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Rate-selected growth of ultrapure semiconducting carbon nanotube arrays. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4467. [PMID: 31578325 PMCID: PMC6775125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising candidates for smart electronic devices. However, it is challenging to mediate their bandgap or chirality from a vapor-liquid-solid growth process. Here, we demonstrate rate-selected semiconducting CNT arrays based on interlocking between the atomic assembly rate and bandgap of CNTs. Rate analysis confirms the Schulz-Flory distribution which leads to various decay rates as length increases in metallic and semiconducting CNTs. Quantitatively, a nearly ten-fold faster decay rate of metallic CNTs leads to a spontaneous purification of the predicted 99.9999% semiconducting CNTs at a length of 154 mm, and the longest CNT can be 650 mm through an optimized reactor. Transistors fabricated on them deliver a high current of 14 μA μm−1 with on/off ratio around 108 and mobility over 4000 cm2 V−1 s−1. Our rate-selected strategy offers more freedom to control the CNT purity in-situ and offers a robust methodology to synthesize perfectly assembled nanotubes over a long scale. Carbon nanotubes are considered promising materials for microelectronics, but it is challenging to separate semiconducting tubes from their metallic counterparts. Here, the authors report a self-purification growth process that allows them to obtain long, highly pure semiconducting carbon nanotubes.
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Li C, Ishii Y, Inayama S, Kawasaki S. Quinone molecules encapsulated in SWCNTs for low-temperature Na ion batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:355401. [PMID: 28660854 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7c83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have performed Li and Na ion charge-discharge experiments of 9,10-phenanthrene quinone (PhQ) molecules encapsulated in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with mean tube diameters of 1.5 and 2.5 nm at room temperature and also at low temperatures. The Na ion reversible capacity of PhQ encapsulated in the larger diameter SWCNTs, measured at a low temperature of 0 °C, remained as high as that measured at room temperature (RT), while the capacity of PhQ in the smaller diameter SWCNTs at 0 °C was about a half of that at RT. The diameter dependence of the capacity should be attributed to the difference in the interactions between the encapsulated PhQ molecules and the host SWCNTs, which was revealed by Raman peak profile analysis. Charge-transfer reaction from metallic tubes to PhQ molecules encapsulated in the smaller diameter SWCNTs was detected by Raman measurements. The electrostatic interaction between charged SWCNTs and PhQ molecules, induced by the charge-transfer reaction, would partly contribute to the stabilization of PhQ molecules in the smaller diameter SWCNTs, while only van der Waals interaction stabilizes PhQ molecules in the larger diameter SWCNTs. The difference in stability was confirmed by thermogravimetric, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman measurements. Charge-discharge curves of PhQ encapsulated in SWCNTs were also discussed based on the stability difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canghao Li
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Evans GP, Buckley DJ, Skipper NT, Parkin IP. Switchable changes in the conductance of single-walled carbon nanotube networks on exposure to water vapour. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11279-11287. [PMID: 28758671 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02141k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have discovered that wrapping single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with ionic surfactants induces a switch in the conductance-humidity behaviour of SWCNT networks. Residual cationic vs. anionic surfactant induces a respective increase or decrease in the measured conductance across the SWCNT networks when exposed to water vapour. The magnitude of this effect was found to be dependent on the thickness of the deposited SWCNT films. Previously, chemical sensors, field effect transistors (FETs) and transparent conductive films (TCFs) have been fabricated from aqueous dispersions of surfactant functionalised SWCNTs. The results reported here confirm that the electrical properties of such components, based on randomly orientated SWCNT networks, can be significantly altered by the presence of surfactant in the SWCNT layer. A mechanism for the observed behaviour is proposed based on electrical measurements, Raman and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Additionally, the potential for manipulating the sensitivity of the surfactant functionalised SWCNTs to water vapour for atmospheric humidity sensing was evaluated. The study also presents a simple method to establish the effectiveness of surfactant removal techniques, and highlights the importance of characterising the electrical properties of SWCNT-based devices in both dry and humid operating environments for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyn P Evans
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, 35 Tavistock Sq., London, WC1H 9EZ, UK and Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - David J Buckley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Neal T Skipper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK and London Centre for Nanotechnology, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St., London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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Removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant from aqueous dispersions of single-wall carbon nanotubes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 495:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dolash BD, Lahiji RR, Zemlyanov DY, Drachev VP, Reifenberger R, Bergstrom DE. Sonication mediated covalent cross-linking of DNA to single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hernández-Ferrer J, Ansón-Casaos A, Martínez MT. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of single-walled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole films on transparent substrates. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Ryu Y, Yin L, Yu C. Dramatic electrical conductivity improvement of carbon nanotube networks by simultaneous de-bundling and hole-doping with chlorosulfonic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16000e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Han JT, Kim SY, Kim JS, Jeong HJ, Jeong SY, Lee GW. Enhanced Electrical Properties of Transparent Carbon Nanotube/Binder Hybrid Thin Films: Effects of the Silane Sol and the Bundle Size of the Carbon Nanotubes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100305g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joong Tark Han
- Nano Carbon Materials Research Group, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 641-120, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Nano Carbon Materials Research Group, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 641-120, South Korea
| | - Jun Suk Kim
- Nano Carbon Materials Research Group, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 641-120, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jeong
- Nano Carbon Materials Research Group, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 641-120, South Korea
| | - Seung Yol Jeong
- Nano Carbon Materials Research Group, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 641-120, South Korea
| | - Geon-Woong Lee
- Nano Carbon Materials Research Group, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 641-120, South Korea
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Koretsune T, Saito S. Electronic structures and three-dimensional effects of boron-doped carbon nanotubes. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2008; 9:044203. [PMID: 27878020 PMCID: PMC5099634 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study boron-doped carbon nanotubes by first-principles methods based on the density functional theory. To discuss the possibility of superconductivity, we calculate the electronic band structure and the density of states (DOS) of boron-doped (10,0) nanotubes by changing the boron density. It is found that the Fermi level density of states D(∊F) increases upon lowering the boron density. This can be understood in terms of the rigid band picture where the one-dimensional van Hove singularity lies at the edge of the valence band in the DOS of the pristine nanotube. The effect of three-dimensionality is also considered by performing the calculations for bundled (10,0) nanotubes and boron-doped double-walled carbon nanotubes (10,0)@(19,0). From the calculation of the bundled nanotubes, it is found that interwall dispersion is sufficiently large to broaden the peaks of the van Hove singularity in the DOS. Thus, to achieve the high D(∊F) using the bundle of nanotubes with single chirality, we should take into account the distance from each nanotube. In the case of double-walled carbon nanotubes, we find that the holes introduced to the inner tube by boron doping spread also on the outer tube, while the band structure of each tube remains almost unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koretsune
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Oh-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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Blackburn JL, McDonald TJ, Metzger WK, Engtrakul C, Rumbles G, Heben MJ. Protonation effects on the branching ratio in photoexcited single-walled carbon nanotube dispersions. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:1047-1054. [PMID: 18318507 DOI: 10.1021/nl072809g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ensemble PL quantum yield for raw single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) dispersed in sodium cholate (SC) is approximately 5 times greater than that for the same raw SWNTs dispersed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and approximately 10 times greater than the quantum yield of purified SWNTs dispersed in SC. Absorbance and Raman spectra indicate that purified SC-dispersed SWNTs and raw SDS-dispersed SWNTs are hole-doped by protonation. Experiments comparing PL emission efficiency using E2 and E1 excitation show that protonation significantly affects the E2 --> E1 relaxation process, which has typically been assumed to occur with unit efficiency. The E2 --> E 1 relaxation is 5 times more efficient in producing E 1 PL when SWNTs are unprotonated and protected by the SC surfactant. The results provide clear evidence that extrinsic factors, such as residual acids and the specific nature of SWNT-surfactant and SWNT-solvent interactions, can significantly affect measured SWNT luminescence quantum yields.
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Nair N, Kim WJ, Braatz RD, Strano MS. Dynamics of surfactant-suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes in a centrifugal field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:1790-1795. [PMID: 18211104 DOI: 10.1021/la702516u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A hydrodynamic model is used to describe the motion of surfactant-suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes in a density gradient, while being subjected to a centrifugal field. The number of surfactant molecules adsorbed on each nanotube determines its effective density and, hence, its position in the gradient after centrifugation has been completed. Analysis of the spatial concentration distributions of CoMoCAT nanotubes suspended with 2 w/v% sodium cholate yielded 2.09, 2.14, and 2.08 surfactant molecules adsorbed per nanometer along the length of the (6,5), (7,5), and (8,7) nanotubes, respectively. The estimates are commensurate with experimental values reported in the literature and can be used to predict the fate of sodium cholate-suspended nanotubes in the separation process. Since the density of the surfactant-nanotube assembly is highly sensitive to the number of adsorbed molecules, a perturbation would cause it to be enriched at a different location in the gradient. The level of sensitivity is also reflected in the 95% confidence levels that are reported in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Nair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Blackburn JL, Svedruzic D, McDonald TJ, Kim YH, King PW, Heben MJ. Raman spectroscopy of charge transfer interactions between single wall carbon nanotubes and [FeFe] hydrogenase. Dalton Trans 2008:5454-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b806379f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Geng HZ, Kim KK, So KP, Lee YS, Chang Y, Lee YH. Effect of Acid Treatment on Carbon Nanotube-Based Flexible Transparent Conducting Films. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:7758-9. [PMID: 17536805 DOI: 10.1021/ja0722224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhang Geng
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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