactivity descriptors of cysteamine-based ligands in aqueous solution: a PCM/DFT study. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Sánchez B, Calderón C, Tapia RA, Contreras R, Campodónico PR. Activation of Electrophile/Nucleophile Pair by a Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Solvation in a S NAr Reaction. Front Chem 2018; 6:509. [PMID: 30406087 PMCID: PMC6206274 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of 4-chloroquinazoline toward aniline and hydrazine were used as a model system to experimentally show that a substrate bearing heteroatoms on the aromatic ring as substituent is able to establish intramolecular hydrogen bond which may be activated by the reaction media and/or the nature of the nucleophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sánchez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Calderón
- Centro de Química Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo A. Tapia
- Facultad de Quimica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Contreras
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola R. Campodónico
- Centro de Química Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Influence of gauche effect on uncharged oxime reactivators for the reactivation of tabun-inhibited AChE: quantum chemical and steered molecular dynamics studies. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2018; 32:793-807. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-018-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Larrañaga O, Romero-Nieto C, de Cózar A. Intramolecular SE
Ar Reactions of Phosphorus Compounds: Computational Approach to the Synthesis of π-Extended Heterocycles. Chemistry 2017; 23:17487-17496. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Larrañaga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química; Universidad del País Vasco, P. K. 1072; 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Nieto
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Abel de Cózar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química; Universidad del País Vasco, P. K. 1072; 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; E-48013 Bilbao Spain
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26
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Chemical reactivity descriptors evaluation for determining catalytic activity, redox potential, and oxygen binding of metallophthalocyanines. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Proteomic Analysis of Thiol Modifications and Assessment of Structural Changes in Hemoglobin Induced by the Aniline Metabolites N-Phenylhydroxylamine and Nitrosobenzene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14794. [PMID: 29093547 PMCID: PMC5665987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MS-based proteomic analysis was combined with in silico quantum mechanical calculations to improve understanding of protein adduction by N-phenylhydroxylamine (PhNHOH) and nitrosobenzene (NOB), metabolic products of aniline. In vitro adduction of model peptides containing nucleophilic sidechains (Cys, His, and Lys) and selected proteins (bovine and human hemoglobin and β-lactoglobulin-A) were characterized. Peptide studies identified the Cys thiolate as the most reactive nucleophile for these metabolites, a result consistent with in silico calculations of reactivity parameters. For PhNHOH, sulfinamides were identified as the primary adduction products, which were stable following tryptic digestion. Conversely, reactions with NOB yielded an additional oxidized adduct, the sulfonamide. In vitro exposure of human whole blood to PhNHOH and NOB demonstrated that only sulfinamides were formed. In addition to previously reported adduction of β93Cys of human Hb, two novel sites of adduction were found; α104Cys and β112Cys. We also report CD and UV-Vis spectroscopy studies of adducted human Hb that revealed loss of α-helical content and deoxygenation. The results provide additional understanding of the covalent interaction of aromatic amine metabolites with protein nucleophiles.
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Larrañaga O, de Cózar A, Cossío FP. Mono- and Di-Alkylation Processes of DNA Bases by Nitrogen Mustard Mechlorethamine. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3390-3401. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Larrañaga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I/ Kimika Organikoa I Saila; Facultad de Química/ Kimika Fakultatea; Universidad del País Vasco, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); P. K. 1072 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain
| | - Abel de Cózar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I/ Kimika Organikoa I Saila; Facultad de Química/ Kimika Fakultatea; Universidad del País Vasco, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); P. K. 1072 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; 48011 Bilbao Spain
| | - Fernando P. Cossío
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I/ Kimika Organikoa I Saila; Facultad de Química/ Kimika Fakultatea; Universidad del País Vasco, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); P. K. 1072 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia Spain
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29
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Diacetyl and related flavorant α-Diketones: Biotransformation, cellular interactions, and respiratory-tract toxicity. Toxicology 2017; 388:21-29. [PMID: 28179188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diacetyl and related α-diketones causes respiratory-tract damage in humans and experimental animals. Chemical toxicity is often associated with covalent modification of cellular nucleophiles by electrophilic chemicals. Electrophilic α-diketones may covalently modify nucleophilic arginine residues in critical proteins and, thereby, produce the observed respiratory-tract pathology. The major pathway for the biotransformation of α-diketones is reduction to α-hydroxyketones (acyloins), which is catalyzed by NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) and the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamilies. Reduction of α-diketones to the less electrophilic acyloins is a detoxication pathway for α-diketones. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex may play a significant role in the biotransformation of diacetyl to CO2. The interaction of toxic electrophilic chemicals with cellular nucleophiles can be predicted by the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) principle. Application of the HSAB principle to the interactions of electrophilic α-diketones with cellular nucleophiles shows that α-diketones react preferentially with arginine residues. Furthermore, the respiratory-tract toxicity and the quantum-chemical reactivity parameters of diacetyl and replacement flavorant α-diketones are similar. Hence, the identified replacement flavorant α-diketones may pose a risk of flavorant-induced respiratory-tract toxicity. The calculated indices for the reaction of α-diketones with arginine support the hypothesis that modification of protein-bound arginine residues is a critical event in α-diketone-induced respiratory-tract toxicity.
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Pascual-Escudero A, de Cózar A, Cossío FP, Adrio J, Carretero JC. Alkenyl Arenes as Dipolarophiles in Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Azomethine Ylides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15334-15338. [PMID: 27862800 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of alkenyl arenes as dipolarophiles in the catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides is reported. Under appropriate reaction conditions with a CuI or AgI catalyst either the exo or the endo adduct was obtained with high stereoselectivity. This process provides efficient access to highly enantiomerically enriched 4-aryl proline derivatives. The observed results are compatible with the blockage of one prochiral face of the 1,3-dipole, as well as with the efficient transmission of electrophilicity towards the terminal carbon atom of the dipolarophile. This polarization results in a change from a concerted to a stepwise mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pascual-Escudero
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel de Cózar
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.,Dpto. Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Fernando P Cossío
- Dpto. Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Javier Adrio
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Carretero
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Pascual-Escudero A, de Cózar A, Cossío FP, Adrio J, Carretero JC. Alkenyl Arenes as Dipolarophiles in Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Azomethine Ylides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pascual-Escudero
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Abel de Cózar
- IKERBASQUE; Basque Foundation for Science; 48011 Bilbao Spain
- Dpto. Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química; Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC); 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia Spain
| | - Fernando P. Cossío
- Dpto. Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química; Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC); 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia Spain
| | - Javier Adrio
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
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32
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Zaater S, Bouchoucha A, Djebbar S, Brahimi M. Structure, vibrational analysis, electronic properties and chemical reactivity of two benzoxazole derivatives: Functional density theory study. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Pedraza-González L, Galindo JF, González R, Reyes A. Revisiting the Dielectric Constant Effect on the Nucleophile and Leaving Group of Prototypical Backside S N2 Reactions: A Reaction Force and Atomic Contribution Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8360-8368. [PMID: 27718576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvent effect on the nucleophile and leaving group atoms of the prototypical F- + CH3Cl → CH3F + Cl- backside bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2) is analyzed employing the reaction force and the atomic contributions methods on the intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC). Solvent effects were accounted for using the polarizable continuum solvent model. Calculations were performed employing 11 dielectric constants, ε, ranging from 1.0 to 78.5, to cover a wide spectrum of solvents. The reaction force data reveal that the solvent mainly influences the region of the IRC preceding the energy barrier, where the structural rearrangement to reach the transition state occurs. A detailed analysis of the atomic role in the reaction as a function of ε reveals that the nucleophile and the carbon atom are the ones that contribute the most to the energy barrier. In addition, we investigated the effect of the choice of nucleophile and leaving group on the ΔE0 and ΔE‡ of Y- + CH3X → YCH3 + X- (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I) in aqueous solution. Our analysis allowed us to find relationships between the atomic contributions to the activation energy and leaving group ability and nucleophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pedraza-González
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Av. Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Johan F Galindo
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Av. Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ronald González
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Av. Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Reyes
- Departamento de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Av. Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia
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Sarmah A, Roy RK. A density functional reactivity theory (DFRT) based approach to understand the effect of symmetry of fullerenes on the kinetic, thermodynamic and structural aspects of carbon NanoBuds. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Miranda-Quintana RA, Martínez González M, Ayers PW. Electronegativity and redox reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22235-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the maximum hardness principle, we show that the oxidation potential of a molecule increases as its electronegativity increases and also increases as its electronegativity in its oxidized state increases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Martínez González
- Laboratory of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Havana
- Havana
- Cuba
| | - Paul W. Ayers
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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36
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Carvalho Rocha C, Onfroy T, Pilmé J, Denicourt-Nowicki A, Roucoux A, Launay F. Experimental and theoretical evidences of the influence of hydrogen bonding on the catalytic activity of a series of 2-hydroxy substituted quaternary ammonium salts in the styrene oxide/CO2 coupling reaction. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Saund SS, Sosa V, Henriquez S, Nguyen QNN, Bianco CL, Soeda S, Millikin R, White C, Le H, Ono K, Tantillo DJ, Kumagai Y, Akaike T, Lin J, Fukuto JM. The chemical biology of hydropersulfides (RSSH): Chemical stability, reactivity and redox roles. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 588:15-24. [PMID: 26519887 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate the ubiquitous prevalence of hydropersulfides (RSSH) in mammalian systems. The biological utility of these and related species is currently a matter of significant speculation. The function, lifetime and fate of hydropersulfides will be assuredly based on their chemical properties and reactivity. Thus, to serve as the basis for further mechanistic studies regarding hydropersulfide biology, some of the basic chemical properties/reactivity of hydropersulfides was studied. The nucleophilicity, electrophilicity and redox properties of hydropersulfides were examined under biological conditions. These studies indicate that hydropersulfides can be nucleophilic or electrophilic, depending on the pH (i.e. the protonation state) and can act as good one- and two-electron reductants. These diverse chemical properties in a single species make hydropersulfides chemically distinct from other, well-known sulfur containing biological species, giving them unique and potentially important biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran S Saund
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Victor Sosa
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Stephanie Henriquez
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Q Nhu N Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shield Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Shuhei Soeda
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Robert Millikin
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Corey White
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Henry Le
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shield Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Joseph Lin
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
| | - Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, 94928, USA.
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38
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Lo R, Ganguly B. Can hydroxylamine be a more potent nucleophile for the reactivation of tabun-inhibited AChE than prototype oxime drugs? An answer derived from quantum chemical and steered molecular dynamics studies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 10:2368-83. [PMID: 24964273 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents are highly toxic compounds which strongly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the blood and in the central nervous system (CNS). Tabun is one of the highly toxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds and is resistant to many oxime drugs formulated for the reactivation of AChE. The reactivation mechanism of tabun-conjugated AChE with various drugs has been examined with density functional theory and ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The presence of a lone-pair located on the amidic group resists the nucleophilic attack at the phosphorus center of the tabun-conjugated AChE. We have shown that the newly designed drug candidate N-(pyridin-2-yl)hydroxylamine, at the MP2/6-31+G*//M05-2X/6-31G* level in the aqueous phase with the polarizable continuum solvation model (PCM), is more effective in reactivating the tabun-conjugated AChE than typical oxime drugs. The rate determining activation barrier with N-(pyridin-2-yl)hydroxylamine was found to be ∼1.7 kcal mol(-1), which is 7.2 kcal mol(-1) lower than the charged oxime trimedoxime (one of the most efficient reactivators in tabun poisonings). The greater nucleophilicity index (ω(-)) and higher CHelpG charge of pyridinylhydroxylamine compared to TMB4 support this observation. Furthermore, we have also examined the reactivation process of tabun-inhibited AChE with some other bis-quaternary oxime drug candidates such as methoxime (MMB4) and obidoxime. The docking analysis suggests that charged bis-quaternary pyridinium oximes have greater binding affinity inside the active-site gorge of AChE compared to the neutral pyridinylhydroxylamine. The peripheral ligand attached to the neutral pyridinylhydroxylamine enhanced the binding with the aromatic residues in the active-site gorge of AChE through effective π-π interactions. Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations have also been performed with the charged oxime (TMB4) and the neutral hydroxylamine. From protein-drug interaction parameters (rupture force profiles, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions), geometry and the orientation of the drug candidates, the hydroxylamine is suggested to orchestrate the reactivation process better than TMB4. Furthermore, the calculated log P values show the effective penetration of the neutral drug candidate through the blood-brain barrier. The toxicity measurements and the IC50 values (a measure of the intrinsic affinity toward AChE) suggest that the pyridinylhydroxylamine compound could have similar toxic behavior compared to the prototype oxime antidotes used for reactivation purposes. The newly designed pyridinylhydroxylamine drug candidate can be an effective antidote both kinetically and structurally to reactivate the tabun-inhibited enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindranath Lo
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India-364 002.
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On the intrinsic reactivity index for electrophilicity/nucleophilicity responses. J Mol Model 2015; 21:53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Quantum chemical and steered molecular dynamics studies for one pot solution to reactivate aged acetylcholinesterase with alkylator oxime. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 223:58-68. [PMID: 25218671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl(pyridin-2-yl)sulfonium based oxime has been designed to reverse the aging process of organophosphorus inhibited AChE and to reactivate the aged-AChE adduct. We have employed DFT M05-2X/6-31G(∗) level of theory in aqueous phase with polarizable continuum solvation model (PCM) for the methylation of phosphonate ester monoanion of the soman-aged adduct. The calculated free energy of activation for the methyl transfer process from designed dimethyl(phenyl)sulfonium (1) to aged AChE-OP adduct occurs with a barrier of 31.4kcal/mol at M05-2X/6-31G(∗) level of theory, which is 6.4kcal/mol lower compared to the aging process signifies the preferential reversal process to recover the aged AChE-OP adduct. The pyridine ring containing alkylated sulfonium species, dimethyl(pyridin-2-yl)sulfonium (2), reduced the free energy of activation by 4.4kcal/mol compared to the previously reported alkylating agent N-methyl-2-methoxypyridinium species (A) for the alkylation of aged AChE-OP adduct. The free enzyme can be liberated from the inhibited acetylcholinesterase with the sulfonium compound decorated with an oxime group to avoid the administration of oxime drugs separately. The calculated potential energy surfaces show that the oxime based sulfonium compound (3) can effectively methylate the aged phosphonate ester monoanion of soman aged-adduct. The calculated global reactivity descriptors of the oxime 3 also shed light on this observation. To gain better understanding for protein drug interaction as well as the unbinding and conformational changes of the drug candidate in the active site of cholinesterase, steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation with 3 has been performed. Through a protein-drug interaction parameters (rupture force profiles, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions), geometrical and the orientation of drug-like candidate, the oxime 3 suggests to orchestrate the better reactivation process. The docking studies have been performed with 3 in the aged AChE and BChE to obtain the initial geometry of the SMD studies. The docking methods adopted in this study have been verified with the available crystal geometry of 1-methyl-2-(pentafluorobenzyloxyimino)pyridinium compound in aged soman inhibited human BChE (PDB code: 4B0P). The computational study suggests that the newly designed oxime is a potential candidate to reactivate the aged-AChE adduct.
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Sarmah A, Roy RK. A density functional reactivity theory (DFRT) based approach to understand the interaction of cisplatin analogues with protecting agents. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:1153-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
Theoretical scales of reactivity and selectivity are important tools to explain and to predict reactivity patterns, including reaction mechanisms. The main achievement of these efforts has been the incorporation of such concepts in advanced texts of organic chemistry. In this way, the modern organic chemistry language has become more quantitative, making the classification of organic reactions an easier task. The reactivity scales are also useful to set up a number of empirical rules that help in rationalizing and in some cases anticipating the possible reaction mechanisms that can be operative in a given organic reaction. In this review, we intend to give a brief but complete account on this matter, introducing the conceptual basis that leads to the definition of reactivity indices amenable to build up quantitative models of reactivity in organic reactions. The emphasis is put on two basic concepts describing electron-rich and electron-deficient systems, namely, nucleophile and electrophiles. We then show that the regional nucleophilicity and electrophilicity become the natural descriptors of electrofugality and nucleofugality, respectively. In this way, we obtain a closed body of concepts that suffices to describe electron releasing and electron accepting molecules together with the description of permanent and leaving groups in addition, nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions.
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Hosseinzadeh B, Chermahini AN, Beni AS, Teimouri A. Theoretical studies on the reactivity of thiazole derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-014-1258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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De Proft F, Broeckaert L, Turek J, Růžička A, Willem R. Reactivity of low-oxidation state tin compounds: an overview of the benefits of combining DFT Theory and experimental NMR spectroscopy. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity and complexation properties of dicoordinated Sn(II) and Sn(0) compounds are reviewed. The (dominant) electrophilicity of the stannylenes was confirmed and quantified through density functional theory (DFT) based reactivity indices. For these compounds, combining theoretical DFT calculations and experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic results has evidenced their potential to undergo π-complexation from aromatic π clouds in addition to significantly stronger σ-complexation. Moreover, their potential as Lewis bases was scrutinized in their interactions and reactions with iron and tungsten carbonyl Lewis acids. Finally, a prospective comparison of the reactivity of divalent stannylenes and stannylones, with a 0 oxidation state at the Sn atom, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank De Proft
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lies Broeckaert
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Turek
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolph Willem
- Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Liu S, Rong C, Lu T. Information conservation principle determines electrophilicity, nucleophilicity, and regioselectivity. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:3698-704. [PMID: 24784465 DOI: 10.1021/jp5032702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions are important chemical transformations involving charge acceptance and donation, so chemical intuition suggests that atomic charges should be a reliable descriptor to determine electrophilicity, nucleophilicity, and regioselectivity. Nevertheless, no such theoretical framework has been established as of yet. Herein, we report that the Hirshfeld charge can be used for such purposes. We justify this usage by showing that it results from the Information Conservation Principle. This principle not only decides where electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks will preferably occur but also dictates the amount of the Hirshfeld charge distribution, which, as we will show here, remarkably strongly correlates with experimental scales of both electrophilicity and nucleophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3420, United States
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Vasil’ev YV, Tzeng SC, Huang L, Maier CS. Protein modifications by electrophilic lipoxidation products: adduct formation, chemical strategies and tandem mass spectrometry for their detection and identification. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:157-82. [PMID: 24818247 PMCID: PMC4138024 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins by electrophilic oxylipids is emerging as an important mechanism that contributes to the complexity of proteomes. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation of biological lipids results in the formation of chemically diverse electrophilic carbonyl compounds, such as 2-alkenals and 4-hydroxy alkenals, epoxides, and eicosanoids with reactive cyclopentenone structures. These lipoxidation products are capable of modifying proteins. Originally considered solely as markers of oxidative insult, more recently the modifications of proteins by lipid peroxidation products are being recognized as a new mechanism of cell signaling with relevance to redox homeostasis, adaptive response and inflammatory resolution. The growing interest in protein modifications by reactive oxylipid species necessitates the availability of methods that are capable of detecting, identifying and characterizing these protein adducts in biological samples with high complexity. However, the efficient analysis of these chemically diverse protein adducts presents a considerable analytical challenge. We first provide an introduction into the chemistry and biological relevance of protein adductions by electrophilic lipoxidation products. We then provide an overview of tandem mass spectrometry approaches that have been developed in recent years for the interrogation of protein modifications by electrophilic oxylipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia S. Maier
- Corresponding author: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall Phone: 541-737-9533 Fax: 541-737-2062
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Morell C, Gázquez JL, Vela A, Guégan F, Chermette H. Revisiting electroaccepting and electrodonating powers: proposals for local electrophilicity and local nucleophilicity descriptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:26832-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that the electrophilicity index is also a rational choice for measuring nucleophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morell
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1(UCBL) et UMR CNRS 5280 Sciences Analytiques
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - José L. Gázquez
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa
- México, México
- Departamento de Química
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
| | - Alberto Vela
- Departamento de Química
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados
- México, México
| | - Frédéric Guégan
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1(UCBL) et UMR CNRS 5280 Sciences Analytiques
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Henry Chermette
- Université de Lyon
- Université Lyon 1(UCBL) et UMR CNRS 5280 Sciences Analytiques
- F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Schneider KJ, DeCaprio AP. Covalent Thiol Adducts Arising from Reactive Intermediates of Cocaine Biotransformation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1755-64. [DOI: 10.1021/tx4003116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Anthony P. DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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Larrañaga O, de Cózar A, Bickelhaupt FM, Zangi R, Cossío FP. Aggregation and cooperative effects in the aldol reactions of lithium enolates. Chemistry 2013; 19:13761-73. [PMID: 23964002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory and Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for model aldol reactions involving aggregates of lithium enolates derived from acetaldehyde and acetone. Formaldehyde and acetone have been used as electrophiles. It is found that the geometries of the enolate aggregates are in general determined by the most favorable arrangements of the point charges within the respective Lin On clusters. The reactivity of the enolates follows the sequence monomer≫dimer>tetramer. In lithium aggregates, the initially formed aldol adducts must rearrange to form more stable structures in which the enolate and alkoxide oxygen atoms are within the respective Lin On clusters. Positive cooperative effects, similar to allosteric effects found in several proteins, are found for the successive aldol reactions in aggregates. The corresponding transition structures show in general sofa geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Larrañaga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I/, Kimika Organikoa I Saila, Facultad de Química/, Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 1072, 20018 San Sebastián-Donostia (Spain)
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