1
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Galib M, Limmer DT. Reactive uptake of N
2
O
5
by atmospheric aerosol is dominated by interfacial processes. Science 2021; 371:921-925. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abd7716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Galib
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David T. Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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2
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Sullivan RC, Boyer-Chelmo H, Gorkowski K, Beydoun H. Aerosol Optical Tweezers Elucidate the Chemistry, Acidity, Phase Separations, and Morphology of Atmospheric Microdroplets. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2498-2509. [PMID: 33035055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAerosol particles represent unique chemical environments because of their high surface area-to-volume ratio that promotes the effects of interfacial chemistry in confined environments. Properties such as viscosity, diffusivity, water content, pH, and morphology-following liquid-liquid phase separation-can strongly alter how a particle interacts with condensable vapors and reactive trace gases, thus modifying its continual evolution and environmental effects. Our understanding of this chemical evolution of atmospheric particulate matter and its environmental impacts is largely limited by our ability to directly observe how these critical particle properties respond to the addition or reactive uptake of new chemical components. Aerosol optical tweezers (AOT) stably trap particles in focused laser beams, providing positional control and the retrieval of many of these critical properties required to understand and predict the chemistry of aerosolized microdroplets. The analytical power of the AOT stems from the retrieval of the cavity-enhanced Raman spectrum induced by the trapping laser. Analysis of the whispering gallery modes (WGMs) that resonate as a standing wave around the droplet's interface, provide high accuracy measurements of the droplet's size, refractive index (and thus a measurement of composition), and can distinguish between core-shell, partially engulfed, and homogeneous morphologies. We have advanced the ability to determine the properties of the core and shell phases in biphasic droplets, including obtaining high-accuracy pH measurements. These capabilities were applied to perform AOT physical chemistry experiments on authentic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced directly in the AOT chamber by ozonolysis of terpene vapors. The propensity of the SOA to phase separate as a shell from a wide range of nonpolar to polar core phases was observed, along with the discovery of a stable emulsified state of SOA particles in an aqueous salt droplet. Micron-thick SOA shells did not impede the gain or loss of water or squalane from the core to the surrounding air, indicating no significant diffusional limitations to condensational growth or partitioning even under dry conditions. These experiments formed the foundation of a new framework that predicts how the phase-separated morphology of complex aerosols containing organic carbon evolves during continual atmospheric oxidation processes. Increases in oxidation state will quickly drive conversion from a partially engulfed to core-shell morphology that has dramatically different chemical reactivity since the core phase is completely concealed by the shell. The recent advances in the experimental capabilities of the AOT technique such as presented here enable novel experimental methodologies that provide insights into the chemistry and multidimensional properties of aerosol microdroplets, and how these coevolve and respond to continual chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hallie Boyer-Chelmo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Kyle Gorkowski
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Hassan Beydoun
- Atmospheric, Earth, & Energy Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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3
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Gorkowski K, Donahue NM, Sullivan RC. Aerosol Optical Tweezers Constrain the Morphology Evolution of Liquid-Liquid Phase-Separated Atmospheric Particles. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Sobyra TB, Pliszka H, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Production of Br2 from N2O5 and Br– in Salty and Surfactant-Coated Water Microjets. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8942-8953. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Sobyra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Helena Pliszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Bertram TH, Cochran RE, Grassian VH, Stone EA. Sea spray aerosol chemical composition: elemental and molecular mimics for laboratory studies of heterogeneous and multiphase reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2374-2400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representation of the reactive uptake of N2O5to a sea spray aerosol particle containing a thick organic film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard E. Cochran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
- Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California
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6
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Gorkowski K, Donahue NM, Sullivan RC. Emulsified and Liquid-Liquid Phase-Separated States of α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol Determined Using Aerosol Optical Tweezers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12154-12163. [PMID: 28985066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first capture and analysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) on a droplet suspended in an aerosol optical tweezers (AOT). We examine three initial chemical systems of aqueous NaCl, aqueous glycerol, and squalane at ∼75% relative humidity. For each system we added α-pinene SOA-generated directly in the AOT chamber-to the trapped droplet. The resulting morphology was always observed to be a core of the original droplet phase surrounded by a shell of the added SOA. We also observed a stable emulsion of SOA particles when added to an aqueous NaCl core phase, in addition to the shell of SOA. The persistence of the emulsified SOA particles suspended in the aqueous core suggests that this metastable state may persist for a significant fraction of the aerosol lifecycle for mixed SOA/aqueous particle systems. We conclude that the α-pinene SOA shell creates no major diffusion limitations for water, glycerol, and squalane core phases under humid conditions. These experimental results support the current prompt-partitioning framework used to describe organic aerosol in most atmospheric chemical transport models and highlight the prominence of core-shell morphologies for SOA on a range of core chemical phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Gorkowski
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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7
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Patel EH, Williams MA, Koehler SPK. Kinetic Energy and Angular Distributions of He and Ar Atoms Evaporating from Liquid Dodecane. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:233-239. [PMID: 27997182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report both kinetic energy and angular distributions for He and Ar atoms evaporating from C12H26. All results were obtained by performing molecular dynamics simulations of liquid C12H26 with around 10-20 noble gas atoms dissolved in the liquid and by subsequently following the trajectories of the noble gas atoms after evaporation from the liquid. Whereas He evaporates with a kinetic energy distribution of (1.05 ± 0.03) × 2RT (corrected for the geometry used in experiments: (1.08 ± 0.03) × 2RT, experimentally obtained value: (1.14 ± 0.01) × 2RT), Ar displays a kinetic energy distribution that better matches a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution at the temperature of the liquid ((0.99 ± 0.04) × 2RT). This behavior is also reflected in the angular distributions, which are close to a cosine distribution for Ar but slightly narrower, especially for faster atoms, in the case of He. This behavior of He is most likely due to the weak interaction potential between He and the liquid hydrocarbon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sven P K Koehler
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, The University of Manchester , Moor Row CA24 3HA, U.K
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8
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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9
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Losey DJ, Parker RG, Freedman MA. pH Dependence of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Organic Aerosol. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:3861-3865. [PMID: 27636827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles influence climate through their direct and indirect effects. These impacts depend in part on the morphology of the particles, which is determined by their composition. The effect of pH on morphology was investigated using particles composed of 3-methylglutaric acid and ammonium sulfate by manipulating the starting pH of the bulk solution through the addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide. Efflorescence, deliquescence, phase separation, and mixing transitions were observed with optical microscopy. Due to changes in its protonation states, the solubility of the organic component increases with increasing pH, which shifts the location of the separation relative humidity (SRH) from 78.7% for the fully protonated acid to 63.9% for the fully deprotonated acid. Surprisingly, this shift in the SRH leads to hysteresis between the SRH and the mixing relative humidity (MRH). Particle pH has the greatest effect on phase transitions that require nucleus formation, that is, efflorescence and SRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delanie J Losey
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Robert G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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10
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Hahn C, Kann ZR, Faust JA, Skinner JL, Nathanson GM. Super-Maxwellian helium evaporation from pure and salty water. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:044707. [PMID: 26827228 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helium atoms evaporate from pure water and salty solutions in super-Maxwellian speed distributions, as observed experimentally and modeled theoretically. The experiments are performed by monitoring the velocities of dissolved He atoms that evaporate from microjets of pure water at 252 K and 4-8.5 molal LiCl and LiBr at 232-252 K. The average He atom energies exceed the flux-weighted Maxwell-Boltzmann average of 2RT by 30% for pure water and 70% for 8.5m LiBr. Classical molecular dynamics simulations closely reproduce the observed speed distributions and provide microscopic insight into the forces that eject the He atoms from solution. Comparisons of the density profile and He kinetic energies across the water-vacuum interface indicate that the He atoms are accelerated by He-water collisions within the top 1-2 layers of the liquid. We also find that the average He atom kinetic energy scales with the free energy of solvation of this sparingly soluble gas. This free-energy difference reflects the steeply decreasing potential of mean force on the He atoms in the interfacial region, whose gradient is the repulsive force that tends to expel the atoms. The accompanying sharp decrease in water density suppresses the He-water collisions that would otherwise maintain a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, allowing the He atom to escape at high energies. Helium is especially affected by this reduction in collisions because its weak interactions make energy transfer inefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Zachary R Kann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer A Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Skinner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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11
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Ryder OS, Campbell NR, Morris H, Forestieri S, Ruppel MJ, Cappa C, Tivanski A, Prather K, Bertram TH. Role of Organic Coatings in Regulating N2O5 Reactive Uptake to Sea Spray Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11683-92. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S. Ryder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole R. Campbell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Holly Morris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Sara Forestieri
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Matthew J. Ruppel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexei Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San
Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315
South 1400 East, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315
South 1400 East, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Van Wyngarden AL, Pérez-Montaño S, Bui JVH, Li ESW, Nelson TE, Ha KT, Leong L, Iraci LT. Complex chemical composition of colored surface films formed from reactions of propanal in sulfuric acid at upper troposphere/lower stratosphere aerosol acidities. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2015; 15:4225-4239. [PMID: 27212937 PMCID: PMC4874526 DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-4225-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) consist mostly of concentrated sulfuric acid (40-80 wt %) in water. However, airborne measurements have shown that these particles also contain a significant fraction of organic compounds of unknown chemical composition. Acid-catalyzed reactions of carbonyl species are believed to be responsible for significant transfer of gas phase organic species into tropospheric aerosols and are potentially more important at the high acidities characteristic of UT/LS particles. In this study, experiments combining sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with propanal and with mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal at acidities typical of UT/LS aerosols produced highly colored surface films (and solutions) that may have implications for aerosol properties. In order to identify the chemical processes responsible for the formation of the surface films, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were used to analyze the chemical composition of the films. Films formed from propanal were a complex mixture of aldol condensation products, acetals and propanal itself. The major aldol condensation products were the dimer (2-methyl-2-pentenal) and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene that was formed by cyclization of the linear aldol condensation trimer. Additionally, the strong visible absorption of the films indicates that higher-order aldol condensation products must also be present as minor species. The major acetal species were 2,4,6-triethyl-1,3,5-trioxane and longer-chain linear polyacetals which are likely to separate from the aqueous phase. Films formed on mixtures of propanal with glyoxal and/or methylglyoxal also showed evidence of products of cross-reactions. Since cross-reactions would be more likely than self-reactions under atmospheric conditions, similar reactions of aldehydes like propanal with common aerosol organic species like glyoxal and methylglyoxal have the potential to produce significant organic aerosol mass and therefore could potentially impact chemical, optical and/or cloud-forming properties of aerosols, especially if the products partition to the aerosol surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Pérez-Montaño
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - J. V. H. Bui
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - E. S. W. Li
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - T. E. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - K. T. Ha
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - L. Leong
- Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, CA 95192, USA
| | - L. T. Iraci
- Atmospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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14
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Zhou S, Shiraiwa M, McWhinney RD, Pöschl U, Abbatt JPD. Kinetic limitations in gas-particle reactions arising from slow diffusion in secondary organic aerosol. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:391-406. [PMID: 24601014 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential for aerosol physical properties, such as phase, morphology and viscosity/ diffusivity, to affect particle reactivity remains highly uncertain. We report here a study of the effect of bulk diffusivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) on the kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction of particle-borne benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) with ozone. The experiments were performed by coating BaP-ammonium sulfate particles with multilayers of SOA formed from ozonolysis of alpha-pinene, and by subsequently investigating the kinetics of BaP loss via reaction with excess ozone using an aerosol flow tube coupled to an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). All reactions exhibit pseudo-first order kinetics and are empirically well described by a Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism. The results show that under dry conditions (RH < 5%) diffusion through the SOA coating can lead to significant mass transfer constraints on the kinetics, with behavior between that previously observed by our group for solid and liquid organic coats. The reactivity of BaP was enhanced at -50% relative humidity (RH) suggesting that water uptake lowers the viscosity of the SOA, hence lifting the mass transfer constraint to some degree. The kinetics for -70% RH were similar to results obtained without SOA coats, indicating that the SOA had sufficiently low viscosity and was sufficiently liquid-like that reactants could rapidly diffuse through the coat. A kinetic multi-layer model for aerosol surface and bulk chemistry was applied to simulate the kinetics, yielding estimates for the diffusion coefficients (in cm2 s(-1)) for BaP in alpha-pinene SOA of 2 x 10(-14), 8 x 10(-14) and > 1 x 10(-12) for dry (RH < 5%), 50% RH and 70% RH conditions, respectively. These results clearly indicate that slow diffusion of reactants through SOA coats under specific conditions can provide shielding from gas-phase oxidants, enabling the long-range atmospheric transport of toxic trace species, such as PAHs and persistent organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Robert D McWhinney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Plank Institute for Chemistry, Mainz D-55128, Germany
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15
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You Y, Smith ML, Song M, Martin ST, Bertram AK. Liquid–liquid phase separation in atmospherically relevant particles consisting of organic species and inorganic salts. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2014.890786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Veghte DP, Bittner DR, Freedman MA. Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging of the Morphology of Submicrometer Aerosol Containing Organic Acids and Ammonium Sulfate. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2436-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403279f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Veghte
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Danielle Rae Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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17
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Ryder OS, Ault AP, Cahill JF, Guasco TL, Riedel TP, Cuadra-Rodriguez LA, Gaston CJ, Fitzgerald E, Lee C, Prather KA, Bertram TH. On the role of particle inorganic mixing state in the reactive uptake of N2O5 to ambient aerosol particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:1618-27. [PMID: 24387143 DOI: 10.1021/es4042622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The rates of heterogeneous reactions of trace gases with aerosol particles are complex functions of particle chemical composition, morphology, and phase state. Currently, the majority of model parametrizations of heterogeneous reaction kinetics focus on the population average of aerosol particle mass, assuming that individual particles have the same chemical composition as the average state. Here we assess the impact of particle mixing state on heterogeneous reaction kinetics using the N2O5 reactive uptake coefficient, γ(N2O5), and dependence on the particulate chloride-to-nitrate ratio (nCl(-)/nNO3(-)). We describe the first simultaneous ambient observations of single particle chemical composition and in situ determinations of γ(N2O5). When accounting for particulate nCl(-)/nNO3(-) mixing state, model parametrizations of γ(N2O5) continue to overpredict γ(N2O5) by more than a factor of 2 in polluted coastal regions, suggesting that chemical composition and physical phase state of particulate organics likely control γ(N2O5) in these air masses. In contrast, direct measurement of γ(N2O5) in air masses of marine origin are well captured by model parametrizations and reveal limited suppression of γ(N2O5), indicating that the organic mass fraction of fresh sea spray aerosol at this location does not suppress γ(N2O5). We provide an observation-based framework for assessing the impact of particle mixing state on gas-particle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Ryder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , San Diego, California, United States
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18
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Veghte DP, Altaf MB, Freedman MA. Size Dependence of the Structure of Organic Aerosol. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16046-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Veghte
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Muhammad Bilal Altaf
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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20
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Hayase S, Yabushita A, Kawasaki M. Iodine emission in the presence of humic substances at the water's surface. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5779-83. [PMID: 22257182 DOI: 10.1021/jp2048234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Humic substances that preferentially adsorb at the air/water interfaces of water or aerosols consist of both fulvic and humic acid. To investigate the chemical reactivity for the heterogeneous reaction of gaseous ozone, O(3)(g), with aqueous iodide, I(-)(aq), in the presence of standard fulvic acid, humic acid, or alcohol, cavity ring-down spectroscopy was used to detect gaseous products, iodine, I(2)(g) and an iodine monoxide radical, IO(g). Fulvic acid enhanced the I(2)(g) production yield, but not the IO(g) yield. Humic acid, n-hexanol, n-heptanol, and n-octanol did not affect the yields of I(2)(g) or IO(g). We can infer that the carboxylic group contained in fulvic acid promotes the I(2)(g) emission by supplying the requisite interfacial protons more efficiently than water on its surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Hayase
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Abbatt JPD, Lee AKY, Thornton JA. Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6555-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Chakraborty P, Zachariah MR. On the structure of organic-coated water droplets: From “net water attractors” to “oily” drops. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Purnendu Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
| | - Michael R. Zachariah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg Maryland USA
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24
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Hayase S, Yabushita A, Kawasaki M, Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Weak Acids Enhance Halogen Activation on Atmospheric Water’s Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:4935-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2021775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Hayase
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yabushita
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J. Colussi
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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25
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Davidovits P, Kolb CE, Williams LR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR. Update 1 of: Mass Accommodation and Chemical Reactions at Gas−Liquid Interfaces. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR76-109. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davidovits
- Chemistry Department, 2609 Beacon Street, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Charles E. Kolb
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Leah R. Williams
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - John T. Jayne
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
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Escorcia EN, Sjostedt SJ, Abbatt JPD. Kinetics of N2O5 Hydrolysis on Secondary Organic Aerosol and Mixed Ammonium Bisulfate−Secondary Organic Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13113-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107721v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Egda N. Escorcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J. Sjostedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, North York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P. D. Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, and Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, North York, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Donaldson DJ, Valsaraj KT. Adsorption and reaction of trace gas-phase organic compounds on atmospheric water film surfaces: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:865-873. [PMID: 20058916 DOI: 10.1021/es902720s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The air-water interface in atmospheric water films of aerosols and hydrometeors (fog, mist, ice, rain, and snow) presents an important surface for the adsorption and reaction of many organic trace gases and gaseous reactive oxidants (hydroxyl radical (OH(.)), ozone (O(3)), singlet oxygen (O(2)((1)Delta(g))), nitrate radicals (NO(3)(.)), and peroxy radicals (RO(2)(.)). Knowledge of the air-water interface partition constant of hydrophobic organic species is necessary for elucidating the significance of the interface in atmospheric fate and transport. Various methods of assessing both experimental and theoretical values of the thermodynamic partition constant and adsorption isotherm are described in this review. Further, the reactivity of trace gases with gas-phase oxidants (ozone and singlet oxygen) at the interface is summarized. Oxidation products are likely to be more water-soluble and precursors for secondary organic aerosols in hydrometeors. Estimation of characteristic times shows that heterogeneous photooxidation in water films can compete effectively with homogeneous gas-phase reactions for molecules in the atmosphere. This provides further support to the existing thesis that reactions of organic compounds at the air-water interface should be considered in gas-phase tropospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
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Burden DK, Johnson AM, Nathanson GM. HCl Uptake through Films of Pentanoic Acid and Pentanoic Acid/Hexanol Mixtures at the Surface of Sulfuric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:14131-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9072119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Alexis M. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322
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29
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Brown SS, Dubé WP, Fuchs H, Ryerson TB, Wollny AG, Brock CA, Bahreini R, Middlebrook AM, Neuman JA, Atlas E, Roberts JM, Osthoff HD, Trainer M, Fehsenfeld FC, Ravishankara AR. Reactive uptake coefficients for N2O5determined from aircraft measurements during the Second Texas Air Quality Study: Comparison to current model parameterizations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Griffiths PT, Badger CL, Cox RA, Folkers M, Henk HH, Mentel TF. Reactive Uptake of N2O5 by Aerosols Containing Dicarboxylic Acids. Effect of Particle Phase, Composition, and Nitrate Content. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:5082-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8096814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Griffiths
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Claire L. Badger
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - R. Anthony Cox
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mareike Folkers
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut H. Henk
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Mentel
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, and ICG-II, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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31
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Park SC, Burden DK, Nathanson GM. Surfactant control of gas transport and reactions at the surface of sulfuric acid. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:379-87. [PMID: 19119820 DOI: 10.1021/ar800172m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol particles in the atmosphere are tiny chemical reactors that catalyze numerous reactions, including the conversion of benign gases into ozone-destroying ones. In the lower stratosphere, these particles are often supercooled mixtures of water and sulfuric acid. The different species present at the surface of these droplets (H(2)O, H(3)O(+), HSO(4)(-), H(2)SO(4), and SO(4)(2-)) stand at the "gas-liquid frontier"; as the first to be struck by impinging molecules, these species provide the initial environment for solvation and reaction. Furthermore, aerosol particles may contain a wide range of organic molecules, some of which migrate to the surface and coat the droplet. How do ambient gases dissolve in the droplet if it is coated with an organic layer? At one extreme, monolayer films of insoluble, long-chain alcohols can dramatically reduce gas transport, packing so tightly at the surface of water that they impede water evaporation by factors of 10,000 or more. Shorter chain surfactants are expected to pack less tightly, but we wondered whether these incomplete monolayers also block gas transport and whether this system could serve as a model for understanding the surfaces of atmospheric aerosol particles. To address these questions, our research focuses on small, soluble surfactants such as butanol and hexanol dissolved in supercooled sulfuric acid. These amphiphilic molecules spontaneously segregate to the surface and coat the acid but only to a degree. Gas-liquid scattering experiments reveal that these porous films behave in surprisingly diverse ways: they can impose a barrier (to N(2)O(5) hydrolysis), be "invisible" (to water evaporation), or even enhance gas uptake (of HCl). The transition from obstacle to catalyst can be traced to specific interactions between the surfactant and each gas. For example, the hydrolysis of N(2)O(5) may be impeded because of its large size and because alcohol molecules that straddle the interface limit contact between N(2)O(5) and its H(3)O(+) and H(2)O reaction partners. However, these same alcohol molecules assist HCl dissociation because the alcohol OH groups provide extra interfacial protonation sites. Interestingly, butanol does not impede water evaporation, in part because the butyl chains pack much more loosely than insoluble, long-chain surfactants. Through these investigations, we hope to gain insight into the mechanisms by which surfactants on sulfuric acid and other aqueous solutions affect transport and reactivity at the gas-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Chan Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Daniel K. Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Gross S, Iannone R, Xiao S, Bertram AK. Reactive uptake studies of NO3 and N2O5 on alkenoic acid, alkanoate, and polyalcohol substrates to probe nighttime aerosol chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7792-803. [DOI: 10.1039/b904741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Cosman LM, Bertram AK. Reactive Uptake of N2O5 on Aqueous H2SO4 Solutions Coated with 1-Component and 2-Component Monolayers. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:4625-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8005469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Cosman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - A. K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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