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Keskin D, Zu G, Forson AM, Tromp L, Sjollema J, van Rijn P. Nanogels: A novel approach in antimicrobial delivery systems and antimicrobial coatings. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3634-3657. [PMID: 33898869 PMCID: PMC8047124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of nanotechnology to develop efficient antimicrobial systems has a significant impact on the prospects of the biomedical field. Nanogels are soft polymeric particles with an internally cross-linked structure, which behave as hydrogels and can be reversibly hydrated/dehydrated (swollen/shrunken) by the dispersing solvent and external stimuli. Their excellent properties, such as biocompatibility, colloidal stability, high water content, desirable mechanical properties, tunable chemical functionalities, and interior gel-like network for the incorporation of biomolecules, make them fascinating in the field of biological/biomedical applications. In this review, various approaches will be discussed and compared to the newly developed nanogel technology in terms of efficiency and applicability for determining their potential role in combating infections in the biomedical area including implant-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Tromp
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Keskin D, Tromp L, Mergel O, Zu G, Warszawik E, van der Mei HC, van Rijn P. Highly Efficient Antimicrobial and Antifouling Surface Coatings with Triclosan-Loaded Nanogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:57721-57731. [PMID: 33320528 PMCID: PMC7775744 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanogel coatings provide a promising antimicrobial strategy against biomedical implant-associated infections. Nanogels can create a hydrated surface layer to promote antifouling properties effectively. Further modification of nanogels with quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) potentiates antimicrobial activity owing to their positive charges along with the presence of a membrane-intercalating alkyl chain. This study effectively demonstrates that poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-[3(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide) (P(NIPAM-co-DMAPMA)-based nanogel coatings possess antifouling behavior against S. aureus ATCC 12600, a Gram-positive bacterium. Through the tertiary amine in the DMAPMA comonomer, nanogels are quaternized with a 1-bromo-dodecane chain via an N-alkylation reaction. The alkylation introduces the antibacterial activity due to the bacterial membrane binding and the intercalating ability of the aliphatic QAC. Subsequently, the quaternized nanogels enable the formation of intraparticle hydrophobic domains because of intraparticle hydrophobic interactions of the aliphatic chains allowing for Triclosan incorporation. The coating with Triclosan-loaded nanogels shows a killing efficacy of up to 99.99% of adhering bacteria on the surface compared to nonquaternized nanogel coatings while still possessing an antifouling activity. This powerful multifunctional coating for combating biomaterial-associated infection is envisioned to greatly impact the design approaches for future clinically applied coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Keskin
- University of Groningen and University
Medical Center Groningen, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Tromp
- University of Groningen and University
Medical Center Groningen, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Mergel
- University of Groningen and University
Medical Center Groningen, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guangyue Zu
- University of Groningen and University
Medical Center Groningen, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliza Warszawik
- University of Groningen and University
Medical Center Groningen, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C. van der Mei
- University of Groningen and University
Medical Center Groningen, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University of Groningen and University
Medical Center Groningen, Department of
Biomedical Engineering, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Schulte MF, Scotti A, Brugnoni M, Bochenek S, Mourran A, Richtering W. Tuning the Structure and Properties of Ultra-Low Cross-Linked Temperature-Sensitive Microgels at Interfaces via the Adsorption Pathway. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14769-14781. [PMID: 31638406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The structure of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels adsorbed onto a solid substrate is investigated in the dry and hydrated states by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). We compare two different systems: a regularly cross-linked microgel containing 5 mol % cross-linker and ultra-low cross-linked microgels (ULC) prepared without a dedicated cross-linker. Furthermore, we compare three different adsorption processes: (i) in situ adsorption from solution, (ii) spin-coating, and (iii) Langmuir-Blodgett deposition from an oil-water interface. The results demonstrate that the morphology and the temperature-induced collapse of microgels adsorbed onto a solid substrate are very different for ultra-low cross-linked microgels as compared to regularly cross-linked microgels, despite the fact that their general behavior in solution is very similar. Furthermore, the morphology of ULC microgels can be controlled by the adsorption pathway onto the substrate. Absorbed ULC microgels are strongly deformed when being prepared either by spin-coating or by Langmuir-Blodgett deposition from an oil-water interface. After rehydration, the ULC microgels cannot collapse as entire objects, instead small globules are formed. Such a strong deformation can be avoided by in situ adsorption onto the substrate. Then, the ULC microgels exhibit half-ellipsoidal shapes with a smooth surface in the collapsed state similar to the more cross-linked microgels. As ULC microgels can be selectively trapped either in a more particle-like or in a more polymer-like behavior, coatings with strongly different topographies and properties can be prepared by one and the same ultra-low cross-linked microgel. This provides new opportunities for the development of smart polymeric coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friederike Schulte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Andrea Scotti
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Monia Brugnoni
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Steffen Bochenek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
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Kyrey T, Witte J, Pipich V, Feoktystov A, Koutsioubas A, Vezhlev E, Frielinghaus H, von Klitzing R, Wellert S, Holderer O. Influence of the cross-linker content on adsorbed functionalised microgel coatings. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schulte MF, Scotti A, Gelissen APH, Richtering W, Mourran A. Probing the Internal Heterogeneity of Responsive Microgels Adsorbed to an Interface by a Sharp SFM Tip: Comparing Core-Shell and Hollow Microgels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4150-4158. [PMID: 29509428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microgels composed of thermoresponsive polymer poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) are interfacial active. Their adsorption leads to deformation, causing conformational changes that have profound effects on the macroscopic properties of these films. Yet, methods to quantitatively probe the local density are lacking. We introduced scanning force microscopy (SFM) to quantitatively probe the internal structure of microgels physically adsorbed on a solid (SiO2)/water interface. Using a sharp SFM tip, we investigated the two types of microgels: (i) core-shell microgels featuring a hard silica core and a PNIPAM shell and (ii) hollow microgels obtained by dissolution of the silica core. Thus, both systems have the same polymer network as the peripheral structure but a distinctly different internal structure, that is, a rigid core versus a void. By evaluating the force-distance curves, the force profile during insertion of the tip into the polymer network enables to determine a depth-dependent contact resistance, which closely correlates with the density profiles determined in solution by small-angle neutron scattering. We found that the cavity of the swollen hollow microgels is still present when adsorbed to the solid substrate. Remarkably, while currently used techniques such as colloidal probe or reflectometry only provide an average of the z-profile, the methodology introduced herein actually probes the real three-dimensional density profile, which is ultimately important to understand the macroscopic behavior of microgel films. This will bridge the gap between the colloidal probe experiments that deform the microgel globally and the insertion in which the disturbance is located near the tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Friederike Schulte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Andrea Scotti
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Arjan P H Gelissen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 2 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstr. 50 , 52056 Aachen , Germany
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Nyström L, Malmsten M. Surface-bound microgels - From physicochemical properties to biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 238:88-104. [PMID: 27865424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microgels offer robust and facile approaches for surface modification, as well as opportunities to introduce biological functionality by loading such structures with bioactive agents, e.g., in the context of drug delivery, functional biomaterials, and biosensors. As such, they provide a versatile approach for the design of surfaces with pre-determined characteristics compared to more elaborate bottom-up approaches, such as layer-by-layer deposition and surface-initiated polymerization. In the present overview, properties of surface-bound microgels are discussed, ranging from physical adsorption and covalent grafting in dilute systems, to directed self-assembly, multilayer structures, and composites, as well as loading an release of drugs and other cargo molecules into/from such systems, and biomedical applications of these.
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Wellert S, Kesal D, Schön S, von Klitzing R, Gawlitza K. Ethylene glycol-based microgels at solid surfaces: swelling behavior and control of particle number density. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:2202-2210. [PMID: 25654206 DOI: 10.1021/la504556m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of ethylene glycol (EG)-based microgel particles at silicon surfaces was investigated. Monodisperse p-MeO2MA-co-OEGMA microgel particles were synthesized by precipitation polymerization. Particle size and the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) can be tailored by changing the amount of comonomer. The effect of geometrical confinement on the microgel particles was studied at the solid/liquid interface. Therefore, layer formation, particle number density, and swelling/deswelling at the surface were studied in dependence on the spin-coating preparation parameters and characterized by means of AFM against ambient conditions. The deswelling/swelling behavior was investigated by AFM in the water-swollen state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wellert
- Stranski-Laboratory for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Clarke KC, Lyon LA. Modulation of the deswelling temperature of thermoresponsive microgel films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12852-12857. [PMID: 24053386 DOI: 10.1021/la403280s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate fine-tuning of the deswelling temperatures of thermoresponsive microgels within a biologically relevant range (30-40 °C). This was achieved by copolymerizing N-isopropylacrylamide and N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPAm and NIPMAm, respectively) in varying ratios; the parent homopolymers are well-known thermoresponsive polymers. Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies of these microgels retain the temperature response properties as demonstrated by temperature-dependent light scattering. Furthermore, films composed of more than one type of microgel building block were shown to have multiple temperature responses similar to those observed for the individual building blocks, permitting further tailoring of the temperature responsive interface. Additional experiments with mixed composition films, investigating multiple assembly processes, show that the location of the microgels within the film does not interfere with the temperature response. This suggests that microgels within the polyelectrolyte assembly behave independently of neighboring microgels with respect to their thermally induced deswelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Clarke
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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South AB, Whitmire RE, García AJ, Lyon LA. Centrifugal deposition of microgels for the rapid assembly of nonfouling thin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:2747-54. [PMID: 20356152 PMCID: PMC2913592 DOI: 10.1021/am9005435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Thin films assembled from microgel building blocks have been constructed using a simple, high-throughput, and reproducible centrifugation (or "active") deposition technique. When compared to a common passive adsorption method (e.g., dip coating), microgels that are actively deposited onto a surface have smaller footprints and are more closely packed. Under both active and passive deposition conditions, the microgel footprint areas decrease during deposition. However, under active deposition, the microgel footprint appears to decrease continually and to a greater degree over the course of the deposition, forming a tightly packed, homogeneous film. Taking advantage of the rapid and uniform assembly of these films, we demonstrate the use of active deposition toward the fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayers containing anionic microgels and a cationic linear polymer. Microgel multilayers successfully demonstrated effective blocking of the underlying substrate toward macrophage adhesion, which is a highly sought-after property for modulating the inflammatory response to an implanted biomaterial.
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Lyon LA, Meng Z, Singh N, Sorrell CD, St. John A. Thermoresponsive microgel-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:865-74. [DOI: 10.1039/b715522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Linse S, Cabaleiro-Lago C, Xue WF, Lynch I, Lindman S, Thulin E, Radford SE, Dawson KA. Nucleation of protein fibrillation by nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8691-6. [PMID: 17485668 PMCID: PMC1866183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701250104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles present enormous surface areas and are found to enhance the rate of protein fibrillation by decreasing the lag time for nucleation. Protein fibrillation is involved in many human diseases, including Alzheimer's, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, and dialysis-related amyloidosis. Fibril formation occurs by nucleation-dependent kinetics, wherein formation of a critical nucleus is the key rate-determining step, after which fibrillation proceeds rapidly. We show that nanoparticles (copolymer particles, cerium oxide particles, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes) enhance the probability of appearance of a critical nucleus for nucleation of protein fibrils from human beta(2)-microglobulin. The observed shorter lag (nucleation) phase depends on the amount and nature of particle surface. There is an exchange of protein between solution and nanoparticle surface, and beta(2)-microglobulin forms multiple layers on the particle surface, providing a locally increased protein concentration promoting oligomer formation. This and the shortened lag phase suggest a mechanism involving surface-assisted nucleation that may increase the risk for toxic cluster and amyloid formation. It also opens the door to new routes for the controlled self-assembly of proteins and peptides into novel nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Linse
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Celia Cabaleiro-Lago
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Wei-Feng Xue
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stina Lindman
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Eva Thulin
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Sheena E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Lindman S, Lynch I, Thulin E, Nilsson H, Dawson KA, Linse S. Systematic investigation of the thermodynamics of HSA adsorption to N-iso-propylacrylamide/N-tert-butylacrylamide copolymer nanoparticles. Effects of particle size and hydrophobicity. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:914-20. [PMID: 17335269 DOI: 10.1021/nl062743+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles in biological fluids almost invariably become coated with proteins that may confer nanomedical and nanotoxicological effects. Understanding these effects requires quantitative measurements using simple systems. Adsorption of HSA to copolymer nanoparticles of varying hydrophobicity and curvature was studied using ITC, yielding stoichiometry, affinity, and enthalpy changes upon binding. The hydrophobicity was controlled via the co-monomer ratio, N-iso-propylacrylamide/N-tert-butylacrylamide. The most hydrophobic particles become fully covered with a single layer of protein, except at high curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Lindman
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Cedervall T, Lynch I, Lindman S, Berggård T, Thulin E, Nilsson H, Dawson KA, Linse S. Understanding the nanoparticle-protein corona using methods to quantify exchange rates and affinities of proteins for nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2050-5. [PMID: 17267609 PMCID: PMC1892985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608582104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2152] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their small size, nanoparticles have distinct properties compared with the bulk form of the same materials. These properties are rapidly revolutionizing many areas of medicine and technology. Despite the remarkable speed of development of nanoscience, relatively little is known about the interaction of nanoscale objects with living systems. In a biological fluid, proteins associate with nanoparticles, and the amount and presentation of the proteins on the surface of the particles leads to an in vivo response. Proteins compete for the nanoparticle "surface," leading to a protein "corona" that largely defines the biological identity of the particle. Thus, knowledge of rates, affinities, and stoichiometries of protein association with, and dissociation from, nanoparticles is important for understanding the nature of the particle surface seen by the functional machinery of cells. Here we develop approaches to study these parameters and apply them to plasma and simple model systems, albumin and fibrinogen. A series of copolymer nanoparticles are used with variation of size and composition (hydrophobicity). We show that isothermal titration calorimetry is suitable for studying the affinity and stoichiometry of protein binding to nanoparticles. We determine the rates of protein association and dissociation using surface plasmon resonance technology with nanoparticles that are thiol-linked to gold, and through size exclusion chromatography of protein-nanoparticle mixtures. This method is less perturbing than centrifugation, and is developed into a systematic methodology to isolate nanoparticle-associated proteins. The kinetic and equilibrium binding properties depend on protein identity as well as particle surface characteristics and size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stina Lindman
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Tord Berggård
- Department of Protein Technology, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Thulin
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Hanna Nilsson
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Sara Linse
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
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