1
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Bu E, Chen X, López-Cartes C, Monzón A, Delgado JJ. Induced-aggregates in photocatalysis: An unexplored approach to reduce the noble metal co-catalyst content. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:1055-1067. [PMID: 39074408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has emerged as a promising and environmentally sustainable solution to produce high-purity hydrogen through ethanol photoreforming. It is commonly accepted that adding co-catalysts, especially noble metals, significantly enhances the catalytic activity of semiconductors. However, the high cost of noble metals such as Pt may limit the real application of this emerging technology. Here we evaluate the possibility of reducing the noble metal loading by creating the appropriate interface between pre-formed semiconductor nanoparticles. Commercial titania (P25) was selected as the semiconductor due to its commercial availability, facilitating the straightforward validation and corroboration of our results. Pt was selected as co-catalyst because one of the most efficient photocatalysts for the ethanol photo-reforming is still based on the use of P25 in combination with Pt. We report that the creation of induced aggregates dramatically improves the total hydrogen produced when very low loadings (≤0.05 wt%) of Pt are used. We have developed a pioneering reactor designed for conducting photoluminescence studies under authentic operational conditions of nanoparticle suspensions in the liquid phase. This approach allows us to obtain the average photoluminescence emission from the P25 agglomerates what it would be impossible to obtain by using standard solid samples holders. Thanks to this equipment, we can conclude that this remarkable improvement of the activity is mainly due to creation of an interface that favors the charge transfer between the particles of the aggregates. According to this, the titania nanoparticles of the agglomerates act as an antenna to collect the photons of the sun-light and produce the photo-excited electrons that will be transferred to the platinum nanoparticles located in the same agglomeration. In contrast, raw P25 with low loadings of Pt would have a high number of titania nanoparticles without platinum, and therefore, inactive. This result would be especially relevant in the case of immobilized photocatalytic systems for real future photocatalytic reactors because the immobilization of the semiconductors would generate similar interactions to the one created by our method. Consequently, the initial semiconductor immobilization followed by the subsequent photo-deposition of the co-catalyst emerges as a promising approach for a substantial reduction of the co-catalyst content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Bu
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Cádiz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Cádiz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Monzón
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Delgado
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales, Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Cádiz, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain.
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2
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Elser M, Neige E, Berger T, Chiesa M, Giamello E, McKenna K, Risse T, Diwald O. On the Importance of Nanoparticle Necks and Carbon Impurities for Charge Trapping in TiO 2. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:8778-8787. [PMID: 37197384 PMCID: PMC10184168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Particle attachment and neck formation inside TiO2 nanoparticle networks determine materials performance in sensing, photo-electrochemistry, and catalysis. Nanoparticle necks can feature point defects with potential impact on the separation and recombination of photogenerated charges. Here, we investigated with electron paramagnetic resonance a point defect that traps electrons and predominantly forms in aggregated TiO2 nanoparticle systems. The associated paramagnetic center resonates in the g factor range between g = 2.0018 and 2.0028. Structure characterization and electron paramagnetic resonance data suggest that during materials processing, the paramagnetic electron center accumulates in the region of nanoparticle necks, where O2 adsorption and condensation can occur at cryogenic temperatures. Complementary density functional theory calculations reveal that residual carbon atoms, which potentially originate from synthesis, can substitute oxygen ions in the anionic sublattice, where they trap one or two electrons that mainly localize at the carbon. Their emergence upon particle neck formation is explained by the synthesis- and/or processing-induced particle attachment and aggregation facilitating carbon atom incorporation into the lattice. This study represents a substantial advance in linking dopants, point defects, and their spectroscopic fingerprints to microstructural features of oxide nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
J. Elser
- Institute
of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ellie Neige
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron
Universität Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstrasse 2a, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron
Universität Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstrasse 2a, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, via Giuria 7, Torino I-10125, Italy
| | - Elio Giamello
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University
of Torino, via Giuria 7, Torino I-10125, Italy
| | - Keith McKenna
- School
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Risse
- Institut
für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität
Berlin, Arnimallee 22, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron
Universität Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstrasse 2a, Salzburg 5020, Austria
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3
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Rettenmaier K, Berger T. Impact of Nanoparticle Consolidation on Charge Separation Efficiency in Anatase TiO 2 Films. Front Chem 2021; 9:772116. [PMID: 34858947 PMCID: PMC8631187 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.772116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous films and electrodes were prepared from aqueous slurries of isolated anatase TiO2 nanoparticles. The resulting layers were annealed in air at temperatures 100°C ≤ T ≤ 450°C upon preservation of internal surface area, crystallite size and particle size. The impact of processing temperature on charge separation efficiency in nanoparticle electrodes was tracked via photocurrent measurements in the presence of methanol as a hole acceptor. Thermal annealing leads to an increase of the saturated photocurrent and thus of the charge separation efficiency at positive potentials. Furthermore, a shift of capacitive peaks in the cyclic voltammograms of the nanoparticle electrodes points to the modification of the energy of deep traps. Population of these traps triggers recombination possibly due to the action of local electrostatic fields attracting photogenerated holes. Consequently, photocurrents saturate at potentials, at which deep traps are mostly depopulated. Charge separation efficiency was furthermore investigated for nanoparticle films and was tracked via the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Our observations evidence an increase of charge separation efficiency upon thermal annealing. The effect of particle consolidation, which we associate with minute atomic rearrangements at particle/particle contacts, is attributed to the energetic modification of deep traps and corresponding modifications of charge transport and recombination, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Rettenmaier
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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4
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Jiménez JM, Perdolt D, Berger T. Reactivity of Hydrogen-Related Electron Centers in Powders, Layers, and Electrodes Consisting of Anatase TiO 2 Nanocrystal Aggregates. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:13809-13818. [PMID: 34239660 PMCID: PMC8256420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Anatase TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates were used as model systems for studying at different water activities the reactivity of electron centers at semiconductor surfaces. The investigated surface conditions evolve from a solid/vacuum interface to a solid/bulk electrolyte interface. Hydrogen-related electron centers were generated either chemically-upon sample exposure to atomic hydrogen at the semiconductor/gas interface-or electrochemically-upon bias-induced charge accumulation at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Based on their corresponding spectroscopic and electrochemical fingerprints, we investigated the reactivity of hydrogen-related electron centers as a function of the interfacial condition and at different levels of complexity, that is, (i) for dehydrated and (partially) dehydroxylated oxide surfaces, (ii) for oxide surfaces covered by a thin film of interfacial water, and (iii) for oxide surfaces in contact with a 0.1 M HClO4 aqueous solution. Visible (Vis) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy evidence a chemical equilibrium between hydrogen atoms in the gas phase and-following their dissociation-electron/proton centers in the oxide. The excess electrons are either localized forming (Vis-active) Ti3+ centers or delocalized as (IR-active) free conduction band electrons. The addition of molecular oxygen to chemically reduced anatase TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates leads to a quantitative quenching of Ti3+ centers, while a fraction of ∼10% of hydrogen-derived conduction band electrons remains in the oxide pointing to a persistent hydrogen doping of the semiconductor. Neither trapped electrons (i.e., Ti3+ centers) nor conduction band electrons react with water or its adsorption products at the oxide surface. However, the presence of an interfacial water layer does not impede the electron transfer to molecular oxygen. At the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, inactivity of trapped electrons with regard to water reduction and electron transfer to oxygen were evidenced by cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Miguel Jiménez
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Perdolt
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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5
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Rolison DR, Pietron JJ, Glaser ER, Brintlinger TH, Yesinowski JP, DeSario PA, Melinger JS, Dunkelberger AD, Miller JB, Pitman CL, Owrutsky JC, Stroud RM, Johannes MD. Power of Aerogel Platforms to Explore Mesoscale Transport in Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41277-41287. [PMID: 32814427 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe the opportunity to deploy aerogels-an ultraporous nanoarchitecture with co-continuous networks of meso/macropores and covalently bonded nanoparticulates-as a platform to address the nature of the electronic, ionic, and mass transport that underlies catalytic activity. As a test case, we fabricated Au||TiO2 junctions in composite guest-host aerogels in which ∼5 nm Au nanoparticles are incorporated either directly into the anatase TiO2 network (Au "in" TiO2, AuIN-TiO2 aerogel) or deposited onto preformed TiO2 aerogel (Au "on" TiO2, AuON/TiO2 aerogel). The metal-meets-oxide nanoscale interphase as visualized by electron tomography feature extended three-dimensional (3D) interfaces, but AuIN-TiO2 aerogels impose a greater degree of Au contact with TiO2 particles than does the AuON/TiO2 form. Both aerogel variants enable transport of electrons over micrometer-scale distances across the TiO2 network to Au||TiO2 junctions, as evidenced by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and ultrafast visible pump-IR probe time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. The siting of gold nanoparticles in the TiO2 network more effectively disperses trapped electrons. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations find that increased physical contact between Au and TiO2, induced by oxygen vacancies, produces increased hybridization of midgap states and quenches unpaired trapped electrons. We assign the apparent differences in electron-transport capabilities to a combination of the relatively better-wired Au||TiO2 junctions in AuIN-TiO2 aerogels, which have a greater capacity to dilute accumulated charge over a larger interfacial surface area, with an enhanced ability to discharge the accumulated electrons via catalytic reduction of adsorbed O2 to O2- at the interface. Solid-state 1H nuclear magnetic resonance experiments show that proton spin-lattice relaxation times and possibly proton diffusion are strongly coupled to Au||TiO2 interfacial design, likely through spin coupling of protons to unpaired electrons trapped at the TiO2 network. Taken together, our results show that Au||TiO2 interfacial design strongly impacts charge carrier (electron and proton) transport over mesoscale distances in catalytic aerogel architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra R Rolison
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Jeremy J Pietron
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Evan R Glaser
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Todd H Brintlinger
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - James P Yesinowski
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Paul A DeSario
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Joseph S Melinger
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Adam D Dunkelberger
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Joel B Miller
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Catherine L Pitman
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Owrutsky
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Rhonda M Stroud
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Michelle D Johannes
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
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6
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Crystal structure dependent photocatalytic degradation of manganese and titanium oxides composites. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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7
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Geppert M, Schwarz A, Stangassinger LM, Wenger S, Wienerroither LM, Ess S, Duschl A, Himly M. Interactions of TiO 2 Nanoparticles with Ingredients from Modern Lifestyle Products and Their Effects on Human Skin Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1215-1225. [PMID: 32088960 PMCID: PMC7238409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
number of consumer products containing nanoparticles (NPs)
experienced a rapid increase during the past decades. However, most
studies of nanosafety have been conducted using only pure NPs produced
in the laboratory, while the interactions with other ingredients in
consumer products have rarely been considered so far. In the present
study, we investigated such interactions—with a special focus
on modern lifestyle products (MLPs) used by adolescents. An extensive
survey was undertaken at different high schools all over Austria to
identify MLPs that either contain NPs or that could come easily in
contact with NPs from other consumer products (such as TiO2 from sunscreens). Based on the results from a survey among secondary
schools students, we focused on ingredients from Henna tattoos (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphtoquinone,
HNQ, and p-phenylenediamine, PPD), fragrances (butylphenyl
methylpropional, known as Lilial), cosmetics and skin-care products
(four different parabens). As a cellular model, we decided to use
neonatal normal human dermal fibroblasts (nNHDF), since skin contact
is the main route of exposure for these compounds. TiO2 NPs interacted with these compounds as evidenced by alterations
in their hydrodynamic diameter observed by nanoparticle tracking analysis.
Combinations of TiO2 NPs with the different MLP components
did not show altered cytotoxicity profiles compared to MLP components
without TiO2 NPs. Nevertheless, altered cellular glutathione
contents were detected after incubation of the cells with Lilial.
This effect was independent of the presence of TiO2 NPs.
Testing mixtures of NPs with other compounds from consumer products
is an important approach to achieve a more reliable safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Geppert
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Schwarz
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lea Maria Stangassinger
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanna Wenger
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Lisa Maria Wienerroither
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefanie Ess
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Biosciences and Allergy Cancer Bio Nano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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8
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Rettenmaier K, Zickler GA, Redhammer GJ, Anta JA, Berger T. Particle Consolidation and Electron Transport in Anatase TiO 2 Nanocrystal Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39859-39874. [PMID: 31585043 PMCID: PMC7116033 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A sequence of chemical vapor synthesis and thermal annealing in defined gas atmospheres was used to prepare phase-pure anatase TiO2 nanocrystal powders featuring clean surfaces and a narrow particle size distribution with a median particle diameter of 14.5 ± 0.5 nm. Random networks of these nanocrystals were immobilized from aqueous dispersions onto conducting substrates and are introduced as model systems for electronic conductivity studies. Thermal annealing of the immobilized films at 100 °C < T < 450 °C in air was performed to generate particle-particle contacts upon virtual preservation of the structural properties of the nanoparticle films. The distribution of electrochemically active electronic states as well as the dependence of the electronic conductivity on the Fermi level position in the semiconductor films was studied in aqueous electrolytes in situ using electrochemical methods. An exponential distribution of surface states is observed to remain unchanged upon sintering. However, capacitive peaks corresponding to deep electron traps in the nanoparticle films shift positive on the potential scale evidencing an increase of the trapping energy upon progressive thermal annealing. These peaks are attributed to trap states at particle-particle interfaces in the random nanocrystal network (i.e., at grain boundaries). In the potential region, where the capacitive peaks are detected, we observe an exponential conductivity variation by up to 5 orders of magnitude. The potential range featuring the exponential conductivity variation shifts positive by up to 0.15 V when increasing the sintering temperature from 100 to 450 °C. Importantly, all films approach a potential- and sintering-temperature-independent maximum conductivity of ∼10-4 Ω-1·cm-1 at more negative potentials. On the basis of these results we introduce a qualitative model, which highlights the detrimental impact of electron traps located on particle-particle interfaces on the electronic conductivity in random semiconductor nanoparticle networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Rettenmaier
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Alexander Zickler
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Günther Josef Redhammer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Juan Antonio Anta
- Área de Química Física, Universidad Pablo de
Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
- E-mail:
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9
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Kollhoff F, Schneider J, Li G, Barkaoui S, Shen W, Berger T, Diwald O, Libuda J. Anchoring of carboxyl-functionalized porphyrins on MgO, TiO 2, and Co 3O 4 nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24858-24868. [PMID: 30230482 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid materials consisting of functional organic molecules on metal oxide nanomaterials are key components in emerging technologies, for example in energy conversion and molecular electronics. In this work, we present the results of a comparative study of carboxyl-functionalized porphyrins on different oxide nanomaterials. Specifically, we investigated the interaction of 5(3-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin (2H-3-MCTPP) and 5(4-carboxyphenyl)-10,15,20-triphenyl-21,23H-porphyrin (2H-4-MCTPP), on MgO, TiO2, and Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) using isothermal and temperature-programmed diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). We show that both porphyrins bind to the NPs, yielding stable monolayer films consisting of tilted surface carboxylates. In all cases, anchoring through the carboxylic acid group suppresses self-metalation of the porphyrin unit. Upon annealing, all anchored porphyrin films undergo metalation. The position of the acid group has no major influence on the reactivity. The same is true for the nature of the metal oxide, suggesting that the observed behaviour is general for most anchored porphyrin films on oxide nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kollhoff
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Schneider J, Berger T, Diwald O. Reactive Porphyrin Adsorption on TiO 2 Anatase Particles: Solvent Assistance and the Effect of Water Addition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:16836-16842. [PMID: 29663802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface functionalization of metal oxide nanoparticles with complex organic molecules can lead to optoelectronically very different material properties, depending on whether adsorption occurs at the solid-gas or solid-liquid interface. Here, we report on two different approaches to decorate anatase TiO2 nanoparticle powders with 2 H-tetraphenylporphyrin (2HTPP) molecules: (i) porphyrin adsorption in dispersions of organic liquids and (ii) gas-phase functionalization where evaporated porphyrin molecules attach to dehydrated particle surfaces in the absence of solvent molecules. In the latter case, a bottom-up approach is pursued to explore both the impact of organic solvent molecules and the impact of spurious water on the surface chemistry of porphyrin-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles. Vis diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence emission spectroscopy provide clear evidence for the promotion of interfacial reorganization processes of the adsorbate species by coadsorbed solvent molecules in liquids. Moreover, traces of spurious water were found to induce protonation-deprotonation reactions on the adsorbed porphyrins with a strong impact on the optical properties of the resulting hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials , Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2a , A-5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials , Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2a , A-5020 Salzburg , Austria
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials , Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Straße 2a , A-5020 Salzburg , Austria
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11
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Márquez A, Kocsis K, Zickler G, Bourret GR, Feinle A, Hüsing N, Himly M, Duschl A, Berger T, Diwald O. Enzyme adsorption-induced activity changes: a quantitative study on TiO 2 model agglomerates. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:55. [PMID: 28732539 PMCID: PMC5521066 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activity retention upon enzyme adsorption on inorganic nanostructures depends on different system parameters such as structure and composition of the support, composition of the medium as well as enzyme loading. Qualitative and quantitative characterization work, which aims at an elucidation of the microscopic details governing enzymatic activity, requires well-defined model systems. Results Vapor phase-grown and thermally processed anatase TiO2 nanoparticle powders were transformed into aqueous particle dispersions and characterized by dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler electrophoresis. Addition of β-galactosidase (β-gal) to these dispersions leads to complete enzyme adsorption and the generation of β-gal/TiO2 heteroaggregates. For low enzyme loadings (~4% of the theoretical monolayer coverage) we observed a dramatic activity loss in enzymatic activity by a factor of 60–100 in comparison to that of the free enzyme in solution. Parallel ATR-IR-spectroscopic characterization of β-gal/TiO2 heteroaggregates reveals an adsorption-induced decrease of the β-sheet content and the formation of random structures leading to the deterioration of the active site. Conclusions The study underlines that robust qualitative and quantitative statements about enzyme adsorption and activity retention require the use of model systems such as anatase TiO2 nanoparticle agglomerates featuring well-defined structural and compositional properties. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0283-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Márquez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Krisztina Kocsis
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gregor Zickler
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gilles R Bourret
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Feinle
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicola Hüsing
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Molecular Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34/III, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34/III, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Márquez A, Berger T, Feinle A, Hüsing N, Himly M, Duschl A, Diwald O. Bovine Serum Albumin Adsorption on TiO 2 Colloids: The Effect of Particle Agglomeration and Surface Composition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2551-2558. [PMID: 28195734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein adsorption at nanostructured oxides strongly depends on the synthesis conditions and sample history of the material investigated. We measured the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to commercial Aeroxide TiO2 P25 nanoparticles in aqueous dispersions. Significant changes in the adsorption capacity were induced by mild sample washing procedures and attributed to the structural modification of adsorbed water and surface hydroxyls. Motivated by the lack of information about the sample history of commercial TiO2 nanoparticle samples, we used vapor-phase-grown TiO2 nanoparticles, a well-established model system for adsorption and photocatalysis studies, and performed on this material for the first time a systematic and quantitative BSA adsorption study. After alternating vacuum and oxygen treatment of the nanoparticle powders at elevated temperatures for surface purification, we determined size distributions covering both the size of the individualized nanoparticles and nanoparticle agglomerates using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in an aqueous dispersion. Quantitative BSA adsorption measurements at different pH values and thus variable combinations of surface-charged proteins and TiO2 nanoparticles revealed a consistent picture: BSA adsorbs only at the outer agglomerate surfaces without penetrating the interior of the agglomerates. This process levels at coverages of single monolayers, which resist consecutive simple washing procedures. A detailed analysis of the protein-specific IR amide bands reveals that the adsorption-induced protein conformational change is associated with a decrease in the helical content. This study underlines that robust qualitative and quantitative statements about protein adsorption and corona formation require well-documented and controllable surface properties of the nanomaterials involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Márquez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Feinle
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicola Hüsing
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Department of Molecular Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Hellbrunnerstrasse 34/III, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Hellbrunnerstrasse 34/III, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg , Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A - 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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13
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14
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Mir N, Salavati-Niasari M. Effect of tertiary amines on the synthesis and photovoltaic properties of TiO2 nanoparticles in dye sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Siedl N, Gügel P, Diwald O. Synthesis and aggregation of In2O3 nanoparticles: impact of process parameters on stoichiometry changes and optical properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6077-6083. [PMID: 23581514 DOI: 10.1021/la400750d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic chemical vapor synthesis provides agglomerated In2O3 nanoparticles with a low abundance of particle-particle interfaces. Via exposure to bulk water and subsequent dehydration treatment these powders can be transformed into networks of aggregated nanoparticles. Two major effects arise from the associated emergence of particle-particle interfaces: an enhanced susceptibility to annealing induced n-type doping and a significant red-shift of the optical absorption threshold by 0.2 eV. On the basis of control experiments with pure water, we further explored the impact of the environmental gas atmosphere during annealing on the integral ensemble properties. We found that residual water vapor promotes the mutual attraction of particles, facilitates their condensation, and generates particle-particle interfaces. This work may prove to be of great value for the reproducible production and formulation of percolating metal oxide nanoparticle networks with high control over particle aggregation state, on the one hand, and n-type conductivity as well as optical properties, on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Siedl
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Siedl N, Baumann SO, Elser MJ, Diwald O. Particle Networks from Powder Mixtures: Generation of TiO(2)-SnO(2) Heterojunctions via Surface Charge-Induced Heteroaggregation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2012; 116:22967-22973. [PMID: 23378867 PMCID: PMC3558020 DOI: 10.1021/jp307737s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We explored the impact of interfacial property changes on aggregation behavior and photoinduced charge separation in mixed metal oxide nanoparticle ensembles. TiO(2) and SnO(2) nanoparticles were synthesized by metal organic chemical vapor synthesis and subsequently transformed into aqueous colloidal dispersions using formic acid for adjustment of the particles' surface charge. Surface charge-induced heteroaggregation was found to yield blended nanoparticle systems of exceptionally high mixing quality and, after vacuum annealing, to extremely high concentrations of heterojunctions between TiO(2) and SnO(2) nanoparticles with dehydroxylated surfaces. For tracking charge transfer processes across heterojunctions, the photogeneration of trapped charge carriers was measured with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. On blended nanoparticles systems with high concentrations of SnO(2)-TiO(2) heterojunctions, we observed an enhanced cross section for interparticular charge separation. This results from an effective interfacial charge transfer across the interfaces and gives rise to substantially increased concentrations of electrons and hole centers. The here presented insights are key to the rational design of particle-based heterojunctions and mesoporous nanoparticle networks and help to engineer composite nanomaterials for photocatalysis and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Siedl
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058
Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan O. Baumann
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058
Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J. Elser
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058
Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander
University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058
Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Schirmer M, Walz MM, Papp C, Kronast F, Gray AX, Balke B, Cramm S, Fadley CS, Steinrück HP, Marbach H. Fabrication of layered nanostructures by successive electron beam induced deposition with two precursors: protective capping of metallic iron structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:475304. [PMID: 22057093 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/47/475304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report on the stepwise generation of layered nanostructures via electron beam induced deposition (EBID) using organometallic precursor molecules in ultra-high vacuum (UHV). In a first step a metallic iron line structure was produced using iron pentacarbonyl; in a second step this nanostructure was then locally capped with a 2-3 nm thin titanium oxide-containing film fabricated from titanium tetraisopropoxide. The chemical composition of the deposited layers was analyzed by spatially resolved Auger electron spectroscopy. With spatially resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Fe L₃ edge, it was demonstrated that the thin capping layer prevents the iron structure from oxidation upon exposure to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schirmer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Yang CC, Vernimmen J, Meynen V, Cool P, Mul G. Mechanistic study of hydrocarbon formation in photocatalytic CO2 reduction over Ti-SBA-15. J Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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D'Arienzo M, Carbajo J, Bahamonde A, Crippa M, Polizzi S, Scotti R, Wahba L, Morazzoni F. Photogenerated defects in shape-controlled TiO2 anatase nanocrystals: a probe to evaluate the role of crystal facets in photocatalytic processes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17652-61. [PMID: 21970524 DOI: 10.1021/ja204838s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The promising properties of anatase TiO(2) nanocrystals exposing specific surfaces have been investigated in depth both theoretically and experimentally. However, a clear assessment of the role of the crystal faces in photocatalytic processes is still under debate. In order to clarify this issue, we have comprehensively explored the properties of the photogenerated defects and in particular their dependence on the exposed crystal faces in shape-controlled anatase. Nanocrystals were synthesized by solvothermal reaction of titanium butoxide in the presence of oleic acid and oleylamine as morphology-directing agents, and their photocatalytic performances were evaluated in the phenol mineralization in aqueous media, using O(2) as the oxidizing agent. The charge-trapping centers, Ti(3+), O(-), and O(2)(-), formed by UV irradiation of the catalyst were detected by electron spin resonance, and their abundance and reactivity were related to the exposed crystal faces and to the photoefficiency of the nanocrystals. In vacuum conditions, the concentration of trapped holes (O(-) centers) increases with increasing {001} surface area and photoactivity, while the amount of Ti(3+) centers increases with the specific surface area of {101} facets, and the highest value occurs for the sample with the worst photooxidative efficacy. These results suggest that {001} surfaces can be considered essentially as oxidation sites with a key role in the photoxidation, while {101} surfaces provide reductive sites which do not directly assist the oxidative processes. Photoexcitation experiments in O(2) atmosphere led to the formation of Ti(4+)-O(2)(-) oxidant species mainly located on {101} faces, confirming the indirect contribution of these surfaces to the photooxidative processes. Although this work focuses on the properties of TiO(2), we expect that the presented quantitative investigation may provide a new methodological tool for a more effective evaluation of the role of metal oxide crystal faces in photocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano D'Arienzo
- INSTM, Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 53, I-20125 Milano, Italy.
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20
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Baumann SO, Elser MJ, Auer M, Bernardi J, Hüsing N, Diwald O. Solid-solid interface formation in TiO2 nanoparticle networks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1946-1953. [PMID: 21265546 DOI: 10.1021/la104213d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at a comparison of microstructure and paramagnetic properties of mesoporous TiO(2) nanoparticle networks, we subjected entirely different TiO(2-x) precursor structures to vacuum annealing. The transformation of an amorphous TiO(2-x) gel--obtained by sol-gel processing of an ethylene glycol-modified titanium precursor--into a network of interconnected anatase nanocrystals was explored by means of X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption, and electron microscopy. Crystalline junctions between the particles emerge from temperature treatment. This process of particle network formation is different from that related to the vapor phase grown anatase nanocrystals where particle-particle interface formation is induced by contact with water. It was found that, after annealing up to 873 K and controlled sample purification in oxygen atmosphere, both types of samples exhibit high concentrations of particle-particle interfaces and comparable properties in terms of surface area, porosity, and microstructure. With electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) we observed on nonstoichiometric TiO(2-x) networks an identical type of subsurface defect which is related to the presence of solid-solid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan O Baumann
- Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Schirmer M, Walz MM, Vollnhals F, Lukasczyk T, Sandmann A, Chen C, Steinrück HP, Marbach H. Electron-beam-induced deposition and post-treatment processes to locally generate clean titanium oxide nanostructures on Si(100). NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:085301. [PMID: 21242619 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/8/085301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the lithographic generation of TiO(x) nanostructures on Si(100) via electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and local Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). In addition, the fabricated nanostructures were also characterized ex situ via atomic force microscopy (AFM) under ambient conditions. In EBID, a highly focused electron beam is used to locally decompose precursor molecules and thereby to generate a deposit. A drawback of this nanofabrication technique is the unintended deposition of material in the vicinity of the impact position of the primary electron beam due to so-called proximity effects. Herein, we present a post-treatment procedure to deplete the unintended deposits by moderate sputtering after the deposition process. Moreover, we were able to observe the formation of pure titanium oxide nanocrystals (<100 nm) in situ upon heating the sample in a well-defined oxygen atmosphere. While the nanocrystal growth for the as-deposited structures also occurs in the surroundings of the irradiated area due to proximity effects, it is limited to the pre-defined regions, if the sample was sputtered before heating the sample under oxygen atmosphere. The described two-step post-treatment procedure after EBID presents a new pathway for the fabrication of clean localized nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schirmer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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22
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Riss A, Elser MJ, Bernardi J, Diwald O. Stability and Photoelectronic Properties of Layered Titanate Nanostructures. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6198-206. [DOI: 10.1021/ja810109g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Riss
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J. Elser
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Bernardi
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Diwald
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria, University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10/052, A-1040 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Particle Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Yao Y, Li G, Gray KA, Lueptow RM. Single-walled carbon nanotube-facilitated dispersion of particulate TiO2 on ZrO2 ceramic membrane filters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7072-7075. [PMID: 18549253 DOI: 10.1021/la801202d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report that SWCNTs substantially improve the uniformity and coverage of TiO2 coatings on porous ZrO2 ceramic membrane filters. The ZrO2 filters were dip coated with 100 nm anatase TiO2, TiO2/SWCNT composites, a TiO2+SWCNT mixture, and a TiO2/MWCNT composite at pH 3, 5, and 8. Whereas the TiO2+SWCNT mixture and the TiO2/MWCNT composite promote better coverage and less clumping than TiO2 alone, the TiO2/SWCNT composite forms a complete uniform coating without cracking at pH 5 ( approximately 100% coverage). A combination of chemical and electrostatic effects between TiO2 and SWCNTs forming the composite as well as between the composite and the ZrO2 surface explains these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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24
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Yao Y, Li G, Ciston S, Lueptow RM, Gray KA. Photoreactive TiO2/carbon nanotube composites: synthesis and reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:4952-7. [PMID: 18678032 DOI: 10.1021/es800191n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Electron-hole recombination limits the efficiency of TiO2 photocatalysis. We have investigated the efficacy with which anatase/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite materials reduce charge recombination and enhance reactivity. We synthesized nanostructured assemblies composed of different proportions of anatase (5 or 100 nm) and either single-or multi-walled CNTs. The composites were prepared using a simple low temperature process in which CNTs and anatase nanoparticles were dispersed in water, dehydrated at 80 degrees C, and dried at 104 degrees C. The structures of the various TiO2/CNT composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their function was tested by phenol oxidation. Charge recombination was compared by measuring the photoluminescence spectra of select composites. We found that a nanostructured composite assembled from the 100 nm anatase and single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) exhibited enhanced and selective photocatalytic oxidation of phenol in comparison to both pure anatase and Degussa P25. A mechanism for the enhanced reactivity is proposed in which electrons are shuttled from TiO2 particles to the SWCNTs as a result of an optimal TiO2/ CNT arrangement that stabilizes charge separation and reduces charge recombination. In addition, the SWCNT assembly provides better catalyst-support (dispersal and connection) than multi-walled CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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25
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Xue M, Huang L, Wang JQ, Wang Y, Gao L, Zhu JH, Zou ZG. The direct synthesis of mesoporous structured MnO(2)/TiO(2) nanocomposite: a novel visible-light active photocatalyst with large pore size. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:185604. [PMID: 21825692 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/18/185604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of visible-light-driven mesoporous structured MnO(2)/TiO(2) nanocrystal photocatalysts have been synthesized through a modified sol-gel method, and the N(2) adsorption-desorption isotherm confirms that the mesoporous materials possess large pore size (up to 9.2 nm) and a narrow pore size distribution. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses and complementary x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements reveal that the doping of the transition metal Mn inhibits the growth of TiO(2) anatase nanocrystals and the Mn species are highly dispersed on the surface of TiO(2). The ultraviolet (UV)-vis spectrum demonstrates the excellent adsorption properties of MnO(2)/TiO(2) over the whole region of visible light, which enables this novel photocatalysis material to possess remarkable activity in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light radiation. Moreover, a 'coating mechanism' based on the nucleation of titania nanocrystals along with the interaction between the dopant precursors and titania clusters has been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xue
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC), Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Riss A, Berger T, Stankic S, Bernardi J, Knözinger E, Diwald O. Charge Separation in Layered Titanate Nanostructures: Effect of Ion Exchange Induced Morphology Transformation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1496-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Riss A, Berger T, Stankic S, Bernardi J, Knözinger E, Diwald O. Ladungstrennung in nanoskaligen Titanat-Schichten: Einfluss von Ionenaustausch und Morphologieumwandlung auf die photoelektronischen Eigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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The solid–solid interface: Explaining the high and unique photocatalytic reactivity of TiO2-based nanocomposite materials. Chem Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Berger T, Diwald O, Knözinger E, Napoli F, Chiesa M, Giamello E. Hydrogen activation at TiO2 anatase nanocrystals. Chem Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Zuo H, Sun J, Deng K, Su R, Wei F, Wang D. Preparation and Characterization of Bi3+-TiO2 and its Photocatalytic Activity. Chem Eng Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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