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Mentzel P, Holzapfel M, Schmiedel A, Günther J, Michel M, Krummenacher I, Wodyński A, Kaupp M, Braunschweig H, Lambert C. Structure and Photophysics of N-Tolanyl-phenochalcogenazines and their Radical Cations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303782. [PMID: 38293898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The study focuses on the structural and photophysical characteristics of neutral and oxidized forms of N-tolanyl-phenochalcogenazines PZX-tolan with X=O, S, Se, and Te. X-ray crystal structure analyses show a pseudo-equatorial (pe) structure of the tolan substituent in the O, S, and Se dyads, while the Te dyad possesses a pseudo-axial (pa) structure. DFT calculations suggest the pe structure for O and S, and the pa structure for Se and Te as stable forms. Steady-state and femtosecond-time resolved optical spectroscopy in toluene solution indicate that the O and S dyads emit from a CT state, whereas the Se and Te dyads emit from a tolan-localized state. The T1 state is tolan-localized in all cases, showing phosphorescence at 77 K. The heavy atom effect of chalcogens induces intersystem crossing from S1 to Tx, resulting in a decreasing S1 lifetime from 2.1 ns to 0.42 ps. The T1 states possess potential for singlet oxygen sensitization with a high quantum yield (ca. 40 %) for the O, S, and Se dyads. Radical cations exhibit spin density primarily localized at the heterocycle. EPR measurements and quasirelativistic DFT calculations reveal a very strong g-tensor anisotropy, supporting the pe structure for the S and Se derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mentzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Günther
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Michel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Bürgin TH, Glaser F, Wenger OS. Shedding Light on the Oxidizing Properties of Spin-Flip Excited States in a Cr III Polypyridine Complex and Their Use in Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14181-14194. [PMID: 35913126 PMCID: PMC9376921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
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The photoredox activity of well-known RuII complexes
stems from metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states,
in which a ligand-based electron can initiate chemical reductions
and a metal-centered hole can trigger oxidations. CrIII polypyridines show similar photoredox properties, although they
have fundamentally different electronic structures. Their photoactive
excited state is of spin-flip nature, differing from the electronic
ground state merely by a change of one electron spin, but with otherwise
identical d-orbital occupancy. We find that the driving-force dependence
for photoinduced electron transfer from 10 different donors to a spin-flip
excited state of a CrIII complex is very similar to that
for a RuII polypyridine, and thereby validate the concept
of estimating the redox potential of d3 spin-flip excited
states in analogous manner as for the MLCT states of d6 compounds. Building on this insight, we use our CrIII complex for photocatalytic reactions not previously explored with
this compound class, including the aerobic bromination of methoxyaryls,
oxygenation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethylene, aerobic hydroxylation
of arylboronic acids, and the vinylation of N-phenyl
pyrrolidine. This work contributes to understanding the fundamental
photochemical properties of first-row transition-metal complexes in
comparison to well-explored precious-metal-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H Bürgin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Lazorski MS, Schapiro I, Gaddie RS, Lehnig AP, Atanasov M, Neese F, Steiner UE, Elliott CM. Spin-chemical effects on intramolecular photoinduced charge transfer reactions in bisphenanthroline copper(i)-viologen dyad assemblies. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5511-5525. [PMID: 32874494 PMCID: PMC7448374 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two covalently linked donor-acceptor copper phenanthroline complexes (C-A dyads) of interest for solar energy conversion/storage schemes, [Cu(i)(Rphen(OMV)2 4+)2]9+ = RC+A4 8+ with RC+ = [Cu(i)Rphen2]+ involving 2,9-methyl (R = Me) or 2,9-phenyl (R = Ph)-phenanthroline ligands that are 5,6-disubstituted by 4-(n-butoxy) linked methylviologen electron acceptor groups (A2+ = OMV2+), have been synthesized and investigated via quantum chemical calculations and nanosecond laser flash spectroscopy in 1,2-difluorobenzene/methanol (dfb/MeOH) mixtures. Upon photoexcitation, charge transfer (CT) states RC2+A+A3 6+ are formed in less than one ns and decay by charge recombination on a time scale of 6-45 ns. The CT lifetime of RC2+A+A3 6+ has a strong dependence on MeOH solvent fraction when R = Me, but is unaffected if R = Ph. This solvent effect is due to coordination of MeOH solvent in MeC+A4 8+ (i.e. exciplex formation) allowed by conformational flattening of the ligand sphere, which cannot occur in PhC+A4 8+ having bulkier Phphen ligand framework. Interestingly, the decay time of the CT state increases for both species at low magnetic fields with a maximum increase of ca. 30% at ca. 150 mT, then decreases as the field is increased up to 1500 mT, the highest field investigated. This magnetic field effect (MFE) is due to magnetic modulation of the spin dynamics interconverting 3CT and 1CT states. A quantitative modeling according to the radical pair mechanism involving ab initio multireference calculations of the complexes revealed that the spin process is dominated by the effect of Cu hyperfine coupling. The external magnetic field suppresses the hyperfine coupling induced spin state mixing thereby lengthening the CT decay time. This effect is counteracted by the field dependent processes of T0-S mixing through the Δg-mechanism and by a local mode spin-orbit mechanism. Further, the maximum MFE is limited by a finite rate of direct recombination of 3CT states and the spin-rotational mechanism of spin relaxation. This study provides a first comprehensive characterization of Cu(ii)-complex spin chemistry and highlights how spin chemistry can be used to manipulate solar energy harvesting and storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lazorski
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA .
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Ross S Gaddie
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA .
| | - Ammon P Lehnig
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA .
| | - Mihail Atanasov
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Ulrich E Steiner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Konstanz , Universitätsstraße 14 , Konstanz , 78457 , Germany
| | - C Michael Elliott
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA .
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Miura T, Miyaji K, Horikoshi T, Suzuki S, Kozaki M, Okada K, Ikoma T. Spin-dependent electron transfer dynamics in a platinum-complex-donor-acceptor triad studied by transient-absorption detected magnetic field effect. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:234306. [PMID: 31864281 DOI: 10.1063/1.5127940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For realization of efficient organic light-energy conversion systems, controlling the lifetime of photogenerated charge separated states in donor (D)-acceptor (A) molecules is of much importance; the spin dynamics is one of the important controlling factors. We previously reported that the covalently-linked 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)-isoindolate platinum (BPIPt)-dimethoxytriphenylamine (D)-naphthaldiimide (A) triad molecule (BPIPt-DA) exhibits a triplet-born long-lived charge separated state (BPIPt-D•+A•-), the lifetime of which is significantly increased from 4 µs to 10 µs by an applied magnetic field of 270 mT in room temperature tetrahydrofuran (THF). The purpose of the present study is to clarify detailed dynamics of spin-dependent generation and the decay of BPIPt-D+A-. For this purpose, we measured transient optical absorption (TA) and the TA-detected magnetic field effect (MFE) as functions of temperature and dispersion media. In THF at 183 K, MFE-detected transient spectra of the intermediate BPIPt•--D•+A state are observed. We have successfully quantified the recombination loss at this state by a kinetic simulation of MFE without using any reference molecules. The lifetime of the final BPIPt-D•+A•- state in a cellulose acetate polymer matrix at room temperature is significantly prolonged to 20 µs at 0 mT and 96 µs at 250 mT compared to those in THF. From the comparison of temperature dependences of the two media, effects of molecular motions on the electronic coupling and the spin relaxation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Miura
- Department of Science, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kio Miyaji
- Department of Science, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takafumi Horikoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kozaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Keiji Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ikoma
- Department of Science, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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5
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Puntoriero F, Arrigo A, Santoro A, Ganga GL, Tuyèras F, Campagna S, Dupeyre G, Lainé PP. Photoinduced Intercomponent Processes in Selectively Addressable Bichromophoric Dyads Made of Linearly Arranged Ru(II) Terpyridine and Expanded Pyridinium Components. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5807-5817. [PMID: 31017774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three new linearly arranged bichromophoric systems 1-3 have been prepared, and their photophysical properties have been studied, taking also advantage of femtosecond pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy. The three compounds contain the same chromophores, that is a Ru(II)-terpy-like species and a fused expanded bipyridinium (FEBP) unit, separated by three different, variously methylated biphenylene-type bridges. The chromophores have been selected to be selectively addressable, and excitation involving the Ru-based or the FEBP-based dyes results in different excited-state decays. Upon Ru-based excitation at 570 nm, oxidative photoinduced electron transfer (OPET) takes place in 1-3 from the 3MLCT state; however, the charge-separated species does not accumulate, indicating that the charge recombination rate constant exceeds the OPET rate constant. Upon excitation of the organic dye at 400 nm, the FEBP-based 1π-π* level is prepared, which undergoes a series of intercomponent decay events, including (i) electron-exchange energy transfer leading to the MLCT manifold (SS-EnT), which successively decays according to 570 nm excitation, and (ii) reductive photoinduced electron transfer (RPET), leading to the preparation of the charge-separated (CS) state. Reductive PET, involving the FEBP-based singlet state, is much faster than oxidative PET, involving the MLCT triplet state, essentially because of driving force reasons. The rate constant of CR is intermediate between the rate constants of OPET and RPET, and this makes 1-3 capable to selectively read the 400 nm excitation as an active input to prepare the CS state, whereas excitation at wavelengths longer than 480 nm is inefficient to accumulate the CS state. Moreover, intriguing differences between the rate constants of the various processes in 1-3 have been analyzed and interpreted according to the superexchange theory for electron transfer. This allowed us to uncover the role of the electron-transfer and hole-transfer superexchange pathways in promoting the various intercomponent photoinduced decay processes occurring in 1-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Puntoriero
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (CHIBIOFARAM) , University of Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM, sezione di Messina) - viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy
| | - Antonino Arrigo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (CHIBIOFARAM) , University of Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM, sezione di Messina) - viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (CHIBIOFARAM) , University of Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM, sezione di Messina) - viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy
| | - Giuseppina La Ganga
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (CHIBIOFARAM) , University of Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM, sezione di Messina) - viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy
| | - Fabien Tuyèras
- Univ Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086 , 15 rue J-A de Baïf , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (CHIBIOFARAM) , University of Messina and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SOLAR-CHEM, sezione di Messina) - viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 , 98166 Messina , Italy
| | - Grégory Dupeyre
- Univ Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086 , 15 rue J-A de Baïf , 75013 Paris , France
| | - Philippe P Lainé
- Univ Paris Diderot , Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086 , 15 rue J-A de Baïf , 75013 Paris , France
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Schäfer J, Holzapfel M, Schmiedel A, Steiner UE, Lambert C. Fine tuning of electron transfer and spin chemistry parameters in triarylamine-bridge-naphthalene diimide dyads by bridge substituents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:27093-27104. [PMID: 30334029 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced charge separation and charge recombination in a set of four molecular dyads consisting of a triarylamine donor and a naphthalene diimide acceptor were investigated by time resolved transient absorption spectroscopy with fs and ns time resolution. In these dyads the donor and acceptor are bridged by a meta-conjugated diethynylbenzene bridge whose electronic nature was tuned by small electron donating (OMe, Me) or electron withdrawing (Cl, CN) substituents. While the formation of the transient charge separated states is complete within tens of ps, charge recombination is biphasic with a shorter component of several hundred ns and a longer component of several microseconds. This behaviour could be rationalized by assuming an equilibrium of singlet and triplet charge separated states. Magnetic field dependent measurements showed a strong influence on the biphasic decay kinetics and also a pronounced level crossing effect in the magnetic field affected reaction yield (MARY) spectra caused by a significant exchange coupling. An analysis of the observed kinetics using classical kinetic rate equations yields rate constants for charge separation and charge recombination as well as the exchange interaction splitting in the radical ion pair, all of them showing a delicate dependence on the bridge substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schäfer
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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7
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Riese S, Mungenast L, Schmiedel A, Holzapfel M, Lukzen NN, Steiner UE, Lambert C. Nanoviscosity effect on the spin chemistry of an electron donor/Pt-complex /electron acceptor triad - classical and quantum kinetics interpretation. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1511867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Riese
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lena Mungenast
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikita N. Lukzen
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, and International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Christoph Lambert
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Klein JH, Schmidt D, Steiner UE, Lambert C. Complete Monitoring of Coherent and Incoherent Spin Flip Domains in the Recombination of Charge-Separated States of Donor-Iridium Complex-Acceptor Triads. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11011-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H. Klein
- Wilhelm
Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems,
Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Wilhelm
Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems,
Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Lambert
- Wilhelm
Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems,
Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Lazorski MS, Gest RH, Elliott CM. Photoinduced multistep charge separation in a heteroleptic Cu(I) bis(phenanthroline)-based donor-chromophore-acceptor triad. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17466-9. [PMID: 23030254 DOI: 10.1021/ja3085093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A molecular triad assembly consisting of an electron donor, a bis(phenanthroline)copper(I) chromophore, and an electron acceptor has been prepared. Under visible-light excitation, this assembly undergoes efficient (ca. 50%) photoinduced, multistep formation of a diradical cation charge-separated state that has a lifetime of >100 ns and stores >1.0 eV of energy. This system constitutes an earth-abundant functional analogue of related Ru(bpy)(3) triad systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lazorski
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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11
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Rawls MT, Johnson J, Gregg BA. Coupling one electron photoprocesses to multielectron catalysts: Towards a photoelectrocatalytic system. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Matsumoto I, Ciofini I, Lainé P, Teki Y. Intramolecular Spin Alignment within Mono-Oxidized and Photoexcited Anthracene-Based π Radicals as Prototypical Photomagnetic Molecular Devices: Relationships Between Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Photochemical Control Pathways. Chemistry 2009; 15:11210-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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