1
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Ferhoune I, Guemini M, Rezgui Y. Effect of the Chemical Structure of Hydrocarbons on the Emissions of CO, CO2 and Soot Precursors Issued from Cyclohexane and Benzene Premixed Flames. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158421040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Caster KL, Selby TM, Osborn DL, Le Picard SD, Goulay F. Product Detection of the CH(X 2Π) Radical Reaction with Cyclopentadiene: A Novel Route to Benzene. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6927-6939. [PMID: 34374546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the methylidyne radical (CH(X2Π)) with cyclopentadiene (c-C5H6) is studied in the gas phase at 4 Torr and 373 K using a multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometer. Under multiple collision conditions, the dominant product channel observed is the formation of C6H6 + H. Fitting the photoionization spectrum using reference spectra allows for isomeric resolution of C6H6 isomers, where benzene is the largest contributor with a relative branching fraction of 90 (±5)%. Several other C6H6 isomers are found to have smaller contributions, including fulvene with a branching fraction of 8 (±5)%. Master Equation calculations for four different entrance channels on the C6H7 potential energy surface are performed to explore the competition between CH cycloaddition to a C═C bond vs CH insertion into C-H bonds of cyclopentadiene. Previous studies on CH addition to unsaturated hydrocarbons show little evidence for the C-H insertion pathway. The present computed branching fractions support benzene as the sole cyclic product from CH cycloaddition, whereas fulvene is the dominant product from two of the three pathways for CH insertion into the C-H bonds of cyclopentadiene. The combination of experiment with Master Equation calculations implies that insertion must account for ∼10 (±5)% of the overall CH + cyclopentadiene mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacee L Caster
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Talitha M Selby
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, West Bend, Wisconsin 53095, United States
| | - David L Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Mail Stop 9055, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Sebastien D Le Picard
- IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), UMR 6251, Univ Rennes, CNRS, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fabien Goulay
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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3
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Porfiriev DP, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. Mechanism and kinetics of the oxidation of 1,3-butadien-1-yl ( n-C 4H 5): a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9198-9210. [PMID: 33885117 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00567g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-f12//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) calculations of the C4H5O2 potential energy surface have been combined with Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus Master Equation (RRKM-ME) calculations of temperature- and pressure-dependent rate constants and product branching ratios to unravel the mechanism and kinetics of the n-C4H5 + O2 reaction. The results indicate that the reaction is fast, with the total rate constant being in the range of 3.4-5.6 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The main products include 1-oxo-n-butadienyl + O and acrolein + HCO, with their cumulative yield exceeding 90% at temperatures above 1500 K. Two conformers of 1-oxo-n-butadienyl + O are formed via a simple mechanism of O2 addition to the radical site of n-C4H5 followed by the cleavage of the O-O bond proceeding via a van der Waals C4H5OO complex. Alternatively, the pathways leading to acrolein + HCO involve significant reorganization of the heavy-atom skeleton either via formal migration of one O atom to the opposite end of the molecule or its insertion into the C1-C2 bond. Not counting thermal stabilization of the initial peroxy adducts, which prevails at low temperatures and high pressures, all other products share a minor yield of under 5%. Rate constants for the significant reaction channels have been fitted to modified Arrhenius expressions and are proposed for kinetic modeling of the oxidation of aromatic molecules and 1,3-butadiene. As a secondary reaction, n-C4H5 + O2 can be a source for the formation of acrolein observed experimentally in oxidation of the phenyl radical at low combustion temperatures, whereas another significant (secondary) product of the C6H5 + O2 reaction, furan, could be formed through unimolecular decomposition of 1-oxo-n-butadienyl. Both the n-C4H5 + O2 reaction and unimolecular decomposition of its 1-oxo-n-butadienyl primary product are shown not to be a substantial source of ketene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis P Porfiriev
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086, Russian Federation.
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4
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Wang E, Ding J. Reaction between the i-C4H5 radical and propargyl radical (C3H3): A theoretical study. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Cao X, Gong C, Liu J, Ma H, Li Z, Wang J, Li X. Development of a detailed pyrolysis mechanism for C
1
–C
4
hydrocarbons under a wide range of temperature and pressure. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Cao
- College of Aeronautics and Astronautics Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | | | - Jianwen Liu
- Beijing Power Machinery Institute Beijing China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Beijing Power Machinery Institute Beijing China
| | - Zerong Li
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xiangyuan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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6
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Chu T, Smith MC, Yang J, Liu M, Green WH. Theoretical study on the HACA chemistry of naphthalenyl radicals and acetylene: The formation of C
12
H
8
, C
14
H
8
, and C
14
H
10
species. INT J CHEM KINET 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Te‐Chun Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Mica C. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Jeehyun Yang
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - William H. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts
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7
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Smith MC, Liu G, Buras ZJ, Chu TC, Yang J, Green WH. Direct Measurement of Radical-Catalyzed C 6H 6 Formation from Acetylene and Validation of Theoretical Rate Coefficients for C 2H 3 + C 2H 2 and C 4H 5 + C 2H 2 Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2871-2884. [PMID: 32164407 PMCID: PMC7309326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
addition of vinylic radicals to acetylene is an important step
contributing to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in combustion. The overall reaction 3C2H2 →
C6H6 could result in large benzene yields, but
without accurate rate parameters validated by experiment, the extent
of aromatic ring formation from this pathway is uncertain. The addition
of vinyl radicals to acetylene was investigated using time-resolved
photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry at 500 and 700 K
and 5–50 Torr. The formation of C6H6 was
observed at all conditions, attributed to sequential addition to acetylene
followed by cyclization. Vinylacetylene (C4H4) was observed with increasing yield from 500 to 700 K, attributed
to the β-scission of the thermalized 1,3-butadien-1-yl radical
and the chemically activated reaction C2H3 +
C2H2 → C4H4 + H.
The measured kinetics and product distributions are consistent with
a kinetic model constructed using pressure- and temperature-dependent
reaction rate coefficients computed from previously reported ab initio calculations. The experiments provide direct measurements
of the hypothesized C4H5 intermediates and validate
predictions of pressure-dependent addition reactions of vinylic radicals
to C2H2, which are thought to play a key role
in soot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mica C Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
| | - Guozhu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States.,Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zachary J Buras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
| | - Te-Chun Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
| | - Jeehyun Yang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
| | - William H Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, United States
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8
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He C, Thomas AM, Galimova GR, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Gas-Phase Formation of 1-Methylcyclopropene and 3-Methylcyclopropene via the Reaction of the Methylidyne Radical (CH; X 2Π) with Propylene (CH 3CHCH 2; X 1A'). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:10543-10555. [PMID: 31718184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The crossed molecular beam reactions of the methylidyne radical (CH; X2Π) with propylene (CH3CHCH2; X1A') along with (partially) substituted reactants were conducted at collision energies of 19.3 kJ mol-1. Combining our experimental data with ab initio electronic structure and statistical calculations, the methylidyne radical is revealed to add barrierlessly to the carbon-carbon double bond of propylene reactant resulting in a cyclic doublet C4H7 intermediate with a lifetime longer than its rotation period. These adducts undergo a nonstatistical unimolecular decomposition via atomic hydrogen loss through tight exit transition states forming the cyclic products 1-methylcyclopropene and 3-methylcyclopropene with overall reaction exoergicities of 168 ± 25 kJ mol-1. These C4H6 isomers are predicted to exist even in low-temperature environments such as cold molecular clouds like TMC-1, since the reaction is barrierless and exoergic, all transition states are below the energy of the separated reactants, and both the methylidyne radical (CH; X2Π) and propylene reactant were detected in cold molecular clouds such as TMC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Aaron M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Galiya R Galimova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States.,Samara National Research University , Samara 443086 , Russia
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawai'i at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
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9
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He C, Zhao L, Thomas AM, Morozov AN, Mebel AM, Kaiser RI. Elucidating the Chemical Dynamics of the Elementary Reactions of the 1-Propynyl Radical (CH3CC; X2A1) with Methylacetylene (H3CCCH; X1A1) and Allene (H2CCCH2; X1A1). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5446-5462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Aaron M. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Alexander N. Morozov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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10
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Liszka MK, Brezinsky K. Variable high‐pressure and concentration study of cyclohexane pyrolysis at high temperatures. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Krzysztof Liszka
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois
| | - Kenneth Brezinsky
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois
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11
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Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Xu B, Ablikim U, Ahmed M, Zagidullin MV, Azyazov VN, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF, Mebel AM. VUV Photoionization Study of the Formation of the Simplest Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Naphthalene (C 10H 8). J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2620-2626. [PMID: 29717871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), naphthalene (C10H8), was explored in a high-temperature chemical reactor under combustion-like conditions in the phenyl (C6H5)-vinylacetylene (C4H4) system. The products were probed utilizing tunable vacuum ultraviolet light by scanning the photoionization efficiency (PIE) curve at a mass-to-charge m/ z = 128 (C10H8+) of molecules entrained in a molecular beam. The data fitting with PIE reference curves of naphthalene, 4-phenylvinylacetylene (C6H5CCC2H3), and trans-1-phenylvinylacetylene (C6H5CHCHCCH) indicates that the isomers were generated with branching ratios of 43.5±9.0 : 6.5±1.0 : 50.0±10.0%. Kinetics simulations agree nicely with the experimental findings with naphthalene synthesized via the hydrogen abstraction-vinylacetylene addition (HAVA) pathway and through hydrogen-assisted isomerization of phenylvinylacetylenes. The HAVA route to naphthalene at elevated temperatures represents an alternative pathway to the hydrogen abstraction-acetylene addition (HACA) forming naphthalene in flames and circumstellar envelopes, whereas in cold molecular clouds, HAVA synthesizes naphthalene via a barrierless bimolecular route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Utuq Ablikim
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marsel V Zagidullin
- Samara National Research University , Samara 443086 , Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute , Samara 443011 , Russia
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University , Samara 443086 , Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute , Samara 443011 , Russia
| | - A Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
- Samara National Research University , Samara 443086 , Russia
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12
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Dharmarathne NK, Mackie JC, Kennedy EM, Stockenhuber M. Mechanism and Rate of Thermal Decomposition of Hexachlorocyclopentadiene and Its Importance in PCDD/F Formation from the Combustion of Cyclodiene Pesticides. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5871-5883. [PMID: 28682607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermal decomposition of hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCP) has been studied in inert gas and under oxidative conditions in a silica flow reactor at a residence time of 5.0 s between 690 and 923 K and 1 atm pressure. Pyrolysis was initiated by Cl bond fission to form pentachlorocyclopentadienyl radical; two such radicals then combined to undergo a series of intramolecular rearrangements and Cl fissions, producing principally octachloronaphthalene (8ClNP) and Cl2. This process has been studied by quantum chemical calculation, and a reaction potential energy surface has been developed. The rate constant of initial Cl atom fission has been calculated by canonical variational transition state theory as k = 1.45 × 1015 exp(-222 ± 9 kJ mol-1/RT) s-1 between 500 and 2000 K. A minimal kinetic model was developed to model the decomposition and major products. Oxidative decomposition was studied in nitrogen with O2 contents of 1, 6, 12, and 20 mol %. Increasing O2 to 6-8% increased the rate of decomposition of HCCP and decreased the yield of 8ClNP. Above 823 K, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and CO became major products. The oxidative reaction has also been studied quantum chemically. At high O2 content (>∼10%), the rate of decomposition of HCCP declined as did yields of 8ClNP and HCB, but CO yields increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala K Dharmarathne
- Process Safety and Environmental Protection Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - John C Mackie
- Process Safety and Environmental Protection Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Eric M Kennedy
- Process Safety and Environmental Protection Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Michael Stockenhuber
- Process Safety and Environmental Protection Group, School of Engineering, The University of Newcastle , Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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13
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Winter PM, Rheaume M, Cooksy AL. RRKM and master equation kinetic analysis of parallel addition reactions of isomeric radical intermediates in hydrocarbon flames. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:054306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4996557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-1030, USA
| | - Michael Rheaume
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-1030, USA
| | - Andrew L. Cooksy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-1030, USA
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14
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Ribeiro JM, Mebel AM. Reaction mechanism and product branching ratios of the CH + C3H4 reactions: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:14543-14554. [PMID: 28537287 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Marcelo Ribeiro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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15
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16
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Buras ZJ, Dames EE, Merchant SS, Liu G, Elsamra RMI, Green WH. Kinetics and Products of Vinyl + 1,3-Butadiene, a Potential Route to Benzene. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7325-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512705r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Buras
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Enoch E. Dames
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shamel S. Merchant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guozhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rehab M. I. Elsamra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia 21321, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - William H. Green
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Experimental and theoretical studies into the formation of C4-C6 products in partially chlorinated hydrocarbon pyrolysis systems: a probabilistic approach to congener-specific yield predictions. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8644-63. [PMID: 25225996 DOI: 10.1021/jp5015516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a study of the pyrolytic formation of vinylacetylene and benzene congeners formed from chlorinated hydrocarbon precursors, a complex, multipath polymerization system formed in a monomer-rich environment. (Co-)pyrolyses of dichloro- and trichloroethylene yield a rich array of products, and assuming a single dominant underlying growth mechanism, this (on comparing expected and observed products) allows a number of potentially competing channels to C4 and C6 products to be ruled out. Poor congener/isomer descriptions rule out even-carbon radical routes, and the absence of C3 and C5 products rule out odd-carbon processes. Vinylidenes appear unable to describe the increased reactivity of acetylenes with chlorination noted in our experiments, leaving molecular acetylene dimerization processes and, in C6 systems, the closely related Diels-Alder cyclization as the likely reaction mechanism. The feasibility of these routes is further supported by ab initio calculations. However, some of the most persuasive evidence is provided by congener-specific yield predictions enabled by the construction of a probability tree analogue of kinetic modeling. This approach is relatively quick to construct, provides surprisingly accurate predictions, and may be a very useful tool in screening for important reaction channels in poorly understood congener- or isomer-rich reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J McIntosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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18
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Molecular mechanisms in the pyrolysis of unsaturated chlorinated hydrocarbons: formation of benzene rings. 2. Experimental and kinetic modeling studies. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4198-213. [PMID: 23597210 DOI: 10.1021/jp3120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of formation of benzene rings during the pyrolysis of dichloro- and trichloroethylenes has been investigated by the method of laser powered homogeneous pyrolysis coupled with product analysis by gas chromatography. Additionally, selected (co)pyrolyses between the chlorinated ethylenes, CH2Cl2, C4Cl4, C4Cl6, and C2H2 have been performed to explicitly probe the roles of 2C3 and C4/C2 reaction pairs in aromatic growth. The presence of odd-carbon products in neat C4Cl6 pyrolyses indicates that 2C3 processes are operative in these systems; however, comparison with product yields from C2HCl3 suggests that C4/C2 processes dominate most other systems. This is further evidenced by an absence of C3 and other odd-carbon species in (co)pyrolyses with dichloromethane which should seed C3-based growth. The reactions of perchlorinated C4 species C4Cl5, C4Cl3, and C4Cl4 with C2Cl2 were subsequently explored through extensive kinetic simulations of the possible reaction pathways based on previous kinetic models and the exhaustive quantum chemical investigations of our preceding work. The experimental and theoretical results strongly suggest that, at moderate temperatures, aromatic ring formation from chlorinated ethylenes normally follows a Diels-Alder coupling of C4 and C2 molecular units followed by internal shifts; the one exception is the C4Cl4 + C2Cl2 system, where steric factors lead to the formation of nonaromatic products. There is little evidence for radical-based routes in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J McIntosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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19
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McIntosh GJ, Russell DK. Molecular Mechanisms in the Pyrolysis of Unsaturated Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Formation of Benzene Rings. 1. Quantum Chemical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4183-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3120379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J. McIntosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Douglas K. Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Rissanen MP, Popli K, Timonen RS. Kinetics of resonance stabilized CH3CCCH2 radical reactions with NO and NO2. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Jamal A, Mebel AM. Reactions of C2H with 1- and 2-Butynes: An Ab Initio/RRKM Study of the Reaction Mechanism and Product Branching Ratios. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:2196-207. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111521j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Jamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Florida, 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Florida, 33199, United States
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Rutz LK, da Silva G, Bozzelli JW, Bockhorn H. Reaction of the i-C4H5 (CH2CCHCH2) Radical with O2. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:1018-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1072439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard K. Rutz
- Institute for Chemical Technology, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph W Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Henning Bockhorn
- Institute for Chemical Technology, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related species have been suggested to play a key role in the astrochemical evolution of the interstellar medium, but the formation mechanism of even their simplest building block--the aromatic benzene molecule--has remained elusive for decades. Here we demonstrate in crossed molecular beam experiments combined with electronic structure and statistical calculations that benzene (C(6)H(6)) can be synthesized via the barrierless, exoergic reaction of the ethynyl radical and 1,3-butadiene, C(2)H + H(2)CCHCHCH(2) → C(6)H(6) + H, under single collision conditions. This reaction portrays the simplest representative of a reaction class in which aromatic molecules with a benzene core can be formed from acyclic precursors via barrierless reactions of ethynyl radicals with substituted 1,3-butadiene molecules. Unique gas-grain astrochemical models imply that this low-temperature route controls the synthesis of the very first aromatic ring from acyclic precursors in cold molecular clouds, such as in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. Rapid, subsequent barrierless reactions of benzene with ethynyl radicals can lead to naphthalene-like structures thus effectively propagating the ethynyl-radical mediated formation of aromatic molecules in the interstellar medium.
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Vasu SS, Zádor J, Davidson DF, Hanson RK, Golden DM, Miller JA. High-Temperature Measurements and a Theoretical Study of the Reaction of OH with 1,3-Butadiene. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:8312-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104880u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subith S. Vasu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University,
Stanford, California 94305-3032, and Combustion Research Facility,
MS 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Judit Zádor
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University,
Stanford, California 94305-3032, and Combustion Research Facility,
MS 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - David F. Davidson
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University,
Stanford, California 94305-3032, and Combustion Research Facility,
MS 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Ronald K. Hanson
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University,
Stanford, California 94305-3032, and Combustion Research Facility,
MS 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - David M. Golden
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University,
Stanford, California 94305-3032, and Combustion Research Facility,
MS 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - James A. Miller
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University,
Stanford, California 94305-3032, and Combustion Research Facility,
MS 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
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25
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Soorkia S, Trevitt AJ, Selby TM, Osborn DL, Taatjes CA, Wilson KR, Leone SR. Reaction of the C2H Radical with 1-Butyne (C4H6): Low-Temperature Kinetics and Isomer-Specific Product Detection. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:3340-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911132r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satchin Soorkia
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Talitha M. Selby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Washington County, West Bend, Wisconsin 53095
| | - David L. Osborn
- Combustion Research Facility, Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Craig A. Taatjes
- Combustion Research Facility, Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720
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Hansen N, Li W, Law ME, Kasper T, Westmoreland PR, Yang B, Cool TA, Lucassen A. The importance of fuel dissociation and propargyl + allyl association for the formation of benzene in a fuel-rich 1-hexene flame. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12112-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Lories X, Vandooren J, Peeters D. Cycle formation from acetylene addition on C4H3 radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:3762-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b921563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Olivella S, Solé A. Mechanisms for the Reactions of Hydroxyl Radicals with Acrolein: A Theoretical Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2008; 4:941-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ct8000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Olivella
- Institut d’Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and Departament de Química Física i Institut de Recerca en Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Solé
- Institut d’Investigacions Químiques i Ambientals de Barcelona, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and Departament de Química Física i Institut de Recerca en Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028-Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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