1
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Hoang HM, Pham VTB, Grampp G, Kattnig DR. Magnetic Field-Sensitive Radical Pair Dynamics in Polymethylene Ether-Bridged Donor-Acceptor Systems. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10296-10305. [PMID: 30198006 PMCID: PMC6120740 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor systems forming exciplexes are versatile models for the study of magnetic field effects (MFEs) on charge recombination reactions. The MFEs originate from singlet-triplet interconversion within transient radical ion pairs (RIPs), which exist in a dynamic equilibrium with the exciplexes. Here, we describe the synthesis and MFEs of the chain-linked N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA)/9-methylanthracene (MAnt) donor-acceptor system MAnt-(CH2) n -O-CH2-CH2-DMA for n = 6, 8, 10, and 16. The MFEs are found to increase with increasing chain length. Effects as large as 37.5% have been observed for the long-chain compound with n = 16. The solvent dependence of the MFEs at magnetic field intensity 75 mT is reported. For the range of solvent static dielectric constants εs = 6.0-36.0, the MFEs go through a maximum for intermediate polarities, for which the direct formation of RIPs prevails and their dissociation and reencounter are balanced. Field-resolved measurements (MARY spectra) are reported for solutions in butyronitrile. The MARY spectra reveal that for n = 8, 10, 16, the average exchange interaction is negligible during the coherent lifetime of the radical pair. However, singlet-triplet dephasing broadens the lineshape; the shorter the linker, the more pronounced this effect is. For n = 6, a dip in the fluorescence intensity reveals a nonzero average exchange coupling of the order of ±5 mT. We discuss the field-dependence in the framework of the semiclassical theory taking spin-selective recombination, singlet-triplet dephasing, and exchange coupling into account. Singlet recombination rates of the order of 0.1 ns-1 and various degrees of singlet-triplet dephasing govern the spin dynamics. In addition, because of a small free energy gap between the exciplex and the locally excited fluorophore quencher pair, a fully reversible interconversion between the RIP, exciplex, and locally excited fluorophore is revealed by spectrally resolved MFE measurements for the long-chain systems (n = 10, 16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Minh Hoang
- Ho
Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Vo Van Ngan 01, Linh Chieu Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz
University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Van Thi Bich Pham
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz
University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Grampp
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz
University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Living
Systems Institute and Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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2
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Mentel KK, Nunes RMD, Serpa C, Arnaut LG. Dynamics of Radical Ion Pairs following Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Solvents with Low and Intermediate Polarities. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7571-8. [PMID: 25588979 DOI: 10.1021/jp511425y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence quenching of p-xylene, naphthalene, or pyrene by fumaronitrile in apolar solvents and in solvents of intermediate polarities leads to weakly fluorescent radical ion pairs. This emission is assigned to ion pairs in close contact on the basis of their solvent polarity dependence, kinetics, and thermodynamics. The temperature-dependence of the intensity and fluorescence emission maxima of ion pairs in methyl acetate reveals that they have decay channels competitive with their thermal equilibration. The results presented in this work are consistent with the direct formation of contact ion pairs in weakly polar solvents and in solvents of intermediate polarities as the result of bimolecular photoinduced electron transfer reactions between aromatic hydrocarbons and nitriles. The implications of these findings in free-energy relationships of electron transfer reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila K Mentel
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M D Nunes
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Serpa
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis G Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Rosspeintner A, Vauthey E. Bimolecular photoinduced electron transfer reactions in liquids under the gaze of ultrafast spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:25741-54. [PMID: 25356933 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Because of their key role in many areas of science and technology, bimolecular photoinduced electron transfer reactions have been intensively studied over the past five decades. Despite this, several important questions, such as the absence of the Marcus inverted region or the structure of the primary reaction product, have only recently been solved while others still remain unanswered. Ultrafast spectroscopy has proven to be extremely powerful to monitor the entire electron transfer process and to access, with the help of state-of-the-art theoretical models of diffusion-assisted reactions, crucial information like e.g. the intrinsic charge separation dynamics beyond the diffusion limit. Additionally, extension of these experimental techniques to other spectral regions than the UV-visible, such as the infrared, has given a totally new insight into the nature, the structure and the dynamics of the key reaction intermediates, like exciplexes and ions pairs. In this perspective, we highlight these recent progresses and discuss several aspects that still need to be addressed before a thorough understanding of these processes can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Hoang HM, Pham TB, Grampp G, Kattnig DR. Exciplexes versus Loose Ion Pairs: How Does the Driving Force Impact the Initial Product Ratio of Photoinduced Charge Separation Reactions? J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3188-3194. [PMID: 25243054 PMCID: PMC4166680 DOI: 10.1021/jz501575r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many donor-acceptor systems can undergo a photoinduced charge separation reaction, yielding loose ion pairs (LIPs). LIPs can be formed either directly via (distant) electron transfer (ET) or indirectly via the dissociation of an initially formed exciplex or tight ion pair. Establishing the prevalence of one of the reaction pathways is challenging because differentiating initially formed exciplexes from LIPs is difficult due to similar spectroscopic footprints. Hence, no comprehensive reaction model has been established for moderately polar solvents. Here, we employ an approach based on the time-resolved magnetic field effect (MFE) of the delayed exciplex luminescence to distinguish the two reaction channels. We focus on the effects of the driving force of ET and the solvent permittivity. We show that, surprisingly, the exciplex channel is significant even for an exergonic ET system with a free energy of ET of -0.58 eV and for the most polar solutions studied (butyronitrile). Our findings demonstrate that exciplexes play a crucial role even in polar solvents and at moderate driving forces, contrary to what is usually assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Minh Hoang
- Institute of Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Streymayrgasse 9/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thi Bich
Van Pham
- Institute of Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Streymayrgasse 9/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Grampp
- Institute of Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Streymayrgasse 9/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Koch M, Letrun R, Vauthey E. Exciplex Formation in Bimolecular Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Investigated by Ultrafast Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4066-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ja500812u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Koch
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Romain Letrun
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Asim S, Mansha A, Landgraf S, Grampp G, Zahid M, Bhatti HN. Spectral and thermodynamic properties for the exciplexes of N-alkyl carbazoles with dicyanobenzenes in THF. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 118:138-145. [PMID: 24051282 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The exciplex emission spectra of N-ethylcarbazole with 1,2-dicyanobenzene (NEC/1,2-DCB), N-methylcarbazole with 1,2-dicyanobenzene (NMC/1,2-DCB), 1,3-dicyanobenzene (NMC/1,3-DCB), and 1,4-dicyanobenzene (NMC/1,4-DCB) are studied in tetrahydrofuran (THF) for the temperature range starting from 253 K to 334 K. Thermochromic shifts along with the spectral properties including change in peak intensities and the ratio of exciplex peak intensity to fluorophore peak intensity are studied. Effect of temperature on the energy of zero-zero transitions hνo('), Huang-Rhys factor (S), Gauss broadening of vibronic level (σ) and the dominant high-frequency vibration (hνν) are also part of investigation. Enthalpy of exciplex formation (ΔH(EX)(∗)) calculated by the model proposed by A. Weller and the Gibb's energy of electron transfer (ΔG(et)(∗)) for all exciplex systems are also discussed in the present paper. All the exciplexes under study were observed to be dipolar in nature. The exciplex of the N-methylcarbazole/1,4-dicyanobenzene was found to be the most stable and the N-methylcarbazole/1,3-dicyanobenzene was the weakest exciplex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Asim
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan(1).
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Kichigina AO, Ionkin VN, Ivanov AI. Temperature dependence of the rate of photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in a Zn-porphyrin-quinone system. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413090094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Al-Subi AH, Niemi M, Ranta J, Tkachenko NV, Lemmetyinen H. Effect of halide binding on intramolecular exciplex of double-linked zinc porphyrin-fullerene dyad. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko N, Efimov A, Niemi M. Transient states in photoinduced electron transfer reactions of porphyrin- and phthalocyanine-fullerene dyads. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842460900139x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper combines the most important results on studies performed by the authors during the last decade on photoinduced electron transfer reactions of pheophytin-, phthalocyanine-, and porphyrin-fullerene dyads, in which donor and acceptor moieties are covalently linked to each other. Practically all studied molecules form an intramolecular exciplex as a transient state before the formation of the charge separation state or tight ion pair. When the center-to-center distance of the donor and acceptor pair is short (7–10 Å) both the exciplex formation and primary electron transfer are extremely fast with rate constants of 7–23 × 1012 s -1 and 40–1400 × 109 s -1, respectively. Rates become slower when the distance and orientational fluctuation increases. No systematic correlation between free energies and the rates of the formation and recombination of the exciplex and the charge separation state, respectively, were observed. The mechanism is discussed in frames of the Marcus electron transfer and the radiationless quantum transition theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Lemmetyinen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering. Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Nikolai Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering. Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexander Efimov
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering. Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Marja Niemi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering. Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
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Kuzmin MG, Soboleva IV, Dolotova EV, Dogadkin DN. Peculiarities and paradoxes of photoinduced electron transfer reactions. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143911050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Transient exciplex formation mechanism of excited-state electron transfer reactions is analyzed in terms of experimental data on thermodynamics and kinetics of exciplex formation and decay. Experimental profiles of free energy, enthalpy, and entropy for transient exciplex formation and decay are considered for several electron transfer reactions in various solvents. Strong electronic coupling in contact pairs of reactants causes substantial decrease of activation energy relative to that for conventional long-range ET mechanism, especially for endergonic reactions, and provides the possibility for medium reorganization concatenated to gradual charge shift in contrast to conventional preliminary medium and reactants reorganization. Experimental criteria for transient exciplex formation (concatenated) mechanism of excited-state electron transfer are considered. Available experimental data show that this mechanism dominates for endergonic ET reactions and provides a natural explanation for a lot of known paradoxes of ET reactions.
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Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV, Efimov A, Niemi M. Photoinduced intra- and intermolecular electron transfer in solutions and in solid organized molecular assemblies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:397-412. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Schlenker CW, Thompson ME. Current Challenges in Organic Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion. UNIMOLECULAR AND SUPRAMOLECULAR ELECTRONICS I 2011; 312:175-212. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Kattnig DR, Rosspeintner A, Grampp G. Magnetic field effects on exciplex-forming systems: the effect on the locally excited fluorophore and its dependence on free energy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 13:3446-60. [PMID: 21180733 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01517b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses magnetic field effects in exciplex forming donor-acceptor systems. For moderately exergonic systems, the exciplex and the locally excited fluorophore emission are found to be magneto-sensitive. A previously introduced model attributing this finding to excited state reversibility is confirmed. Systems characterised by a free energy of charge separation up to approximately -0.35 eV are found to exhibit a magnetic field effect on the fluorophore. A simple three-state model of the exciplex is introduced, which uses the reaction distance and the asymmetric electron transfer reaction coordinate as pertinent variables. Comparing the experimental emission band shapes with those predicted by the model, a semi-quantitative picture of the formation of the magnetic field effect is developed based on energy hypersurfaces. The model can also be applied to estimate the indirect contribution of the exchange interaction, even if the perturbative approach fails. The energetic parameters that are essential for the formation of large magnetic field effects on the exciplex are discussed.
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Gomes PJS, Serpa C, Nunes RMD, Arnaut LG, Formosinho SJ. Exothermic Rate Restrictions in Long-Range Photoinduced Charge Separations in Rigid Media. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2778-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9108255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J. S. Gomes
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Serpa
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. D. Nunes
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luis G. Arnaut
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Lemmetyinen H, Kumpulainen T, Niemi M, Efimov A, Ranta J, Stranius K, Tkachenko NV. Independence and inverted dependence on temperature of rates of photoinduced electron transfer in double-linked phthalocyanine-fullerene dyads. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:949-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00059k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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de la Harpe K, Crespo-Hernández CE, Kohler B. The excited-state lifetimes in a G x C DNA duplex are nearly independent of helix conformation and base-pairing motif. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1421-5. [PMID: 19301308 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
DNA photophysics: Femtosecond transient absorption experiments reveal that excited states produced by UV light in a duplex DNA oligonucleotide decay at essentially the same rate in B and Z helix conformers (see figure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly de la Harpe
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Mohammed OF, Vauthey E. Simultaneous Generation of Different Types of Ion Pairs upon Charge-Transfer Excitation of a Donor−Acceptor Complex Revealed by Ultrafast Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5804-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar F. Mohammed
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Kattnig DR, Rosspeintner A, Grampp G. Fully reversible interconversion between locally excited fluorophore, exciplex, and radical ion pair demonstrated by a new magnetic field effect. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:960-2. [PMID: 18092310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Kattnig
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Technikerstrasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Kattnig D, Rosspeintner A, Grampp G. Reversibler Austausch zwischen lokal angeregtem Fluorophor, Exciplex und Radikalionenpaar – ein neuer Magnetfeldeffekt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mac M, Uchacz T, Danel A, Miranda MA, Paris C, Pischel U. Intramolecular exciplexes based on benzoxazole: photophysics and applications as fluorescent cation sensors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:633-41. [DOI: 10.1039/b719141c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
We investigate the energy gap law of electron transfer in nonpolar solvents for charge separation and charge recombination reactions. In polar solvents, the reaction coordinate is given in terms of the electrostatic potentials from solvent permanent dipoles at solutes. In nonpolar solvents, the energy fluctuation due to solvent polarization is absent, but the energy of the ion pair state changes significantly with the distance between the ions as a result of the unscreened strong Coulomb potential. The electron transfer occurs when the final state energy coincides with the initial state energy. For charge separation reactions, the initial state is a neutral pair state, and its energy changes little with the distance between the reactants, whereas the final state is an ion pair state and its energy changes significantly with the mutual distance; for charge recombination reactions, vice versa. We show that the energy gap law of electron-transfer rates in nonpolar solvents significantly depends on the type of electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tachiya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)AIST Tsukuba Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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