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Si XJ, Wang HL, Wu TH, Wang P. Novel methods for the rapid detection of trace tetracyclines based on the fluorescence behaviours of Maillard reaction fluorescent nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43256-43261. [PMID: 35519723 PMCID: PMC9058211 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Maillard reaction and its fluorescent products have attracted widespread attention in the field of food safety and biology. Herein, the novel Maillard reaction fluorescent nanoparticles (MRFNs) as a fluorescent probe were synthesized via a “green” method with simple technical processes. In addition, the effects of tetracycline (TC) and chlorotetracycline (CTC) representing certain properties of tetracyclines (TCs) on the fluorescence behaviour of MRFNs were studied, respectively. The present study showed that the fluorescence intensity of MRFNs greatly enhanced with a linear increase in the CTC concentration. However, with the gradual increase in the TC concentration, the intensity of MRFNs tended to significantly decrease linearly. Based on this, novel fluorescence analysis methods for the simple and rapid detection of TC and CTC in water bodies were established, respectively. Significantly, the proposed detection methods were successfully adopted for detecting TC and CTC in some environmental water samples. Besides, the possible mechanisms for TC-induced fluorescence quenching and CTC-induced fluorescence enhancement of MRFNs were also discussed, respectively. The Maillard reaction and its fluorescent products have attracted widespread attention in the field of food safety and biology.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jing Si
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325035 China +86-577-86689745 +86-577-86689949
| | - Hong-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325035 China +86-577-86689745 +86-577-86689949
| | - Tun-Hua Wu
- School of Information Engineering, Wenzhou Business College Wenzhou 325035 China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325035 China +86-577-86689745 +86-577-86689949
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Stingeni L, Bianchi L, Foti C, Romita P, Rigano L, Hansel K. An Italian multicentre study on methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone contact sensitivity: understanding the structure-activity relationship. Contact Dermatitis 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Stingeni
- Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; 06129 Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Bianchi
- Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; 06129 Perugia Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic; University of Bari; 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic; University of Bari; 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Luigi Rigano
- R&D Department; Institute of Skin and Product Evaluation; 20125 Milan Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; 06129 Perugia Italy
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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Li QG, Xu K, Ren Y. Origin of Enhanced Reactivity of a Microsolvated Nucleophile in Ion Pair SN2 Reactions: The Cases of Sodium p-Nitrophenoxide with Halomethanes in Acetone. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3878-86. [PMID: 25837687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a kinetic experiment on the SN2 reaction of sodium p-nitrophenoxide with iodomethane in acetone-water mixed solvent, Humeres et al. (J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 1163) found that the reaction depends strongly on the medium, and the fastest rate constant was observed in pure acetone. The present work tries to explore why acetone can enhance the reactivity of the title reactions. Accordingly, we make a mechanistic study on the reactions of sodium p-nitrophenoxide with halomethanes (CH3X, X = Cl, Br, I) in acetone by using a supramolecular/continuum model at the PCM-MP2/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level, in which the ion pair nucleophile is microsolvated by one to three acetone molecules. We compared the reactivity of the microsolvated ion pair nucleophiles with solvent-free ion pair and anionic ones. Our results clearly reveal that the microsolvated ion pair nucleophile is favorable for the SN2 reactions; meanwhile, the origin of the enhanced reactivity induced by microsolvation of the nucleophile is discussed in terms of the geometries of transition state (TS) structures and activation strain model, suggesting that lower deformation energies and stronger interaction energies between the deformed reactants in the TS lead to the lower overall reaction barriers for the SN2 reaction of microsolvated sodium p-nitrophenoxide toward halomethanes in acetone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Gen Li
- †College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- ‡School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ren
- §College of Chemistry and Key State Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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Jiang L, Orimoto Y, Aoki Y. Stereoelectronic effects in Menshutkin-type S N
2 reactions: theoretical study based on through-space/bond orbital interaction analysis. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences; Kyushu University; Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Yuuichi Orimoto
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences; Kyushu University; Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Yuriko Aoki
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences; Kyushu University; Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Kawaguchi Center Building, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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Meyer MP. New Applications of Isotope Effects in the Determination of Organic Reaction Mechanisms. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398484-5.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Garver JM, Fang YR, Eyet N, Villano SM, Bierbaum VM, Westaway KC. A direct comparison of reactivity and mechanism in the gas phase and in solution. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3808-14. [PMID: 20187638 DOI: 10.1021/ja909399u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Direct comparisons of the reactivity and mechanistic pathways for anionic systems in the gas phase and in solution are presented. Rate constants and kinetic isotope effects for the reactions of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl iodide with cyanide ion in the gas phase, as well as for the reactions of methyl and ethyl iodide with cyanide ion in several solvents, are reported. In addition to measuring the perdeutero kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for each reaction, the secondary alpha- and beta-deuterium KIEs were determined for the ethyl iodide reaction. Comparisons of experimental results with computational transition states, KIEs, and branching fractions are explored to determine how solvent affects these reactions. The KIEs show that the transition state does not change significantly when the solvent is changed from dimethyl sulfoxide/methanol (a protic solvent) to dimethyl sulfoxide (a strongly polar aprotic solvent) to tetrahydrofuran (a slightly polar aprotic solvent) in the ethyl iodide-cyanide ion S(N)2 reaction in solution, as the "Solvation Rule for S(N)2 Reactions" predicts. However, the Solvation Rule fails the ultimate test of predicting gas phase results, where significantly smaller (more inverse) KIEs indicate the existence of a tighter transition state. This result is primarily attributed to the greater electrostatic forces between the partial negative charges on the iodide and cyanide ions and the partial positive charge on the alpha carbon in the gas phase transition state. Nevertheless, in evaluating the competition between S(N)2 and E2 processes, the mechanistic results for the solution and gas phase reactions are strikingly similar. The reaction of cyanide ion with ethyl iodide occurs exclusively by an S(N)2 mechanism in solution and primarily by an S(N)2 mechanism in the gas phase; only approximately 1% of the gas phase reaction is ascribed to an elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Garver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Zhachkina A, Lee JK. Uracil and thymine reactivity in the gas phase: the S(N)2 reaction and implications for electron delocalization in leaving groups. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:18376-85. [PMID: 19928991 DOI: 10.1021/ja906814d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase substitution reactions of methyl chloride and 1,3-dimethyluracil (at the N1-CH(3)) are examined computationally and experimentally. It is found that, although hydrochloric acid and 3-methyluracil are similar in acidity, the leaving group abilities of chloride and N1-deprotonated 3-methyluracil are not: chloride is a slightly better leaving group. The reason for this difference is most likely related to the electron delocalization in the N1-deprotonated 3-methyluracil anion, which we explore further herein. The leaving group ability of the N1-deprotonated 3-methyluracil anion relative to the N1-deprotonated 3-methylthymine anion is also examined in the context of an enzymatic reaction that cleaves uracil but not thymine from DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zhachkina
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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Vlasov VM. Substituent effects in substrates on activation parameters in the bimolecular nucleophilic reactions in solution. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00419g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li QG, Xue Y. Effects of substituent and leaving group on the gas-phase SN2 reactions of phenoxides with halomethanes: a DFT investigation. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:10359-66. [PMID: 19711938 DOI: 10.1021/jp905346e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Computational investigations on the gas-phase nucleophilic substitution reactions of p-substituted phenoxides (p-Y-C6H4O-, Y = OH, CH3O, CH3, H, F, Cl, CF3) with halomethanes (CH3X, X = F, Cl, Br, and I) were performed by the B3LYP and MP2 methods with the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set. Calculated results indicate that the reactions are more endothermic only when the substrate is a lighter halide. The complexation enthalpies, the key parameters in the transition state (TS), the central barriers, overall barriers, overall reaction enthalpies, and the charge of the O4 atom in the TSs all present good correlations with the Hammett constants sigma of substituents in the nucleophile. Leffler-Grunwald rate equilibrium relationships predict the degree of bond formation in the transition state suggesting that the reactions have progressed 31%, 24%, 24%, and 21% in the TS for halomethanes (X = F, Cl, Br, and I), respectively. The TS structure with substituents in the nucleophile is not kinetically but thermodynamically controlled, similar to the earlier results. Furthermore, the excellent relationship between the central barrier heights and the looseness of the transition state structure indicates that the stretching of the cleaving bond is one of the major factors determining the central barrier heights. The nucleophilicity of the nucleophile decreases with the increase of the electron-withdrawing power of substituent Y in the nucleophile, while the leaving-group ability of the halogen atom increases with the decrease of its Mulliken electronegativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-gen Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology in Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, People's Republic of China
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Westaway KC, Fang YR, MacMillar S, Matsson O, Poirier RA, Islam SM. Determining the transition-state structure for different SN2 reactions using experimental nucleophile carbon and secondary alpha-deuterium kinetic isotope effects and theory. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10264-73. [PMID: 18816038 DOI: 10.1021/jp804237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophile (11)C/ (14)C [ k (11)/ k (14)] and secondary alpha-deuterium [( k H/ k D) alpha] kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were measured for the S N2 reactions between tetrabutylammonium cyanide and ethyl iodide, bromide, chloride, and tosylate in anhydrous DMSO at 20 degrees C to determine whether these isotope effects can be used to determine the structure of S N2 transition states. Interpreting the experimental KIEs in the usual fashion (i.e., that a smaller nucleophile KIE indicates the Nu-C alpha transition state bond is shorter and a smaller ( k H/ k D) alpha is found when the Nu-LG distance in the transition state is shorter) suggests that the transition state is tighter with a slightly shorter NC-C alpha bond and a much shorter C alpha-LG bond when the substrate has a poorer halogen leaving group. Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory support this conclusion. The results show that the experimental nucleophile (11)C/ (14)C KIEs can be used to determine transition-state structure in different reactions and that the usual method of interpreting these KIEs is correct. The magnitude of the experimental secondary alpha-deuterium KIE is related to the nucleophile-leaving group distance in the S N2 transition state ( R TS) for reactions with a halogen leaving group. Unfortunately, the calculated and experimental ( k H/ k D) alpha's change oppositely with leaving group ability. However, the calculated ( k H/ k D) alpha's duplicate both the trend in the KIE with leaving group ability and the magnitude of the ( k H/ k D) alpha's for the ethyl halide reactions when different scale factors are used for the high and the low energy vibrations. This suggests it is critical that different scaling factors for the low and high energy vibrations be used if one wishes to duplicate experimental ( k H/ k D) alpha's. Finally, neither the experimental nor the theoretical secondary alpha-deuterium KIEs for the ethyl tosylate reaction fit the trend found for the reactions with a halogen leaving group. This presumably is found because of the bulky (sterically hindered) leaving group in the tosylate reaction. From every prospective, the tosylate reaction is too different from the halogen reactions to be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Westaway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada, P3E 2C6.
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Koti Ainavarapu SR, Wiita AP, Dougan L, Uggerud E, Fernandez JM. Single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements of bond elongation during a bimolecular reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6479-87. [PMID: 18433129 DOI: 10.1021/ja800180u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It is experimentally challenging to directly obtain structural information of the transition state (TS), the high-energy bottleneck en route from reactants to products, for solution-phase reactions. Here, we use single-molecule experiments as well as high-level quantum chemical calculations to probe the TS of disulfide bond reduction, a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S N2) reaction. We use an atomic force microscope in force-clamp mode to apply mechanical forces to a protein disulfide bond and obtain force-dependent rate constants of the disulfide bond reduction initiated by a variety of nucleophiles. We measure distances to the TS or bond elongation (Delta x), along a 1-D reaction coordinate imposed by mechanical force, of 0.31 +/- 0.05 and 0.44 +/- 0.03 A for thiol-initiated and phosphine-initiated disulfide bond reductions, respectively. These results are in agreement with quantum chemical calculations, which show that the disulfide bond at the TS is longer in phosphine-initiated reduction than in thiol-initiated reduction. We also investigate the effect of solvent environment on the TS geometry by incorporating glycerol into the aqueous solution. In this case, the Delta x value for the phosphine-initiated reduction is decreased to 0.28 +/- 0.04 A whereas it remains unchanged for thiol-initiated reduction, providing a direct test of theoretical calculations of the role of solvent molecules in the reduction TS of an S N2 reaction. These results demonstrate that single-molecule force spectroscopy represents a novel experimental tool to study mechanochemistry and directly probe the sub-ångström changes in TS structure of solution-phase reactions. Furthermore, this single-molecule method opens new doors to gain molecular level understanding of chemical reactivity when combined with quantum chemical calculations.
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Westaway KC. Determining transition state structure using kinetic isotope effects. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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