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Calculation of anharmonic effects for the unimolecular dissociation of CF3XCF2CH3 (X = Cl, Br) and CF3XCF2CD3 (X = Cl, Br). Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Brown TM, Gillespie BR, Rothrock MM, Ranieri AJ, Schueneman MK, Heard GL, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Unimolecular HBr and HF Elimination Reactions of Vibrationally Excited C 2H 5CH 2Br and C 2D 5CHFBr: Identification of the 1,1-HBr Elimination Reaction from C 2D 5CHFBr and Search for the C 2D 5(F)C:HBr Adduct. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8776-8786. [PMID: 31513404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical activation experiments and computational methods have been used to study the unimolecular reactions of C2H5CH2Br and C2D5CHFBr with 90 and 93 kcal mol-1 of vibrational energy, respectively. The four-centered elimination reactions of HBr and DBr are the dominant reactions; however, 2,1-DF, 1,1-HBr, and 1,1-HF reactions are also observed from C2D5CHFBr. The main focus was to search for the role of the C2D5(F)C:HBr adduct in the 1,1-HBr elimination for comparison with carbene adducts in 1,1-HX(Y) elimination from RCHXY (X,Y = Cl and F) molecules. Models of transition states and molecules from electronic structure calculations were used in statistical calculations of the rate constants to assign threshold energies for each reaction based on the experimental rate constants. The threshold energy for 2,1-HBr elimination from 1-bromopropane is 50 kcal mol-1, which is in basic agreement with thermal activation experiments. Comparison of the 2,1-DBr and 2,1-HBr rate constants permits discussion of the kinetic isotope effects and the effect of F atom substitution on the threshold energy for 2,1-HBr elimination. Although CD3CD═CDF from 1,1-HBr elimination of C2D5CHFBr followed by D atom migration is an experimentally observed product, dissociation of the C2D5(F)C:HBr adduct may be the rate-limiting step rather than crossing the barrier associated with the transition state for 1,1-HBr elimination. The calculated dissociation energies of C2H5(X)C:HF adducts are 9.9, 9.3, and 9.0 kcal mol-1 for X = F, Cl, and Br, and the values for C2H5(F)C:HX are 9.9, 6.4, and ∼4.9 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Brown
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville , North Carolina 28804-8511 , United States
| | - Blanton R Gillespie
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville , North Carolina 28804-8511 , United States
| | - Mallory M Rothrock
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville , North Carolina 28804-8511 , United States
| | - Anthony J Ranieri
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville , North Carolina 28804-8511 , United States
| | - Melinda K Schueneman
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville , North Carolina 28804-8511 , United States
| | - George L Heard
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville , North Carolina 28804-8511 , United States
| | - Donald W Setser
- Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Bert E Holmes
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville , North Carolina 28804-8511 , United States
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Theoretical Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies on the Reactions of CF₃CBrCH₂ (2-BTP) with OH and H Radicals. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122140. [PMID: 29210996 PMCID: PMC6150020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CF3CBrCH2 (2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, 2-BTP) is a potential replacement for CF3Br; however, it shows conflicted inhibition and enhancement behaviors under different combustion conditions. To better understand the combustion chemistry of 2-BTP, a theoretical study has been performed on its reactions with OH and H radicals. Potential energy surfaces were exhaustively explored by using B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ for geometry optimizations and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ for high level single point energy refinements. Detailed kinetics of the major pathways were predicted by using RRKM/master-equation methodology. The present predictions imply that the –C(Br)=CH2 moiety of 2-BTP is most likely to be responsible for its fuel-like property. For 2-BTP + OH, the addition to the initial adduct (CF3CBrCH2OH) is the dominant channel at low temperatures, while the substitution reaction (CF3COHCH2 + Br) and H abstraction reaction (CF3CBrCH + H2O) dominates at high temperatures and elevated pressures. For 2-BTP + H, the addition to the initial adduct (CF3CBrCH3) also dominates the overall kinetics at low temperatures, while Br abstraction reaction (CF3CCH2 + HBr) and β-scission of the adduct forming CF3CHCH2 + Br dominates at high temperatures and elevated pressures. Compared to 2-BTP + OH, the 2-BTP + H reaction tends to have a larger effect on flame suppression, given the fact that it produces more inhibition species.
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Kim JS, Brandt LM, Heard GL, Holmes BE. Computational study of the threshold energy for the 1,2-interchange of X and R (X, R = halogens, pseudohalogens, and monovalent hydrocarbon groups) on CH2XCH2R. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transition state geometries and threshold energies, E0, were computed for an unusual unimolecular isomerization reaction that exchanges two groups (X, R) on CH2XCH2R. An objective is to determine the most energetically feasible interchanges to guide experimental investigations. The interchanging species included halogens (F, Cl, Br) and pseudohalogens and monovalent hydrocarbons (H, SH, CH3, NH2, OH, OCF3, OCH3, CH=CH2, CH2CH3, CH2OH, C≡CH, CH2CF3, CCl3, CF3) attached to a two carbon backbone. Ground state and transition state geometries were optimized with the B3PW91 level of theory and 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set. The Br–Br interchange had the lowest E0 (141 kJ/mol), and CH3–H had the highest E0 (582 kJ/mol). In general, larger atoms or groups with lone pairs of electrons such as halogens, SH, OH, OCH3, OCF3, and NH2 tend to lower the E0 barrier for interchange, making them the most likely to be experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Sung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina, 28804-8511, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina, 28804-8511, USA
| | - Laura M. Brandt
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina, 28804-8511, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina, 28804-8511, USA
| | - George L. Heard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina, 28804-8511, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina, 28804-8511, USA
| | - Bert E. Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina, 28804-8511, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina, 28804-8511, USA
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Larkin AC, Nestler MJ, Smith CA, Heard GL, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Chemical Activation Study of the Unimolecular Reactions of CD 3CD 2CHCl 2 and CHCl 2CHCl 2 with Analysis of the 1,1-HCl Elimination Pathway. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8244-8253. [PMID: 27690445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemically activated C2D5CHCl2 molecules were generated with 88 kcal mol-1 of vibrational energy by the recombination of C2D5 and CHCl2 radicals in a room temperature bath gas. The competing 2,1-DCl and 1,1-HCl unimolecular reactions were identified by the observation of the CD3CD═CHCl and CD3CD═CDCl products. The initial CD3CD2C-Cl carbene product from 1,1-HCl elimination rearranges to CD3CD═CDCl under the conditions of the experiments. The experimental rate constants were 2.7 × 107 and 0.47 × 107 s-1 for 2,1-DCl and 1,1-HCl elimination reactions, respectively, which corresponds to branching fractions of 0.84 and 0.16. The experimental rate constants were compared to calculated statistical rate constants to assign threshold energies of 54 and ≈66 kcal mol-1 for the 1,2-DCl and 1,1-HCl reactions, respectively. The statistical rate constants were obtained from models developed from electronic-structure calculations for the molecule and its transition states. The rate constant (5.3 × 107 s-1) for the unimolecular decomposition of CHCl2CHCl2 molecules formed with 82 kcal mol-1 of vibrational energy by the recombination of CHCl2 radicals also is reported. On the basis of the magnitude of the calculated rate constant, 1,1-HCl elimination must contribute less than 15% to the reaction; 1,2-HCl elimination is the major reaction and the threshold energy is 59 kcal mol-1. Calculations also were done to analyze previously published rate constants for chemically activated CD2ClCHCl2 molecules with 86 kcal mol-1 of energy to obtain a better overall description of the nature of the 1,1-HCl pathway for 1,1-dichloroalkanes. The interplay of the threshold energies for the 2,1-HCl and 1,1-HCl reactions and the available energy determines the product branching fractions for individual molecules. The unusual nature of the transition state for 1,1-HCl elimination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie C Larkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, United States
| | - Matthew J Nestler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, United States
| | - Caleb A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, United States
| | - George L Heard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, United States
| | - D W Setser
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Bert E Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville , One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, United States
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McClintock CE, Smith KC, Heard GL, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Effects of CF3 and CH3 Groups on the Threshold Energy for the Unimolecular Interchange Reaction of Cl- and F-Atoms in CF3CHFCH2Cl and CH3CHFCH2Cl. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2886-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp412299p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey E. McClintock
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, One University
Heights, Asheville, North
Carolina 28804-8511, United States
| | - Kylie C. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, One University
Heights, Asheville, North
Carolina 28804-8511, United States
| | - George L. Heard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, One University
Heights, Asheville, North
Carolina 28804-8511, United States
| | - D. W. Setser
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Bert E. Holmes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, One University
Heights, Asheville, North
Carolina 28804-8511, United States
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Tucker MK, Rossabi SM, McClintock CE, Heard GL, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Unimolecular isomerization of CH2FCD2Cl via the interchange of Cl and F atoms: assignment of the threshold energy to the 1,2-dyotropic rearrangement. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6717-23. [PMID: 23837645 DOI: 10.1021/jp4032767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The room-temperature gas-phase recombination of CH2F and CD2Cl radicals was used to prepare CH2FCD2Cl molecules with 91 kcal mol(-1) of vibrational energy. Three unimolecular processes are in competition with collisional deactivation of CH2FCD2Cl; HCl and DF elimination to give CHF═CD2 and CH2═CDCl plus isomerization to give CH2ClCD2F by the interchange of F and Cl atoms. The Cl/F interchange reaction was observed, and the rate constant was assigned from measurement of CHCl═CD2 as a product, which is formed by HF elimination from CH2ClCD2F. These experiments plus previously published results from chemically activated CH2ClCH2F and electronic structure and RRKM calculations for the kinetic-isotope effects permit assignment of the three rate constants for CH2FCD2Cl (and for CH2ClCD2F). The product branching ratio for the interchange reaction versus elimination is 0.24 ± 0.04. Comparison of the experimental rate constant with the RRKM calculated rate constant permitted the assignment of a threshold energy of 62 ± 3 kcal mol(-1) for this type-1 dyotropic rearrangement. On the basis of electronic structure calculations, the nature of the transition state for the rearrangement reaction is discussed. The radical recombination reactions in the chemical system also generate vibrationally excited CD2ClCD2Cl and CH2FCH2F molecules, and the rate constants for DCl and HF elimination were measured in order to confirm that the photolysis of CD2ClI and (CH2F)2CO mixtures was giving reliable data for CH2FCD2Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Tucker
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, USA
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Damrauer R, Stanton JF. Studies of 1,2-Dihalo Shifts in Carbon–Carbon, Carbon–Silicon, and Silicon–Silicon Systems: A Computational Study. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om301019s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Damrauer
- Chemistry Department, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 137, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, Colorado
80217-3364, United States
| | - John F. Stanton
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165,
United States
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Parworth CL, Tucker MK, Holmes BE, Heard GL. QTAIM analysis of the HF, HCl, HBr, and HOH elimination reactions of halohydrocarbons and halohydroalcohols. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13133-8. [PMID: 21967599 DOI: 10.1021/jp2053458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2-HX elimination reaction (where X = F, Cl, Br, OH) has been established as an important reaction in the degradation of compounds introduced into the upper atmosphere, including common CFC replacement compounds. By analyzing the electron densities of the transition state geometries of these reactions using QTAIM, we see that we can divide these reactions into two types. For HF and HOH elimination, the transition state is a complete ring of bonds, and neither the C-H nor the C-X bonds have been broken at the maximum of energy. There is very little accumulation of electron density on the X atom, with the majority of charge being lost by the hydrogen atom undergoing elimination, being transferred on to the two carbon atoms. In HCl and HBr elimination, a similar loss of electron density of the hydrogen atom is accompanied by significant accumulation of electron density on the X atom and a smaller change in electron density on the carbon atoms. The C-X bond is broken in the transition state geometry, with no ring critical point being present. This may explain the relative stabilities of halohydrocarbons and haloalcohols with respect to loss of H-X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Parworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
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Enstice EC, Duncan JR, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Unimolecular reactions in the CF3CH2Cl ↔ CF2ClCH2F system: isomerization by interchange of Cl and F atoms. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:1054-62. [PMID: 21244059 DOI: 10.1021/jp108955m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recombination of CF(2)Cl and CH(2)F radicals was used to prepare CF(2)ClCH(2)F* molecules with 93 ± 2 kcal mol(-1) of vibrational energy in a room temperature bath gas. The observed unimolecular reactions in order of relative importance were: (1) 1,2-ClH elimination to give CF(2)═CHF, (2) isomerization to CF(3)CH(2)Cl by the interchange of F and Cl atoms and (3) 1,2-FH elimination to give E- and Z-CFCl═CHF. Since the isomerization reaction is 12 kcal mol(-1) exothermic, the CF(3)CH(2)Cl* molecules have 105 kcal mol(-1) of internal energy and they can eliminate HF to give CF(2)═CHCl, decompose by rupture of the C-Cl bond, or isomerize back to CF(2)ClCH(2)F. These data, which provide experimental rate constants, are combined with previously published results for chemically activated CF(3)CH(2)Cl* formed by the recombination of CF(3) and CH(2)Cl radicals to provide a comprehensive view of the CF(3)CH(2)Cl* ↔ CF(2)ClCH(2)F* unimolecular reaction system. The experimental rate constants are matched to calculated statistical rate constants to assign threshold energies for the observed reactions. The models for the molecules and transition states needed for the rate constant calculations were obtained from electronic structures calculated from density functional theory. The previously proposed explanation for the formation of CF(2)═CHF in thermal and infrared multiphoton excitation studies of CF(3)CH(2)Cl, which was 2,2-HCl elimination from CF(3)CH(2)Cl followed by migration of the F atom in CF(3)CH, should be replaced by the Cl/F interchange reaction followed by a conventional 1,2-ClH elimination from CF(2)ClCH(2)F. The unimolecular reactions are augmented by free-radical chemistry initiated by reactions of Cl and F atoms in the thermal decomposition of CF(3)CH(2)Cl and CF(2)ClCH(2)F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Enstice
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, USA
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Duncan JR, Heard GL, Holmes BE. Theoretical investigation of 1,2-interchange of a chlorine atom and methyl group in 1,1-dichloroacetone. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12992-7. [PMID: 21105681 DOI: 10.1021/jp1072582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recent photofragment translational spectroscopy study of 1,1-dichloroacetone at 193 nm reported two primary unimolecular decomposition channels: C-Cl bond cleavage and elimination of HCl in a 9:1 ratio, respectively. The HCl translational energy distribution was bimodal suggesting two distinct decomposition pathways that were assumed to be 1,1-HCl loss forming a carbene and a 1,3-HCl elimination reaction forming a biradical ( Butler , L. J. ; Liu , Y. ; Lau , K. ; McCunn , L. R. ; Fitzpatrick , B. L. ; Bell , J. M. ; Krisch , M. J. J. Phys. Chem. A 2007 , 111 , 5968. ). An alternative two-step mechanism for HCl loss has been proposed involving interchange of a chlorine atom and a CH(3) group converting 1,1-dichloroacetone into 2-chloropropanoyl chloride followed by either a 1,2-HCl or 2,3-HCl elimination reaction. This alternative mechanism was computationally explored with density functional theory using B3PW91/6-31G(d',p') and unimolecular rate constants were calculated. The theoretical rate constant ratio for loss of HCl and the mean HCl translation energy for each elimination channel were in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, United States
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Lisowski CE, Duncan JR, Ranieri AJ, Heard GL, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Isomerization of neopentyl chloride and neopentyl bromide by a 1,2-interchange of a halogen atom and a methyl group. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10395-402. [PMID: 20809644 DOI: 10.1021/jp1047166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recombination of chloromethyl and t-butyl radicals at room temperature was used to generate neopentyl chloride molecules with 89 kcal mol(-1) of internal energy. The observed unimolecular reactions, which give 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene plus HCl, as products, are explained by a mechanism that involves the interchange of a methyl group and the chlorine atom to yield 2-chloro-2-methylbutane, which subsequently eliminates hydrogen chloride by the usual four-centered mechanism to give the observed products. The interchange isomerization process is the rate-limiting step. Similar experiments were done with CD(2)Cl and C(CH(3))(3) radicals to measure the kinetic-isotope effect to help corroborate the proposed mechanism. Density functional theory was employed at the B3PW91/6-31G(d',p') level to verify the Cl/CH(3) interchange mechanism and to characterize the interchange transition state. These calculations, which provide vibrational frequencies and moments of inertia of the molecule and transition state, were used to evaluate the statistical unimolecular rate constants. Matching the calculated and experimental rate constants, gave 62 ± 2 kcal mol(-1) as the threshold energy for interchange of the Cl atom and a methyl group. The calculated models also were used to reinterpret the thermal unimolecular reactions of neopentyl chloride and neopentyl bromide. The previously assumed Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement mechanism for these reactions can be replaced by a mechanism that involves the interchange of the halogen atom and a methyl group followed by HCl or HBr elimination from 2-chloro-2-methylbutane and 2-bromo-2-methylbutane. Electronic structure calculations also were done to find threshold energies for several related molecules, including 2-chloro-3,3-dimethylbutane, 1-chloro-2-methyl-2-phenylpropane, and 1-chloro-2-methyl-2-vinylpropane, to demonstrate the generality of the interchange reaction involving a methyl, or other hydrocarbon groups, and a chlorine atom. The interchange of a halogen atom and a methyl group located on adjacent carbon atoms can be viewed as an extension of the halogen atom interchange mechanisms that is common in 1,2-dihaloalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E Lisowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, USA
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Friederich L, Duncan JR, Heard GL, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Unimolecular Reactions of CH2BrCH2Br, CH2BrCH2Cl, and CH2BrCD2Cl: Identification of the Cl−Br Interchange Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:4138-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9116134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Friederich
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina 28804-8511 and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Juliana R. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina 28804-8511 and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - George L. Heard
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina 28804-8511 and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - D. W. Setser
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina 28804-8511 and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Bert E. Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, North Carolina 28804-8511 and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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14
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Duncan JR, Solaka SA, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Unimolecular HCl and HF Elimination Reactions of 1,2-Dichloroethane, 1,2-Difluoroethane, and 1,2-Chlorofluoroethane: Assignment of Threshold Energies. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:794-803. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908483m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Sarah A. Solaka
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - D. W. Setser
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Bert E. Holmes
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, and Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
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Zaluzhna O, Simmons JG, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Unimolecular reactions of CF2ClCFClCH2F and CF2ClCF2CH2Cl: observation of ClF interchange. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:12117-24. [PMID: 18983135 DOI: 10.1021/jp806732e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The unimolecular reactions of CF(2)ClCFClCH(2)F and CF(2)ClCF(2)CH(2)Cl molecules formed with 87 and 91 kcal mol(-1), respectively, of vibrational energy from the recombination of CF(2)ClCFCl with CH(2)F and CF(2)ClCF(2) with CH(2)Cl at room temperature have been studied by the chemical activation technique. The 2,3- and 1,2-ClF interchange reactions compete with 2,3-ClH and 2,3-FH elimination reactions. The total unimolecular rate constant for CF(2)ClCF(2)CH(2)Cl is 0.54 +/- 0.15 x 10(4) s(-1) with branching fractions for 1,2-ClF interchange of 0.03 and 0.97 for 2,3-FH elimination. The total rate constant for CF(2)ClCFClCH(2)F is 1.35 +/- 0.39 x 10(4) s(-1) with branching fractions of 0.20 for 2,3-ClF interchange, 0.71 for 2,3-ClH elimination and 0.09 for 2,3-FH elimination; the products from 1,2-ClF interchange could be observed, but the rate constant was too small to be measured. The D(CH(2)F-CFClCF(2)Cl) and D(CH(2)Cl-CF(2)CF(2)Cl) were evaluated by calculations for some isodesmic reactions and isomerization energies of CF(3)CFClCH(2)Cl as 84 and 88 kcal mol(-1), respectively; these values give the average energies of formed molecules at 298 K as noted above. Density functional theory was used to assign vibrational frequencies and moments of inertia for the molecules and their transition states. These results were combined with statistical unimolecular reaction theory to assign threshold energies from the experimental rate constants for ClF interchange, ClH elimination and FH elimination. These assignments are compared with results from previous chemical activation experiments with CF(3)CFClCH(2)Cl, CF(3)CF(2)CH(3,) CF(3)CFClCH(3) and CF(2)ClCF(2)CH(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zaluzhna
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, USA
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Zaluzhna O, Simmons JG, Heard GL, Setser DW, Holmes BE. Unimolecular elimination of HF and HCl from chemically activated CF3CFClCH2Cl. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6090-7. [PMID: 18553952 DOI: 10.1021/jp800488q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The unimolecular reactions of CF3CFClCH2Cl molecules formed with 87 kcal mol(-1) of vibrational energy by recombination of CF3CFCl and CH2Cl radicals at room temperature have been characterized by the chemical activation technique. The 2,3-ClH and 2,3-FH elimination reactions, which have rate constants of (2.5 +/- 0.8) x 10(4) and (0.38 +/- 0.11) x 10(4) s(-1), respectively, are the major reactions. The 2,3-FCl interchange reaction was not observed. The trans (or E)-isomers of CF3CFCHCl and CF3CClCHCl are favored over the cis (or Z)-isomers. Density functional theory at the B3PW91/6-31G(d',p') level was used to evaluate thermochemistry and structures of the molecule and transition states. This information was used to calculate statistical rate constants. Matching the calculated to the experimental rate constants for the trans-isomers gave threshold energies of 62 and 63 kcal mol(-1) for HCl and HF elimination, respectively. The threshold energy for FCl interchange must be 3-4 kcal mol(-1) higher than for HF elimination. The results for CF3CFClCH2Cl are compared to those from CF3CFClCH3; the remarkable reduction in rate constants for HCl and HF elimination upon substitution of one Cl atom for one H atom is a consequence of both a lower E and higher threshold energies for CF3CFClCH2Cl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zaluzhna
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, North Carolina 28804-8511, USA
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