1
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Badri Z, Foroutan-Nejad C. On the aromaticity of actinide compounds. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:551-560. [PMID: 38907002 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of actinides has flourished since the late 2010s with the synthesis of new actinide complexes and clusters. On the theoretical side, a range of tools is available for the characterization of these heavy element-containing compounds, but discrepancies in the assessment of aromaticity using different tools have led to controversies. In this Perspective, we examine the origin of controversies relating to the aromaticity of metallic compounds, with a focus on actinides. The aromaticity of actinides is important, not because these molecules are numerous or have a special role in catalysis or reactivity, but because this topic pushes theories of aromaticity to their limits. Owing to its reference independence, the magnetic criterion of aromaticity has been the most popular choice for the characterization of the aromaticity of metallic compounds, including actinide compounds. Through examination of several case studies, we show why this criterion might be misleading for metallic species and explain how findings relating to actinide compounds could reshape theories of aromaticity, not just for actinides but perhaps also for well-known hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Badri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Lin X, Lu X, Tang S, Wu W, Mo Y. Multiconfigurational actinide nitrides assisted by double Möbius aromaticity. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8216-8226. [PMID: 38817572 PMCID: PMC11134321 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the bonding nature between actinides and main-group elements remains a key challenge in actinide chemistry due to the involvement of f orbitals. Herein, we propose a unique "aromaticity-assisted multiconfiguration" (AAM) model to elucidate the bonding nature in actinide nitrides (An2N2, An = Ac, Th, Pa, U). Each planar four-membered An2N2 with equivalent An-N bonds possesses four delocalized π electrons and four delocalized σ electrons, forming a new family of double Möbius aromaticity that contributes to the molecular stability. The unprecedented aromaticity further supports actinide nitrides to exhibit multiconfigurational characters, where the unpaired electrons (2, 4 or 6 in naked Th2N2, Pa2N2 or U2N2, respectively) either are spin-free and localized on metal centres or form metal-ligand bonds. High-level multiconfigurational computations confirm an open-shell singlet ground state for actinide nitrides, with small energy gaps to high spin states. This is consistent with the antiferromagnetic nature observed experimentally in uranium nitrides. The novel AAM bonding model can be authenticated in both experimentally identified compounds containing a U2N2 motif and other theoretically modelled An2N2 clusters and is thus expected to be a general chemical bonding pattern between actinides and main-group elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- School of Physics, Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Xiaoli Lu
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan 610031 China
| | - Shenghui Tang
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan 610031 China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
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3
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Peng X, Li J, Dang J, Yin S, Zheng H, Wang C, Mo Y. Conformational Preference of Lithium Polysulfide Clusters Li 2S x ( x = 4-8) in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4716-4724. [PMID: 38417153 PMCID: PMC10934799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Structures are of fundamental importance for diverse studies of lithium polysulfide clusters, which govern the performance of lithium-sulfur batteries. The ring-like geometries were regarded as the most stable structures, but their physical origin remains elusive. In this work, we systematically explored the minimal structures of Li2Sx (x = 4-8) clusters to uncover the driving force for their conformational preferences. All low-lying isomers were generated by performing global searches using the ABCluster program, and the ionic nature of the Li···S interactions was evidenced with the energy decomposition analysis based on the block-localized wave function (BLW-ED) approach and further confirmed with the quantum theory of atoms in molecule (QTAIM). By analysis of the contributions of various energy components to the relative stability with the references of the lowest-lying isomers, the controlling factor for isomer preferences was found to be the polarization interaction. Notably, although the electrostatic interaction dominates the binding energies, it contributes favorably to the relative stabilities of most isomers. The Li+···Li+ distance is identified as the key geometrical parameter that correlates with the strength of the polarization of the Sx2- fragment imposed by the Li+ cations. Further BLW-ED analyses reveal that the cooperativity of the Li+ cations primarily determines the relative strength of the polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Peng
- Key
Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jiayao Li
- Key
Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jingshuang Dang
- Key
Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key
Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Hengyan Zheng
- Key
Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School
of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department
of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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4
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Szczepanik DW. The curious case of the crystalline tri-thorium cluster: cyclic delocalization without aromatic stabilization? RSC Adv 2023; 13:34224-34229. [PMID: 38019979 PMCID: PMC10664742 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06603g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinides have been known to form extremely weak homonuclear bonds with their d-type orbitals, and one should therefore expect the superposition of cyclic resonance forms containing such bonds to bring rather marginal aromatic stabilization to the system, if any. It is for this very reason that the discovery of the cyclically delocalized Th3 σ-bonding in the crystalline cluster isolated by Liddle and co-workers has sparked such vigorous discussion on the actual role of molecular aromaticity on the periphery of the periodic table. It has recently been argued that the tri-thorium ring at the heart of the cluster features considerable aromatic stabilization energy comparable to the heterocyclic π-aromatic rings such as thiophene. However, previous investigations involved highly ionized model clusters like Th3Cl64+ or Th310+ in which aromatic stabilization associated with the cyclic delocalization of charge is dramatically exaggerated. In this work we investigate the model tri-thorium clusters at different geometries and ionization states to show that cyclic delocalization of electrons in the isolated crystalline cluster may be associated with rather marginal σ-aromatic stabilization energy thus strongly suggesting its non-aromatic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa, 2 30-387 Kraków Poland
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5
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Lu Q, Song J, Duan Y, Zeng Y, Mo Y. Stretched Central Double Bonds in Dialumene and Disilene by Amino Substituents: A Case of Lone Pair Repulsion. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301862. [PMID: 37506171 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
There have been remarkable advances in the syntheses and applications of groups 13 and 14 homonuclear ethene analogues. However, successes are largely limited to aryl- and/or silyl-substituted species. Analogues bearing two or more heteroatoms are still scarce. In this work, the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method at the density functional theory (DFT) level was employed to study dialumene and disilene bearing two amino substituents whose optimal geometries exhibit significantly stretched central M=M (M=Al or Si) double bonds compared with aryl- and/or silyl-substituted species. Computational analyses showed that the repulsion between the lone electron pairs of amino substituents and M=M π bond plays a critical role in the elongation of the M=M bonds. Evidently, replacing the substituent groups -NH2 with -BH2 can enhance the planarity and shorten the central double bonds due to the absence of lone pair electrons in BH2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, and Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, and Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Qingrui Lu
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, and Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yandong Duan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, and Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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6
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Chen J, Huang L, Wu L, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang L, Feng D, Kira M, Lin Z, Li Z. Isolable Tetragold(0) Clusters with Polarity-Tunable exo-Au-Au Bond via Intramolecular σ-Aromatization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311230. [PMID: 37596803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular π-aromatization is a trait of many organic compounds that enhances the stability of their structures and polarizes related C-C π bonds. In contrast, rare study is focused on this phenomenon in metal clusters. Many existing homometallic clusters exhibit aromaticity, often characterized by nonpolar metal-metal bonds and a high degree of symmetry. However, synthesizing low-symmetric homometallic clusters with high-polar metal-metal bonds is challenging due to their limited thermodynamic stability. Herein, we report a facile strategy for the synthesis of [Au(μ2 -ER2 )]3 -AuPMe3 (E=Ge, Sn; R2 =1,1,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)butane-1,4-diyl) clusters and reveal a novel stabilization mode, intramolecular σ-aromatization. Our electronic structure analyses show that these low-symmetric clusters possess a ten-electron σ-aromatic system, which is achieved via intramolecular σ-aromatization. Moreover, the strength of σ-aromaticity gives rise to a polarity-tunable exo-Au-Au bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Chen
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Huang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinhuan Li
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunqing Zhao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liliang Wang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Feng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mitsuo Kira
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Zare RN. Valence Bond Theory Allows a Generalized Description of Hydrogen Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20132-20140. [PMID: 37664980 PMCID: PMC10510329 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the nature of the hydrogen bond (HB), B:---H-A, using valence bond theory (VBT). Our analysis shows that the most important HB interactions are polarization and charge transfer, and their corresponding sum displays a pattern that is identical for a variety of energy decomposition analysis (EDA) methods. Furthermore, the sum terms obtained with the different EDA methods correlate linearly with the corresponding VB quantities. The VBT analysis demonstrates that the total covalent-ionic resonance energy (RECS) of the HB portion (B---H in B:---H-A) correlates linearly with the dissociation energy of the HB, ΔEdiss. In principle, therefore, RECS(HB) can be determined by experiment. The VBT wavefunction reveals that the contributions of ionic structures to the HB increase the positive charge on the hydrogen of the corresponding external/free O-H bonds in, for example, the water dimer compared with a free water molecule. This increases the electric field of the external O-H bonds of water clusters and contributes to bringing about catalysis of reactions by water droplets and in water-hydrophobic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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8
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Lin X, Wu W, Mo Y. Planar Four-Membered Diboron Actinide Compound with Double Möbius Aromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8107-8113. [PMID: 36977280 PMCID: PMC10103132 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The Möbius rule predicts that a planar four-membered metallacycle can be aromatic with four mobile electrons, but such a simple ring has escaped recognition because it usually favors Hückel anti-aromaticity. Here, we report that a quasi-square four-membered actinide compound (Pa2B2) is doubly Möbius aromatic. Chemical bonding analyses reveal that this diboron protactinium molecule has four delocalized π electrons in addition to four delocalized σ electrons, satisfying the 4n Möbius rule for both σ and π components. Energetically, the block-localized wavefunction method, which is the simplest variant of ab initio valence bond theory, shows that the delocalization energy for the π and σ electrons reaches up to 65.0 and 72.3 kcal/mol, respectively, while the extra cyclic resonance energy (ECRE) amounts to 45 kcal/mol. The large positive ECRE values strongly confirm the unprecedented double Möbius aromaticity in Pa2B2. We anticipate that this new type of aromatic molecule can enrich the concept of Möbius aromaticity and open a new avenue for actinide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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9
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Li J, Wang C, Mo Y. Selectivity Rule of Cryptands for Anions: Molecular Rigidity and Bonding Site. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203558. [PMID: 36538660 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptands utilize inside CH or NH groups as hydrogen bond (H-bond) donors to capture anions such as halides. In this work, the nature and selectivity of confined hydrogen bonds inside cryptands were computationally analyzed with the energy decomposition scheme based on the block-localized wavefunction method (BLW-ED), aiming at an elucidation of governing factors in the binding between cryptands and anions. It was revealed that the intrinsic strengths of inward hydrogen bonds are dominated by the electrostatic attraction, while the anion preferences (selectivity) of inner CH and NH hydrogen bonds are governed by the Pauli exchange repulsion and electrostatic interaction, respectively. Typical conformers of cages are classified into two groups, including the C3(h) -symmetrical conformers, in which all halide anions are located near the centroids of cages, and the "semi-open" conformers, which exhibit shifted bonding sites for different halide anions. Accordingly, the difference in governing factors of selectivity is attributed to either the rigidity of cages or the binding site of anions for these two groups. In details, the C3 conformers of NH cryptands can be enlarged more remarkably than the C3(h) -symmetrical conformers of CH cryptands as the size of anion (ionic radius) increases, resulting in the relaxation of the Pauli repulsion and a dramatic reduction in electrostatic attraction, which eventually rules the selectivity of NH cryptands for halide anions. By contrary, the CH cryptands are more rigid and cannot effectively reduce the Pauli repulsion, which subsequently governs the anion preference. Unlike C3 conformers whose rigidity determines the selectivity, semi-open conformers exhibit different binding sites for different anions. From F- to I- , the bonding site shifts toward the outside end of the pocket inside the semi-open NH cryptand, leading to the significant reduction of the electrostatic interaction that dominates the anion preference. Differently, binding sites are much less affected by the size of anion inside the semi-open CH cryptand, in which the Pauli exchange repulsion remains the key factor for the selectivity of inner hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Li
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
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10
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Zhang J, Tang Z, Zhang X, Zhu H, Zhao R, Lu Y, Gao J. Target State Optimized Density Functional Theory for Electronic Excited and Diabatic States. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1777-1789. [PMID: 36917687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
A flexible self-consistent field method, called target state optimization (TSO), is presented for exploring electronic excited configurations and localized diabatic states. The key idea is to partition molecular orbitals into different subspaces according to the excitation or localization pattern for a target state. Because of the orbital-subspace constraint, orbitals belonging to different subspaces do not mix. Furthermore, the determinant wave function for such excited or diabatic configurations can be variationally optimized as a ground state procedure, unlike conventional ΔSCF methods, without the possibility of collapsing back to the ground state or other lower-energy configurations. The TSO method can be applied both in Hartree-Fock theory and in Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT). The density projection procedure and the working equations for implementing the TSO method are described along with several illustrative applications. For valence excited states of organic compounds, it was found that the computed excitation energies from TSO-DFT and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) are of similar quality with average errors of 0.5 and 0.4 eV, respectively. For core excitation, doubly excited states and charge-transfer states, the performance of TSO-DFT is clearly superior to that from conventional TD-DFT calculations. It is shown that variationally optimized charge-localized diabatic states can be defined using TSO-DFT in energy decomposition analysis to gain both qualitative and quantitative insights on intermolecular interactions. Alternatively, the variational diabatic states may be used in molecular dynamics simulation of charge transfer processes. The TSO method can also be used to define basis states in multistate density functional theory for excited states through nonorthogonal state interaction calculations. The software implementing TSO-DFT can be accessed from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ruoqi Zhao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023 Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Yangyi Lu
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Azuara-Tuexi G, Muñoz-Sandoval E, Guirado-López RA. N 1s core-level binding energies in nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3718-3736. [PMID: 36683450 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04701b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a combined experimental and theoretical study dedicated to analyze the N 1s core-level binding energies (CLBE) in N-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data are obtained from N-CNT samples synthesized using the chemical vapor deposition technique. Extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed on various model single- and double-walled N-CNTs where N 1s CLBEs are determined using Koopman's theorem. However, we also present additional calculations within the (Z + 1) approximation to analyze the role of final-state effects. From XPS data up to 2 at% of N content was found in our samples and the high resolution analysis of the N 1s line shows, according to previous experimental results, that N species exist in CNTs as graphitic, pyrrolic, pyridinic, and molecular configurations. However, peak decomposition is characterized by five broad Gaussian curves that overlap considerably among them, having different widths and heights, implying a more complex distribution of N atoms within the structures. DFT calculations performed on model N-CNTs reveal a strong dependence of N 1s CLBE values and their shifts on the local atomic environment. Different types of graphitic N cover an energy range of 3 eV, while various configurations for pyridinic, pyrrolic, and molecular species reveal a dispersion in their energy values of 5.7, 2.7, and 5.2 eV, respectively. The previous distributions of theoretical CLBEs also strongly overlap, implying that some peaks in the XPS spectra must be understood as composite signals where the signals of different N defects coexist. We find, in agreement with the experimental data, that freestanding molecular nitrogen and (weakly interacting) encapsulated N2 within the hollow core of model CNTs have very similar CLBEs. Furthermore, we predict that chemisorbed N2 on defective regions of the nanotube walls has N 1s binding energy values that are considerably larger when compared to encapsulated N2, thus making possible their identification. In contrast to previous reports, we find a nontrivial dependence between CLBEs and the local electronic occupation at N sites. The assignment of spectral details in the XPS data to well-defined N-defects on CNTs is not straightforward and needs to be more deeply analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Azuara-Tuexi
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78000, Mexico.
| | - E Muñoz-Sandoval
- Advanced Materials Division, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa, San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, Mexico
| | - R A Guirado-López
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78000, Mexico.
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12
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Fan D, Du J, Dang J, Wang C, Mo Y. The strength and selectivity of perfluorinated nano-hoops and buckybowls for anion binding and the nature of anion-π interactions. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:138-148. [PMID: 35147229 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorinated cycloparaphenylenes (F-[n]CPP, n = 5-8), boron nitride nanohoop (F-[5]BNNH), and buckybowls (F-BBs) were proposed as anion receptors via anion-π interactions with halide anions (Cl- , Br- and I- ), and remarkable binding strengths up to -294.8 kJ/mol were computationally verified. The energy decomposition approach based on the block-localized wavefunction method, which combines the computational efficiency of molecular orbital theory and the chemical intuition of ab initio valence bond theory, was applied to the above anion-π complexes, in order to elucidate the nature and selectivity of these interactions. The overall attraction is mainly governed by the frozen energy component, in which the electrostatic interaction is included. Remarkable binding strengths with F-[n]CPPs can be attributed to the accumulated anion-π interactions between the anion and each conjugated ring on the hoop, while for F-BBs, additional stability results from the curved frameworks, which distribute electron densities unequally on π-faces. Interestingly, the strongest host was proved to be the F-[5]BNNH, which exhibits the most significant anisotropy of the electrostatic potential surface due to the difference in the electronegativities of nitrogen and boron. The selectivity of each host for anions was explored and the importance of the often-overlooked Pauli exchange repulsion was illustrated. Chloride anion turns out to be the most favorable anion for all receptors, due to the smallest ionic radius and the weakest destabilizing Pauli exchange repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingshuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Lu Q, Song J, Duan Y, Zeng Y, Mo Y. Captodative Effect Facilitates the Excitation in Diboron Molecule (CAAC) 2 B 2 (SH) 2. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203817. [PMID: 36624078 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Given the extraordinary versatility in chemical reactions and applications, boron compounds have gained increasing attentions in the past two decades. One of the remarkable advances is the unprecedented preparation of unsaturated boron species. Notably, Braunschweig et al. found that the cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes (CAACs) stabilized diboron molecules (CAAC)2 B2 (SR)2 host unpaired electrons and exist in the 90°-twisted diradical form, while other analogues, such as N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), stabilized diboron molecules prefer a conventional B=B double bond. Since previous studies recognized the differences in the steric effect between CAAC and NHC carbenes, here we focused on the role of thiol substituents in (CAAC)2 B2 (SR)2 by gradually localizing involved electrons. The co-planarity of the thiol groups and the consequent captodative effect were found to be the culprit for the 90°-twisted diradical form of (CAAC)2 B2 (SR)2 . Computational analyses identified two forces contributing to the π electron movements. One is the "push" effect of lone pairs on the sulfur atoms which boosts the π electron delocalization between the BB center and CAACs. The other is the π electron delocalization within each (CAAC)B(SR) fragment where the pull effect originates from the π electron withdrawal by CAACs. There are two such independent and orthogonal push-pull channels which function mainly in individual (CAAC)B(SR) fragments. This enhanced π push-pull effect in the triplet state facilitates the electronic excitation in (CAAC)2 B2 (SR)2 by reducing the singlet-triplet gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Qingrui Lu
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yandong Duan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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14
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Shen H, Wang Z, Head-Gordon M. Generalization of ETS-NOCV and ALMO-COVP Energy Decomposition Analysis to Connect Any Two Electronic States and Comparative Assessment. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7428-7441. [PMID: 36399401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) is a useful tool for obtaining chemically meaningful insights into molecular interactions. The extended transition-state method with natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) and the absolutely localized molecular orbital-based method with complementary occupied-virtual pairs (ALMO-COVP) are two successful EDA schemes. Working within ground-state generalized Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT), we extend these methods to perform EDA between any two electronic states that can be connected by a unitary transformation of density matrices. A direct proof that the NOCV eigenvalues are symmetric pairs is given, and we also prove that the charge and energy difference defined by ALMO are invariant under certain orbital rotations, allowing us to define COVPs. We point out that ETS is actually a 1-point quadrature to obtain the effective Fock matrix, and though it is reasonably accurate, it can be systematically further improved by adding more quadrature points. We explain why the calculated amount of transferred charge measured by ALMO-COVP is typically much smaller than that of ETS-NOCV and explain why the ALMO-COVP values should be preferred. While the two schemes are independent, ETS-NOCV and ALMO-COVP in fact give a very similar chemical picture for a variety of chemical interactions, including H-H+, the transition structure for the Diels-Alder reaction between ethene and butadiene, and two hydrogen-bonded complexes, H2O···F- and H2O···HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyuan Shen
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Zhenling Wang
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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15
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Lin X, Tian W, Wu W, Mo Y. Evidence for π CHR→d M bonding in transition metal carbene compounds (L nMCHR) and its decisive role in the α-agostic effect. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23420-23426. [PMID: 36128880 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been generally recognized that the α-agostic interaction (M⋯H-C) in transition metal carbene compounds LnMCHR (R = H, Me etc.) can be interpreted with a double metal-carbon bonding model. This bonding model involves the reorganization of the σ component, which can be illustrated in terms of three-center two-electron (3c-2e) M-H-C covalent bond as in transition metal alkyl compounds. Herein, we propose an alternative partial triple metal-carbon bonding model to elucidate the agostic interaction in LnMCHR. Apart from the well-defined σ and π bonds, there exists a seemingly weak but decisive third force, namely the πCHR→dM bonding between an occupied π-like symmetric CHR orbital and a vacant metal d orbital, which is the true origin of the α-agostic effect. This partial triple bonding model is authenticated on both Fischer- and Schrock-type carbenes by an ab initio valence bond (VB) method or the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which has the capability to quantify this notable π bonding and further demonstrate its geometric, energetic and spectral impacts on agostic transition metal carbene compounds. We also show that ancillary ligands can modulate the πCHR→dM bonding through electronic and steric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
| | - Weiqin Tian
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA.
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16
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Lin X, Mo Y. On the Bonding Nature in the Crystalline Tri‐Thorium Cluster: Core‐Shell Syngenetic σ‐Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209658. [PMID: 35856937 PMCID: PMC9541753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
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17
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The Importance of Electrostatics and Polarization for Noncovalent Interactions: Ionic Hydrogen Bonds vs Ionic Halogen Bonds. J Mol Model 2022; 28:275. [PMID: 36006525 PMCID: PMC9411100 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A series of 26 hydrogen-bonded complexes between Br− and halogen, oxygen and sulfur hydrogen-bond (HB) donors is investigated at the M06-2X/6–311 + G(2df,2p) level of theory. Analysis using a model in which Br− is replaced by a point charge shows that the interaction energy (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\Delta E}_{Int}$$\end{document}ΔEInt) of the complexes is accurately reproduced by the scaled interaction energy with the point charge (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\Delta E}_{Int}^{PC}$$\end{document}ΔEIntPC).This is demonstrated by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\Delta E}_{Int}=0.86{\Delta E}_{Int}^{PC}$$\end{document}ΔEInt=0.86ΔEIntPC with a correlation coefficient, R2 =0.999. The only outlier is (Br-H-Br)−, which generally is classified as a strong charge-transfer complex with covalent character rather than a HB complex. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\Delta E}_{Int}^{PC}$$\end{document}ΔEIntPC can be divided rigorously into an electrostatic contribution (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\Delta E}_{ES}^{PC}$$\end{document}ΔEESPC) and a polarization contribution (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\Delta E}_{Pol}^{PC}$$\end{document}ΔEPolPC).Within the set of HB complexes investigated, the former varies between -7.2 and -32.7 kcal mol−1, whereas the latter varies between -1.6 and -11.5 kcal mol−1. Compared to our previous study of halogen-bonded (XB) complexes between Br− and C–Br XB donors, the electrostatic contribution is generally stronger and the polarization contribution is generally weaker in the HB complexes. However, for both types of bonding, the variation in interaction strength can be reproduced accurately without invoking a charge-transfer term. For the Br−···HF complex, the importance of charge penetration on the variation of the interaction energy with intermolecular distance is investigated. It is shown that the repulsive character of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\Delta E}_{Int}$$\end{document}ΔEInt at short distances in this complex to a large extent can be attributed to charge penetration.
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18
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Mo Y, Danovich D, Shaik S. The roles of charge transfer and polarization in non-covalent interactions: a perspective from ab initio valence bond methods. J Mol Model 2022; 28:274. [PMID: 36006511 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions are ubiquitous and have been well recognized in chemistry, biology and material science. Yet, there are still recurring controversies over their natures, due to the wide range of noncovalent interaction terms. In this Essay, we employed the Valence Bond (VB) methods to address two types of interactions which recently have drawn intensive attention, i.e., the halogen bonding and the CH‧‧‧HC dihydrogen bonding. The VB methods have the advantage of interpreting molecular structures and properties in the term of electron-localized Lewis (resonance) states (structures), which thereby shed specific light on the alteration of the bonding patterns. Due to the electron localization nature of Lewis states, it is possible to define individually and measure both polarization and charge transfer effects which have different physical origins. We demonstrated that both the ab initio VB method and the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method can provide consistent pictures for halogen bonding systems, where strong Lewis bases NH3, H2O and NMe3 partake as the halogen bond acceptors, and the halogen bond donors include dihalogen molecules and XNO2 (X = Cl, Br, I). Based on the structural, spectral, and energetic changes, we confirm the remarkable roles of charge transfer in these halogen bonding complexes. Although the weak C-H∙∙∙H-C interactions in alkane dimers and graphene sheets are thought to involve dispersion only, we show that this term embeds delicate yet important charge transfer, bond reorganization and polarization interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA.
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190407, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190407, Jerusalem, Israel.
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19
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Lin X, Mo Y. On the Bonding Nature in the Crystalline Tri‐Thorium Cluster: Core‐Shell Syngenetic σ‐Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- Southwest Jiaotong University School of Life Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Yirong Mo
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro Department of Nanoscience 2907 E. Gate City Blvd 27401 Greensboro UNITED STATES
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20
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Tatlidil D, Raza MA, Dege N, Agar AA, Farwa U, Rehman SU. Therapeutical Potential of Imines; Synthesis, Single Crystal Structure, Computational, Molecular Modeling, and ADMET Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10568-10579. [PMID: 35382330 PMCID: PMC8973114 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Imines are multipurpose pharmacophores, simply accessible compounds, and have a broad range of usage in several areas of chemistry especially in medicine. Two novel compound imines, (E)-4-methyl-2-((o-tolylimino)methyl)phenol (1) and (E)-2-(((4-methoxybenzyl)imino)methyl)-4-methylphenol (2), were synthesized with effective product via reported protocol in the literature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) was employed for structural exposition, disclosing that both compounds are orthorhombic. To optimize the newly designed imines, a B3LYP functional with a basis set 6-31G(d,p) was mainly considered. DFT results were utilized to check correlation between the data recovered from SCXRD outcomes and also to measure the energy difference. Hirshfeld surface study was done to demonstrate the intermolecular contacts along the percentage of interaction in the overall crystalline compound. Molecular operating environment program was tested against AChE and BChE enzymes to perform a modeling study of the compounds. The docking score and binding affinity of the compounds revealed that 2 showed comparatively more inhibition than 1. In silico ADMET studies exposed the physiochemical nature of these novel compounds, and it also unveiled that both compounds behaved as drug-like candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digdem Tatlidil
- Faculty
of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55020, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Asam Raza
- Department
of Chemistry, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University
of Gujrat, Gujrat 54000, Pakistan
| | - Necmi Dege
- Faculty
of Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55200, Turkey
| | - Aysen Alaman Agar
- Faculty
of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55020, Turkey
| | - Umme Farwa
- Department
of Chemistry, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University
of Gujrat, Gujrat 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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21
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Shu Y, Varga Z, Kanchanakungwankul S, Zhang L, Truhlar DG. Diabatic States of Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:992-1018. [PMID: 35138102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative simulations of electronically nonadiabatic molecular processes require both accurate dynamics algorithms and accurate electronic structure information. Direct semiclassical nonadiabatic dynamics is expensive due to the high cost of electronic structure calculations, and hence it is limited to small systems, limited ensemble averaging, ultrafast processes, and/or electronic structure methods that are only semiquantitatively accurate. The cost of dynamics calculations can be made manageable if analytic fits are made to the electronic structure data, and such fits are most conveniently carried out in a diabatic representation because the surfaces are smooth and the couplings between states are smooth scalar functions. Diabatic representations, unlike the adiabatic ones produced by most electronic structure methods, are not unique, and finding suitable diabatic representations often involves time-consuming nonsystematic diabatization steps. The biggest drawback of using diabatic bases is that it can require large amounts of effort to perform a globally consistent diabatization, and one of our goals has been to develop methods to do this efficiently and automatically. In this Feature Article, we introduce the mathematical framework of diabatic representations, and we discuss diabatization methods, including adiabatic-to-diabatic transformations and recent progress toward the goal of automatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Siriluk Kanchanakungwankul
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Linyao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States.,School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Donald G Truhlar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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22
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Lin X, Mo Y. Partial Double Metal-Carbon Bonding Model in Transition Metal Methyl Compounds. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2892-2902. [PMID: 35104122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemical bond between a transition metal and a methyl group (M-CH3) is typically defined as a single covalent bond, which is of fundamental significance and general interest in understanding the structural properties and reactivity of transition metal alkyl compounds. Herein, we demonstrate that the M-CH3 bonding involves varying σ and π components and thus should be best described in terms of the partial double M═CH3 bond. The often-neglected π bonding stems from an occupied π-symmetric orbital of the methyl group comprising all three C-H σ bonds (but one C-H' contributes more than the other two) and a vacant low-lying metal d(π) orbital, and is associated with the intramolecular C-H'···M agostic effect (i.e., an acute M-C-H' angle and a short H'···M distance), whose origin is still controversial. We quantify the geometric and energetic impacts of the π interaction involved in the M-CH3 bond by explicitly computing the intramolecular πCH' → dM interaction with the ab initio valence bond (VB) theory. Our computations of the ligand-free [TiCH3]3+ and a series of metallocene catalysts provide a direct proof for the presence of the π bonding in M-CH3 bonds, which is the cause for the agostic effect. The partial double M═CH3 bonding model is not only validated by a range of bonding analyses including VB self-consistent field (VBSCF)-based energy decomposition and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) but also authenticated by the specific activity of double M═CH3 bonds in the C-H activation and olefin insertion. More importantly, the σ bond gradually switches from a classical covalent bond to a novel charge-shift bond with the π bonding becoming increasingly significant. We anticipate that the recognition of the π interaction between electrophilic metal centers and C-H bonds can benefit the understanding of the nature of metal-carbon bonds in transition metal ethyl, alkyl, and carbene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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23
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Fan D, Chen L, Wang C, Yin S, Mo Y. Inter-anion chalcogen bonds: Are they anti-electrostatic in nature? J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234302. [PMID: 34937369 DOI: 10.1063/5.0076872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-anion hydrogen and halogen bonds have emerged as counterintuitive linkers and inspired us to expand the range of this unconventional bonding pattern. Here, the inter-anion chalcogen bond (IAChB) was proposed and theoretically analyzed in a series of complexes formed by negatively charged bidentate chalcogen bond donors with chloride anions. The kinetic stability of IAChB was evidenced by the minima on binding energy profiles and further supported by ab initio molecular dynamic simulations. The block-localized wave function (BLW) method and its subsequent energy decomposition (BLW-ED) approach were employed to elucidate the physical origin of IAChB. While all other energy components vary monotonically as anions get together, the electrostatic interaction behaves exceptionally as it experiences a Coulombic repulsion barrier. Before reaching the barrier, the electrostatic repulsion increases with the shortening Ch⋯Cl- distance as expected from classical electrostatics. However, after passing the barrier, the electrostatic repulsion decreases with the Ch⋯Cl- distance shortening and subsequently turns into the most favorable trend among all energy terms at short ranges, representing a dominating force for the kinetic stability of inter-anions. For comparison, all energy components exhibit the same trends and vary monotonically in the conventional counterparts where donors are neutral. By comparing inter-anions and their conventional counterparts, we found that only the electrostatic energy term is affected by the extra negative charge. Remarkably, the distinctive (nonmonotonic) electrostatic energy profiles were reproduced using quantum mechanical-based atomic multipoles, suggesting that the crucial electrostatic interaction in IAChB can be rationalized within the classical electrostatic theory just like conventional non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, USA
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24
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Chen L, Feng Q, Wang C, Yin S, Mo Y. Classical Electrostatics Remains the Driving Force for Interanion Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10428-10438. [PMID: 34818021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interanion hydrogen bonding (IAHB) and halogen bonding (IAXB) have emerged as a counterintuitive linker in a range of fascinating applications. Despite the overall repulsive (positive) binding energy, anions are trapped in a local minimum with its corresponding transition state (TS) preventing dissociation. In other words, the adduct of anions is metastable. Seemingly, the electrostatic paradigm and force field description of hydrogen/halogen bonding (HB/XB) are challenged, because of the preconceived Coulombic repulsion. Aiming at an insightful understanding of these interanion phenomena, we employed the energy decomposition approach based on the block-localized wavefunction method (BLW-ED) to investigate a series of exemplary interanion complexes. As expected, the key distinction from the conventional HB/XB lies in the electrostatic interaction, which is not increasingly repulsive as anions gradually approach to each other. Rather, there is a Coulombic barrier at a certain point. After this point, the electrostatic repulsion diminishes with the decreasing distance between anions. Differently, other energy components vary monotonically just like in conventional cases. The nonmonotonic characteristic of the electrostatic interaction in interanion complexes was reproduced using the multipole expansion in AMOEBA polarizable force field in which the state-specified atomic multipoles were adopted. This suggests that the nonmonotonicity can be well interpreted by classical electrostatic theory and there is no conceptual difference between conventional HB/XB and IAHB/IAXB. The stability of IAHB/IAXB depends on the competition between the local attractive HB/XB and the global Coulombic repulsion of net charges, though there is cooperativity between these two contrasting forces. This concise model was supported by the attractive IAHB/IAXB in modified molecular capsules, which exhibit strong quadruple HB/XBs and a considerable distance between charged substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qiuyan Feng
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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Ren M, Zhang L, Jiao Y, Chen Z, Wu W. Extended Mulliken-Hush Method with Applications to the Theoretical Study of Electron Transfer. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:6861-6875. [PMID: 34605634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel adiabatic-to-diabatic (ATD) transformation strategy, namely, the extended Mulliken-Hush (XMH) method, is proposed to evaluate diabatic properties including electronic couplings, potential energy surfaces, and their crossings. The XMH method is developed by adopting our recently proposed ATD transformation formula of a general vectorial physical observable, in which a useful ATD transformation is further determined by using an auxiliary dipole between localized frontier orbitals as a simple approximation of the diabatic transition dipole. The XMH method is simple and practical that provides a flexible way to construct diabatic states. To some extent, it can be regarded as an extension of the generalized Mulliken-Hush (GMH) method since the latter takes a stronger approximation, in which the diabatic transition dipole is assumed to be vanishing. Test calculations on the HeH2+ system show that the electronic couplings predicted by the XMH method are closer to the ones calculated by the valence bond block-diagonalization approach than the GMH ones since the XMH method takes into account both the magnitude and direction of the diabatic transition dipole, which is consistent with the properties of this molecule. In the study of electron transfer in the two kinds of donor-bridge-acceptor systems, the XMH method maintains the simplicity of the GMH method and gives reasonable results even when the latter fails, wherein the diabatic transition dipole is nearly perpendicular to the difference of the initial and final adiabatic dipoles. More importantly, the XMH method can be easily combined with high-level electronic structure methods, in which the properties of the ground and excited states may be more accurately calculated, and hence, one may expect that further development of the XMH method would result in a general computational model for studying electron transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Chen L, Dang J, Du J, Wang C, Mo Y. Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding in Homogeneous External Electric Fields: Modulating the Bond Strengths. Chemistry 2021; 27:14042-14050. [PMID: 34319620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed various fascinating phenomena arising from the interactions of noncovalent bonds with homogeneous external electric fields (EEFs). Here we performed a computational study to interpret the sensitivity of intrinsic bond strengths to EEFs in terms of steric effect and orbital interactions. The block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which combines the advantages of both ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and molecular orbital (MO) theory, and the subsequent energy decomposition (BLW-ED) approach were adopted. The sensitivity was monitored and analyzed using the induced energy term, which is the variation in each energy component along the EEF strength. Systems with single or multiple hydrogen (H) or halogen (X) bond(s) were also examined. It was found that the X-bond strength change to EEFs mainly stems from the covalency change, while generally the steric effect rules the response of H-bonds to EEFs. Furthermore, X-bonds are more sensitive to EEFs, with the key difference between H- and X-bonds lying in the charge transfer interaction. Since phenylboronic acid has been experimentally used as a smart linker in EEFs, switchable sensitivity was scrutinized with the example of the phenylboronic acid dimer, which exhibits two conformations with either antiparallel or parallel H-bonds, thereby, opposite or consistent responses to EEFs. Among the studied systems, the quadruple X-bonds in molecular capsules exhibit remarkable sensitivity, with its interaction energy increased by -95.2 kJ mol-1 at the EEF strength 0.005 a.u.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jingshuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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Báez-Grez R, Arrué L, Pino-Rios R. Quantitative analysis of aromaticity in azines by means of dissected descriptors based on the magnetic criteria. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tang CK, Li YZ, Ma F, Cao Z, Mo Y. Anti-Electrostatic Main Group Metal-Metal Bonds That Activate CO 2. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7545-7552. [PMID: 34347488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the CO2 capture and reduction by transition-metal-free catalysts. Here we performed a proof-of-concept study using an ab initio valence bond method called the block-localized wave function (BLW) method. The integrated BLW and density function theory (DFT) computations demonstrated that heterobimetallic Ae+/Al(I) (Ae represents alkaline earth metals Mg and Ca) Lewis acid/base combinations without transition metals can facilely capture and activate CO2. There are two remarkable findings in this study. The first concerns the ionic nature of the metal-metal bonds. The experimentally synthesized low valent aluminum compound with a bidentate β-diketiminate (BDI) ligand, or (BDI)Al(I) in brief, is a Lewis base due to the lone pair on the aluminum cation though overall Al(I) is positively charged. Al(I) can form ionic metal-metal bonds with the alkaline earth metals of the positively charged Lewis acids (BDI)Ae+. This type of ionic metal-metal bonds is counterintuitive and antielectrostatic as both metals carry positive charges. The second finding is the CO2 activation mechanism. (BDI)Al(I) can effectively bind and activate CO2 by transferring one electron to CO2, and the resulting complex can be best expressed as [(BDI)Al(I)]+[CO2]-. The participation of (BDI)Ae+ further enhances the capture and activation of CO2 by (BDI)Al(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Kai Tang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Fang Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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Pan S, Frenking G. A Critical Look at Linus Pauling's Influence on the Understanding of Chemical Bonding. Molecules 2021; 26:4695. [PMID: 34361846 PMCID: PMC8348226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of Linus Pauling on the understanding of chemical bonding is critically examined. Pauling deserves credit for presenting a connection between the quantum theoretical description of chemical bonding and Gilbert Lewis's classical bonding model of localized electron pair bonds for a wide range of chemistry. Using the concept of resonance that he introduced, he was able to present a consistent description of chemical bonding for molecules, metals, and ionic crystals which was used by many chemists and subsequently found its way into chemistry textbooks. However, his one-sided restriction to the valence bond method and his rejection of the molecular orbital approach hindered further development of chemical bonding theory for a while and his close association of the heuristic Lewis binding model with the quantum chemical VB approach led to misleading ideas until today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Pan
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Xu T, Cao K, Wang C, Yin S. The effect of asymmetric external reorganization energy on electron and hole transport in organic semiconductors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15236-15244. [PMID: 34235520 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between charge mobilities and the molecular stacking structures of π-conjugated organic semiconducting materials is essential for their development. In this study, a quantum mechanics (QM)-derived state-specific polarizable force field (SS-PFF) is applied to explicitly estimate the external reorganization energies (λext) during electron transfer (ET) or hole transfer (HT) processes using our recently proposed two-point model (J. Phys. Chem. A, 2018, 122, 8957-8964). Different from the Marcus two-sphere model, the application of the explicit two-point model produces a notably asymmetric λext for ET and HT processes in oligoacene crystals. For the same charge transfer channels, the λext of ET is 7-10 times higher than that of HT, which results in a larger intrinsic hole mobility. This successfully rationalizes why acenes are prone to be p-type conducting materials. Perfluorination can change the polarity of the molecular surface electrostatic potential (ESP). Thus, perfluorination is a possible approach to reduce the external reorganization energies for ET reactions, which can be used to tune the order of λext of ET and HT processes. The two-point model with the SS-PFF, therefore, opens the door to revisit the intrinsic mobilities of electrons and holes in organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an City 710119, People's Republic of China.
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Naseem-Khan S, Gresh N, Misquitta AJ, Piquemal JP. Assessment of SAPT and Supermolecular EDA Approaches for the Development of Separable and Polarizable Force Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2759-2774. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sehr Naseem-Khan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nohad Gresh
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alston J. Misquitta
- School of Physics and Astronomy and the Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials at Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Jean-Philip Piquemal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR 7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Inscoe B, Rathnayake H, Mo Y. Role of Charge Transfer in Halogen Bonding. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2944-2953. [PMID: 33797922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding has received intensive attention recently for its applications in the construction of supramolecular assemblies and crystal engineering and its implications and potentials in chemical and biological processes and rational drug design. Peculiarly, in intermolecular interactions, halogen atoms are known as electron-donating groups carrying partial negative charges in molecules due to its high electronegativity, but they can counterintuitively act as Lewis acids and bind with Lewis bases in the form of a halogen bond. The unsettling issue regarding the nature of the halogen bonding is whether the electrostatics or charge transfer interaction dominates. The recently proposed σ-hole concept nicely reinforces the role of electrostatic attraction. Also, good correlations between the halogen bonding strength and the interaction energy from the simple point-charge model have been found. This leads to the claim that there is no need to invoke the charge transfer concept in the halogen bond. But there is alternative evidence supporting the importance of charge transfer interaction. Here, we visited a series of prominent halogen bonded complexes of the types Y3C-X···Z (X = Br, I; Y = F, Cl, Br; Z = F-, Cl-, Br-, I-, NMe3) with the block-localized wave function (BLW) method at the M06-2X-D3/6-311+G(d,p) (def2-SVP for iodine) level of theory. As the simplest variant of ab initio valence bond (VB) theory, the BLW method is unique in the strict localization of electrons within interacting moieties, allowing for quantitative evaluation of the charge transfer effect on geometries, spectral properties, and energetics in halogen bonding complexes. By comparing the halogen bonding complexes with and without the charge transfer interaction, we proved that the charge transfer interaction significantly shortens the X···Z bonding distance and stretches the C-X bonds. But the shortening of the halogen bonding results in the less favorable steric effect, which is composed of Pauli repulsion, electrostatics, and electron correlation. There are approximate linear correlations between the charge transfer effect and binding energy and between bonding distance and binding energy. These correlations may lead to the illusion that the charge transfer interaction is unimportant or irrelevant, but further analyses showed that the inclusion of charge transfer is critical for the proper description of the halogen bonding, as considering only electrostatics and polarization leads to only about 45-60% of the binding strengths and much elongated bonding distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Inscoe
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Hemali Rathnayake
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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Mao Y, Loipersberger M, Horn PR, Das A, Demerdash O, Levine DS, Prasad Veccham S, Head-Gordon T, Head-Gordon M. From Intermolecular Interaction Energies and Observable Shifts to Component Contributions and Back Again: A Tale of Variational Energy Decomposition Analysis. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:641-666. [PMID: 33636998 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-115149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry in the form of density functional theory (DFT) calculations is a powerful numerical experiment for predicting intermolecular interaction energies. However, no chemical insight is gained in this way beyond predictions of observables. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) can quantitatively bridge this gap by providing values for the chemical drivers of the interactions, such as permanent electrostatics, Pauli repulsion, dispersion, and charge transfer. These energetic contributions are identified by performing DFT calculations with constraints that disable components of the interaction. This review describes the second-generation version of the absolutely localized molecular orbital EDA (ALMO-EDA-II). The effects of different physical contributions on changes in observables such as structure and vibrational frequencies upon complex formation are characterized via the adiabatic EDA. Example applications include red- versus blue-shifting hydrogen bonds; the bonding and frequency shifts of CO, N2, and BF bound to a [Ru(II)(NH3)5]2 + moiety; and the nature of the strongly bound complexes between pyridine and the benzene and naphthalene radical cations. Additionally, the use of ALMO-EDA-II to benchmark and guide the development of advanced force fields for molecular simulation is illustrated with the recent, very promising, MB-UCB potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Matthias Loipersberger
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Paul R Horn
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Akshaya Das
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Omar Demerdash
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel S Levine
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Srimukh Prasad Veccham
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA; .,Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA;
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Mo Y, Cao Z. Planar Tetracoordinate Silicon in Organic Molecules As Carbenoid-Type Amphoteric Centers: A Computational Study. Chemistry 2021; 27:1402-1409. [PMID: 33103283 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Designing and synthesizing a stable compound with a planar tetracoordinate silicon (ptSi) center is a challenging goal for chemists. Here, a series of potential aromatic ptSi compounds composed of four conjugated rings shared by a centrally embedded Si atom are theoretically designed and computationally verified. Both Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations and potential energy surface scannings verify the high stability and likely existence of these compounds, particularly Si-16-5555 (SiN4 C8 H8 ) with 16 π electrons, under standard ambient temperature and pressure. Notably, the Hückel aromaticity rule, which works well for single rings, is inconsistent with the high stability of Si-16-5555 where the 16 p electrons are spread over four five-membered rings fused together. Bonding analyses show that the strong electron donation from the peripheral 12-membered conjugated ring with 16 π electrons to the vacant central atomic orbital Si 3pz leads to the stabilization for both the ptSi coordination and planar aromaticity. The partial occupation of Si 3pz results in the peculiar carbenoid-type behaviors for the amphoteric center. By modulating the electron density on the ring with substituent groups, we can regulate the nucleophilic and electrophilic properties of the central Si.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian, Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Rd., Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian, Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Rd., Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2907 East Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Zexing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian, Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Rd., Xiamen, 361005, China
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Bao P, Hettich CP, Shi Q, Gao J. Block-Localized Excitation for Excimer Complex and Diabatic Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 17:240-254. [PMID: 33370101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a block-localized excitation (BLE) method to carry out constrained optimization of block-localized orbitals for constructing valence bond-like, diabatic excited configurations using multistate density functional theory (MSDFT). The method is an extension of the previous block-localized wave function method through a fragment-based ΔSCF approach to optimize excited determinants within a molecular complex. In BLE, both the number of electrons and the electronic spin of different fragments in a whole system can be constrained, whereas electrostatic, exchange, and polarization interactions among different blocks can be fully taken into account of. To avoid optimization collapse to unwanted states, a ΔSCF projection scheme and a maximum overlap of wave function approach have been presented. The method is illustrated by the excimer complex of two naphthalene molecules. With a minimum of eight spin-adapted configurational state functions, it was found that the inversion of La- and Lb- states near the optimal structure of the excimer complex is correctly produced, which is in quantitative agreement with DMRG-CASPT2 calculations and experiments. Trends in the computed transfer integrals associated with excited-state energy transfer both in the singlet and triplet states are discussed. The results suggest that MSDFT may be used as an efficient approach to treat intermolecular interactions in excited states with a minimal active space (MAS) for interpretation of the results and for dynamic simulations, although the selection of a small active space is often system dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Christian P Hettich
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Qiang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiali Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Beijing University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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36
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Mao Y, Montoya-Castillo A, Markland TE. Excited state diabatization on the cheap using DFT: Photoinduced electron and hole transfer. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244111. [PMID: 33380087 DOI: 10.1063/5.0035593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excited state electron and hole transfer underpin fundamental steps in processes such as exciton dissociation at photovoltaic heterojunctions, photoinduced charge transfer at electrodes, and electron transfer in photosynthetic reaction centers. Diabatic states corresponding to charge or excitation localized species, such as locally excited and charge transfer states, provide a physically intuitive framework to simulate and understand these processes. However, obtaining accurate diabatic states and their couplings from adiabatic electronic states generally leads to inaccurate results when combined with low-tier electronic structure methods, such as time-dependent density functional theory, and exorbitant computational cost when combined with high-level wavefunction-based methods. Here, we introduce a density functional theory (DFT)-based diabatization scheme that directly constructs the diabatic states using absolutely localized molecular orbitals (ALMOs), which we denote as Δ-ALMO(MSDFT2). We demonstrate that our method, which combines ALMO calculations with the ΔSCF technique to construct electronically excited diabatic states and obtains their couplings with charge-transfer states using our MSDFT2 scheme, gives accurate results for excited state electron and hole transfer in both charged and uncharged systems that underlie DNA repair, charge separation in donor-acceptor dyads, chromophore-to-solvent electron transfer, and singlet fission. This framework for the accurate and efficient construction of excited state diabats and evaluation of their couplings directly from DFT thus offers a route to simulate and elucidate photoinduced electron and hole transfer in large disordered systems, such as those encountered in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Markland
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Lin X, Mo Y. Resonance-Assisted but Antielectrostatic Intramolecular Au···H–O Hydrogen Bonding in Gold(I) Complexes: A Computational Verification. Inorg Chem 2020; 60:460-467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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Saez Talens V, Davis J, Wu CH, Wen Z, Lauria F, Gupta KBSS, Rudge R, Boraghi M, Hagemeijer A, Trinh TT, Englebienne P, Voets IK, Wu JI, Kieltyka RE. Thiosquaramide-Based Supramolecular Polymers: Aromaticity Gain in a Switched Mode of Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19907-19916. [PMID: 33191746 PMCID: PMC7705886 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing understanding of factors that drive monomer self-assembly to form supramolecular polymers, the effects of aromaticity gain have been largely ignored. Herein, we document the aromaticity gain in two different self-assembly modes of squaramide-based bolaamphiphiles. Importantly, O → S substitution in squaramide synthons resulted in supramolecular polymers with increased fiber flexibility and lower degrees of polymerization. Computations and spectroscopic experiments suggest that the oxo- and thiosquaramide bolaamphiphiles self-assemble into "head-to-tail" versus "stacked" arrangements, respectively. Computed energetic and magnetic criteria of aromaticity reveal that both modes of self-assembly increase the aromatic character of the squaramide synthons, giving rise to stronger intermolecular interactions in the resultant supramolecular polymer structures. These examples suggest that both hydrogen-bonding and stacking interactions can result in increased aromaticity upon self-assembly, highlighting its relevance in monomer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorio Saez Talens
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joyal Davis
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Zhili Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Francesca Lauria
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karthick Babu Sai Sankar Gupta
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raisa Rudge
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mahsa Boraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Alexander Hagemeijer
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thuat T Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pablo Englebienne
- Process & Energy Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MD, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Roxanne E Kieltyka
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Pino-Rios R, Cárdenas-Jirón G, Tiznado W. Local and macrocyclic (anti)aromaticity of porphyrinoids revealed by the topology of the induced magnetic field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21267-21274. [PMID: 32935691 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03272g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aromaticity in porphyrinoids results from the π conjugation through two different annular perimeters: the macrocyclic ring and the local heterocyclic rings appended to it. Analyses, based on aromatic stabilization energies (ASE), indicate that the local circuits (6π) are responsible for the significant aromatic stabilization of these systems. This local aromaticity can be coupled with the one from 4n + 2π macrocyclic circuit. It can either compensate for the destabilization due to a 4n π macrocyclic circuit, or be the only source of aromatic stabilization in porphyrinoids with macrocycles without π-conjugated bonds. This "multifaceted" aromatic character of porphyrinoids makes it challenging to analyze their aromaticity using magnetic descriptors because of the intricate interaction of local versus macro-cyclic circulation. In this contribution, we show that the analysis of the bifurcation of the induced magnetic field, Bind, allows clear identification and quantification of both local, and macrocyclic aromaticity, in a representative group of porphyrinioids. In porphyrin, bifurcation values accurately predict the local and macrocyclic contribution rate to overall aromatic stabilization determined by ASE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Estación Central, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Gloria Cárdenas-Jirón
- Laboratorio de Química teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Estación Central, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello (UNAB), Av. República 275, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
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Du J, Wang C, Yin S, Wang W, Mo Y. Resonance-assisted/impaired anion-π interaction: towards the design of novel anion receptors. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36181-36191. [PMID: 35517107 PMCID: PMC9056982 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07877h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituents alter the electron density distribution in benzene in various ways, depending on their electron withdrawing and donating capabilities, as summarized by the empirical Hammett equation. The change of the π electron density distribution subsequently impacts the interaction of substituted benzenes or other cyclic conjugated rings with anions. Currently the design and synthesis of conjugated cyclic receptors capable of binding anions is an active field due to their applications in the sensing and removal of environmental contaminants and molecular recognition. By using the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which is a variant of ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and can derive the reference resonance-free state self-consistently, we quantified the resonance-assisted (RA) or resonance-impaired (RI) phenomena in anion–π interactions from both structural and energetic perspectives. The frozen interaction, in which the electrostatic attraction is involved, has been shown to be the governing factor for the RA or RI interactions with anions. Energy analyses based on the empirical point charge (EPC) model indicated that the anion–π interactions can be simplified as the attraction between a negative point charge (anion) and a group of local dipoles, affected by the enriched or diminished π-cloud due to the resonance between the substituents and the conjugated ring. Hence, two strategies for the design of novel anion receptors can be envisioned. One is the enhancement of the magnitudes and/or numbers of local dipoles (polarized σ bonds), and the other is the reduction of π electron density in conjugated rings. For cases with the RI characteristics, “curved” aromatic molecules are preferred to be anion receptors. Indeed, extremely strong binding was found in complexes formed with fluorinated corannulene (F-CDD) and fluorinated [5]cycloparaphenylene (F-[5]CPP). Inspired by the RA phenomenon, complexes of p-, o- and m-benzoquinones with halides were revisited. Substituents alter the electron density distribution in benzene in various ways, depending on their electron withdrawing and donating capabilities, as summarized by the empirical Hammett equation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Shiwei Yin
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro NC 27401 USA
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Zhang H, Yuan R, Song J, Li X, Zeng Y, Mo Y. Side-On versus End-On Binding Modes between Metal Cations and (NHC)AlAl(NHC). Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
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Chen Z, Wu W. Ab initio valence bond theory: A brief history, recent developments, and near future. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:090902. [PMID: 32891101 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This Perspective presents a survey of several issues in ab initio valence bond (VB) theory with a primary focus on recent advances made by the Xiamen VB group, including a brief review of the earlier history of the ab initio VB methods, in-depth discussion of algorithms for nonorthogonal orbital optimization in the VB self-consistent field method and VB methods incorporating dynamic electron correlation, along with a concise overview of VB methods for complex systems and VB models for chemical bonding and reactivity, and an outlook of opportunities and challenges for the near future of the VB theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Lin X, Wu W, Mo Y. A theoretical perspective of the agostic effect in early transition metal compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mao Y, Levine DS, Loipersberger M, Horn PR, Head-Gordon M. Probing radical-molecule interactions with a second generation energy decomposition analysis of DFT calculations using absolutely localized molecular orbitals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12867-12885. [PMID: 32510096 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01933j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular interactions between radicals and closed-shell molecules are ubiquitous in chemical processes, ranging from the benchtop to the atmosphere and extraterrestrial space. While energy decomposition analysis (EDA) schemes for closed-shell molecules can be generalized for studying radical-molecule interactions, they face challenges arising from the unique characteristics of the electronic structure of open-shell species. In this work, we introduce additional steps that are necessary for the proper treatment of radical-molecule interactions to our previously developed unrestricted Absolutely Localized Molecular Orbital (uALMO)-EDA based on density functional theory calculations. A "polarize-then-depolarize" (PtD) scheme is used to remove arbitrariness in the definition of the frozen wavefunction, rendering the ALMO-EDA results independent of the orientation of the unpaired electron obtained from isolated fragment calculations. The contribution of radical rehybridization to polarization energies is evaluated. It is also valuable to monitor the wavefunction stability of each intermediate state, as well as their associated spin density profiles, to ensure the EDA results correspond to a desired electronic state. These radical extensions are incorporated into the "vertical" and "adiabatic" variants of uALMO-EDA for studies of energy changes and property shifts upon complexation. The EDA is validated on two model complexes, H2O˙F and FH˙OH. It is then applied to several chemically interesting radical-molecule complexes, including the sandwiched and T-shaped benzene dimer radical cation, complexes of pyridine with benzene and naphthalene radical cations, binary and ternary complexes of the hydroxyl radical with water (˙OH(H2O) and ˙OH(H2O)2), and the pre-reactive complexes and transition states in the ˙OH + HCHO and ˙OH + CH3CHO reactions. These examples suggest that this second generation uALMO-EDA is a useful tool for furthering one's understanding of both energetic and property changes associated with radical-molecule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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45
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Wan Z, Wang QD. Accurate prediction of enthalpy of formation combined with AM1 method and molecular descriptors. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Paudel HR, Das R, Wu CH, Wu JI. Self-assembling purine and pteridine quartets: how do π-conjugation patterns affect resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding? Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1078-1081. [PMID: 31967161 PMCID: PMC7053557 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computed association strengths for 43 purine and pteridine quartets (38 to 100 kcal mol-1) show excellent linear correlation with π-conjugation gain in the assembled monomers (r2 = 0.965). Even quartets having the same secondary electrostatic interactions can display very different association strengths depending on the π-conjugation patterns of the monomeric units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjita Das
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, USA.
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, USA.
| | - Judy I Wu
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, USA.
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Zhang H, Yuan R, Wu W, Mo Y. Two Push–Pull Channels Enhance the Dinitrogen Activation by Borylene Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:2619-2625. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Material ScienceHebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 P. R. China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Institute of Computational Quantum ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Material ScienceHebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and ComputationalChemistryState Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringiChEMXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of ChemistryWestern Michigan University Kalamazoo MI 49008 USA
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48
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Multistate density functional theory applied with 3 unpaired electrons in 3 orbitals: The singdoublet and tripdoublet states of the ethylene cation. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Mao Y, Montoya-Castillo A, Markland TE. Accurate and efficient DFT-based diabatization for hole and electron transfer using absolutely localized molecular orbitals. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:164114. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5125275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Thomas E. Markland
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Lin X, Wu W, Mo Y. How Resonance Modulates Multiple Hydrogen Bonding in Self-Assembled Systems. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14805-14815. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Lin
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
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