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Kajiya T, Sawai D, Miyata K, Miyashita Y, Noda H. Simple method to measure rheological properties of soft surfaces by a micro-needle contact. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:76. [PMID: 36103057 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We developed a simple method to investigate rheological properties of soft surfaces, such as polymeric liquids and colloidal suspensions, by capturing the images of a metal micro-needle inserted into the surface. At contact, a meniscus-like deformation is formed on the surface. By relating the shape of the deformation to the balance of applied forces, local elasticity and viscosity just inside the surface are obtained. With a facile setup and rapid measurement process, the present method can be implemented to variety of systems, for instance, drying sessile drops and small volume of liquid confined in a capillary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kajiya
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Sawai
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan
| | - Koji Miyata
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyashita
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noda
- Analysis Technology Center, Fujifilm Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara, Kanagawa, 250-0193, Japan
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2
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Fong R, Squillace O, Reynolds CD, Cooper JFK, Dalgliesh RM, Tellam J, Courchay F, Thompson RL. Segregation of Amine Oxide Surfactants in PVA Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4795-4807. [PMID: 32271588 PMCID: PMC7304907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vertical depth distributions of amine oxide surfactants, N,N-dimethyldodecyl amine N-oxide (DDAO) and N,N-dimethyltetradecyl amine N-oxide (DTAO), in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films were explored using neutron reflectometry (NR). In both binary and plasticized films, the two deuterated surfactants formed a single monolayer on the film surface with the remaining surfactant homogeneously distributed throughout the bulk of the film. Small-angle neutron scattering and mechanical testing revealed that these surfactants acted like plasticizers in the bulk, occupying the amorphous regions of PVA and reducing its glass-transition temperature. NR revealed little impact of plasticizer (glycerol) incorporation on the behavior of these surfactants in PVA. The surfactant molecular area in the segregated monolayer was smaller for DTAO than for DDAO, indicating that the larger molecule was more densely packed at the surface. Surface tension was used to assess the solution behavior of these surfactants and the effect of glycerol incorporation. Determination of molecular area of each surfactant on the solution surface revealed that the structures of the surface monolayers are remarkably consistent when water is placed by the solid PVA. Incorporation of glycerol caused a decrease of molecular area for DDAO and increase in molecular area for DTAO both in solution and in PVA. This suggests that the head group interactions, which normally limit the minimum area per adsorbed molecule, are modified by the length of the alkyl tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
J. Fong
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
- Procter
& Gamble, Newcastle Innovation Centre, Whitley Road, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE12 9TS, United Kingdom
| | - Ophélie Squillace
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, SW Campus, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Carl D. Reynolds
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, University Road West, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert M. Dalgliesh
- ISIS Neutron
and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, OX11
0QX, United Kingdom
| | - James Tellam
- Rutherford
Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United
Kingdom
| | - Florence Courchay
- Procter
& Gamble, Brussels Innovation Center, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek Bever, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard L. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1
3LE, United Kingdom
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3
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Buglakov AI, Ivanov VA, Komarov PV, Zherenkova LV, Chiu YT. A Study of Films Based on Acrylic Copolymers: Mesoscopic Simulation. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x20030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Martín-Fabiani I, Makepeace DK, Richardson PG, Lesage de la Haye J, Venero DA, Rogers SE, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M, Keddie JL. In Situ Monitoring of Latex Film Formation by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Evolving Distributions of Hydrophilic Stabilizers in Drying Colloidal Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3822-3831. [PMID: 30777761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of hydrophilic species, such as surfactants, in latex films is of critical importance for the performance of adhesives, coatings, and inks, among others. However, the evolution of this distribution during the film formation process and in the resulting dried films remains insufficiently elucidated. Here, we present in situ (wet) and ex situ (dry) small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments that follow the film formation of two types of latex particles, which differ in their stabilizer: either a covalently bonded poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) segment or a physically adsorbed surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). By fitting the experimental SANS data and combining with gravimetry experiments, we have ascertained the hydrophilic species distribution within the drying film and followed its evolution by correlating the size and shape of stabilizer clusters with the drying time. The evolution of the SDS distribution over drying time is being driven by a reduction in the interfacial free energy. However, the PMAA-based stabilizer macromolecules are restricted by their covalent bonding to core polymer chains and hence form high-surface area disclike phases at the common boundary between particles and PMAA micelles. Contrary to an idealized view of film formation, PMAA does not remain in the walls of a continuous honeycomb structure. The results presented here shed new light on the nanoscale distribution of hydrophilic species in drying and ageing latex films. We provide valuable insights into the influence of the stabilizer mobility on the final structure of latex films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martín-Fabiani
- Department of Materials , Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , Leicestershire , U.K
| | - David K Makepeace
- Department of Physics , University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH , U.K
| | | | - Jennifer Lesage de la Haye
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Diego Alba Venero
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source , Harwell , Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Sarah E Rogers
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source , Harwell , Didcot, Oxford OX11 0QX , U.K
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5265, Chemistry, Catalysis, Polymers and Processes (C2P2) , 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 , 69616 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Joseph L Keddie
- Department of Physics , University of Surrey , Guildford GU2 7XH , U.K
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5
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Humidity-Induced Phase Transitions of Surfactants Embedded in Latex Coatings Can Drastically Alter Their Water Barrier and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030284. [PMID: 30966319 PMCID: PMC6415026 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Latex coatings are environmentally friendly i.e., they are formed from aqueous polymer dispersions, are cheap to produce and provide exceptional mechanical properties. Therefore, they are ubiquitous and can be found in a wide range of different applications such as paints and varnishes, pressure-sensitive adhesives, textiles, construction materials, paper coatings and inks. However, they also have weaknesses and their surfactant content is among them. Surfactants are often needed to stabilize polymer particles in the aqueous latex dispersions. These surfactants also form part of the coatings formed from these dispersions, and it is well-known that they can lower their performance. This work further explores this aspect and focuses on the role that embedded surfactant domains play in the response of latex coatings to humid environments. For this purpose, we made use of several experimental techniques where humidity control was implemented: quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. By means of this multimethodological approach, we report that surfactants embedded in latex coatings can undergo humidity-induced transitions towards more hydrated and softer phases, and that this results in a drastic decrease of the mechanical and water barrier properties of the whole coatings. Subsequently, this work highlights the potential of taking into account the phase behavior of surfactants when choosing which ones to use in the synthesis of latex dispersions as this would help in predicting their performance under different environmental conditions.
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6
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Scheerder J, Dollekens R, Langermans H. The colloidal properties of alkaline-soluble waterborne polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Scheerder
- DSM Coating Resins, Sluisweg 12; Waalwijk 5145 PE The Netherlands
| | - Remy Dollekens
- DSM Coating Resins, Sluisweg 12; Waalwijk 5145 PE The Netherlands
| | - Harm Langermans
- DSM Materials Science Centre, Urmonderbaan 22; Geleen 6167 RD The Netherlands
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7
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Colberts FM, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. Aqueous Nanoparticle Polymer Solar Cells: Effects of Surfactant Concentration and Processing on Device Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13380-13389. [PMID: 28345859 PMCID: PMC5399475 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer solar cells based on PDPP5T and PCBM as donor and acceptor materials, respectively, were processed from aqueous nanoparticle dispersions. Careful monitoring and optimization of the concentration of free and surface-bound surfactants in the dispersion, by measuring the conductivity and ζ-potential, is essential to avoid aggregation of nanoparticles at low concentration and dewetting of the film at high concentration. The surfactant concentration is crucial for creating reproducible processing conditions that aid in further developing aqueous nanoparticle processed solar cells. In addition, the effects of adding ethanol, of aging the dispersion, and of replacing [60]PCBM with [70]PCBM to enhance light absorption were studied. The highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) obtained are 2.0% for [60]PCBM and 2.4% for [70]PCBM-based devices. These PCEs are limited by bimolecular recombination of photogenerated charges. Cryo-TEM reveals that the two components phase separate in the nanoparticles, forming a PCBM-rich core and a PDPP5T-rich shell and causing a nonoptimal film morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallon
J. M. Colberts
- Molecular Materials
and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials
and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials
and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
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8
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Gromer A, Thalmann F, Hébraud P, Holl Y. Simulation of Vertical Surfactant Distributions in Drying Latex Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:561-572. [PMID: 28001076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Following our previous contribution ( Gromer, A. et al. Langmuir 2015 , 31 , 10983 - 10994 ) presenting a new simulation tool devoted to particle distributions in drying latex films, this Article describes the prediction of surfactant concentration profiles in the vertical direction during the complete film formation process. The simulation is inspired by cellular automata and equations by Routh and co-workers. It includes effects that were not considered before: surfactant convection by water and surfactant desorption upon particle deformation. It is based on five parameters describing the nature of the polymer/surfactant system and on film formation conditions. In particular, the viscoelastic properties of the polymer were taken into account through the λ̅ parameter introduced by Routh and Russel. Results show the importance of convection by water and the influence of the particular deformation mechanism on the final surfactant distribution. Excesses or depletions can be predicted either on the surface or on the substrate sides, in qualitative agreement with the numerous existing experimental studies. The complex interplay between parameters governing surfactant distributions makes the results unpredictable without the help of such a simulation tool. Therefore, it should be of interest to both industrial and academic scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gromer
- CNRS-ICS and Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - F Thalmann
- CNRS-ICS and Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - P Hébraud
- IPCMS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Y Holl
- CNRS-ICS and Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Ugur S, Sunay MS. Investigation of particle size effect on film formation of polystyrene latexes using fluorescence technique. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Aguirreurreta Z, de la Cal JC, Leiza JR. Anionic Polymerizable Surfactants and Stabilizers in Emulsion Polymerization: A Comparative Study. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziortza Aguirreurreta
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila; Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - José C. de la Cal
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila; Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jose R. Leiza
- POLYMAT and Kimika Aplikatua Saila; Kimika Zientzien Fakultatea; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa Tolosa Hiribidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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11
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Baesch S, Siebel D, Schmidt-Hansberg B, Eichholz C, Gerst M, Scharfer P, Schabel W. Comparison of Surfactant Distributions in Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Films Dried from Dispersion under Lab-Scale and Industrial Drying Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8118-8128. [PMID: 26953641 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Film-forming latex dispersions are an important class of material systems for a variety of applications, for example, pressure-sensitive adhesives, which are used for the manufacturing of adhesive tapes and labels. The mechanisms occurring during drying have been under intense investigations in a number of literature works. Of special interest is the distribution of surfactants during the film formation. However, most of the studies are performed at experimental conditions very different from those usually encountered in industrial processes. This leaves the impact of the drying conditions and the resulting influence on the film properties unclear. In this work, two different 2-ethylhexyl-acrylate (EHA)-based adhesives with varying characteristics regarding glass transition temperature, surfactants, and particle size distribution were investigated on two different substrates. The drying conditions, defined by film temperature and mass transfer in the gas phase, were varied to emulate typical conditions encountered in the laboratory and industrial processes. Extreme conditions equivalent to air temperatures up to 250 °C in a belt dryer and drying rates of 12 g/(m(2)·s) were realized. The surfactant distributions were measured by means of 3D confocal Raman spectroscopy in the dry film. The surfactant distributions were found to differ significantly with drying conditions at moderate film temperatures. At elevated film temperatures the surfactant distributions are independent of the investigated gas side transport coefficients: the heat and mass transfer coefficient. Coating on substrates with significantly different surface energies has a large impact on surfactant concentration gradients, as the equilibrium between surface and bulk concentration changes. Dispersions with higher colloidal stability showed more homogeneous lateral surfactant distributions. These results indicate that the choice of the drying conditions, colloidal stability, and substrates is crucial to control the surfactant distribution. Results obtained under lab-scale drying conditions cannot be transferred directly to the industrial application. The results were similar for both tested adhesive material systems, despite their different properties. This indicates that other properties, such as the particle size distribution and glass transition temperature, have surprisingly little effect on the development of the surfactant distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baesch
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Siebel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - P Scharfer
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Schabel
- Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Gromer A, Nassar M, Thalmann F, Hébraud P, Holl Y. Simulation of Latex Film Formation Using a Cell Model in Real Space: Vertical Drying. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10983-94. [PMID: 26378376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a simulation tool applied to latex film formation by drying, a hybrid between a classical numerical resolution method using finite differences and cellular automata, and making use of object-oriented programming. It consists of dividing real space into cells and applying local physical laws to simulate the exchange of matter between neighboring cells. In a first step, the simulation was applied to the simple case of vertical drying of a latex containing only one population of monodisperse particles and water. Our results show how the distribution of latex particles evolves through the different drying stages due to a combination of diffusion, convection, and particle deformation. While repulsive interactions between the particles tend to favor homogeneous distributions in the first drying stage, concentration gradients that develop in opposite ways can be observed depending on the drying regime. The distributions, calculated in various cases, reproduce and extend several theoretical results and are in qualitative agreement with some experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gromer
- CNRS-ICS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - M Nassar
- CNRS-ICS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - F Thalmann
- CNRS-ICS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - P Hébraud
- IPCMS, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Y Holl
- CNRS-ICS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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13
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Ballard N, Urrutia J, Eizagirre S, Schäfer T, Diaconu G, de la Cal JC, Asua JM. Surfactant kinetics and their importance in nucleation events in (mini)emulsion polymerization revealed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9053-9062. [PMID: 25033420 DOI: 10.1021/la501028f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are vital components of almost all heterogeneous polymerizations for maintaining colloidal stability, but they also play an important role in the kinetics and mechanism of particle nucleation. Despite many decades of research, the knowledge of adsorption-desorption surfactant kinetics and their application in (mini)emulsion polymerization is largely based on qualitative arguments. In this paper we show that the use of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring can provide quantitative information on both the adsorption equilibrium of ionic and nonionic surfactants, and also the kinetics of adsorption/desorption, that can be applied to the understanding of nucleation processes in (mini)emulsion polymerization. We show that surfactant dynamics and nucleation phenomena in (mini)emulsion polymerization are not dominated by diffusion phenomena linked to molecular size of surfactant as previously thought but rather are driven by the large differences in the rate of surfactant adsorption and desorption at the polymer-water interface. Finally, we show the application of this knowledge to explain the differences between nucleation processes for ionic and nonionic surfactants in emulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Grupo de Ingeniería Química, Dpto. de Química Aplicada, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Etorbidea 72, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastían, Spain
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14
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Dubay MR, Severtson SJ, Gwin LE, Houtman CJ. Surface Enrichment by Conventional and Polymerizable Sulfated Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Emulsifiers in Water-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Zhang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul,
Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul,
Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Matthew R. Dubay
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul,
Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Steven J. Severtson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul,
Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Larry E. Gwin
- Franklin International,
2020 Bruck Street, Columbus, Ohio 43207, United States
| | - Carl J. Houtman
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin
53726, United States
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15
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Routh AF. Drying of thin colloidal films. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:046603. [PMID: 23502077 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/4/046603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
When thin films of colloidal fluids are dried, a range of transitions are observed and the final film profile is found to depend on the processes that occur during the drying step. This article describes the drying process, initially concentrating on the various transitions. Particles are seen to initially consolidate at the edge of a drying droplet, the so-called coffee-ring effect. Flow is seen to be from the centre of the drop towards the edge and a front of close-packed particles passes horizontally across the film. Just behind the particle front the now solid film often displays cracks and finally the film is observed to de-wet. These various transitions are explained, with particular reference to the capillary pressure which forms in the solidified region of the film. The reasons for cracking in thin films is explored as well as various methods to minimize its effect. Methods to obtain stratified coatings through a single application are considered for a one-dimensional drying problem and this is then extended to two-dimensional films. Different evaporative models are described, including the physical reason for enhanced evaporation at the edge of droplets. The various scenarios when evaporation is found to be uniform across a drying film are then explained. Finally different experimental techniques for examining the drying step are mentioned and the article ends with suggested areas that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Routh
- BP Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
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16
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Swartz NA, Clare TL. Understanding the differences in film formation mechanisms of two comparable solvent based and water-borne coatings on bronze substrates by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Zhang J, Severtson SJ, Houtman CJ. Characterizing the distribution of sodium alkyl sulfate surfactant homologues in water-based, acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive films. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:8138-44. [PMID: 21604743 DOI: 10.1021/jp202731h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of three sodium alkyl sulfate surfactants in dry adhesive films cast from water-based latexes were characterized using confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) and contact angle (CA) and tack measurements. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS), and sodium octadecyl sulfate (SODS) were added to dialyzed commercial adhesive latex at various concentrations. Uneven distributions were found for all three surfactants along with a tendency to enrich film-air interfaces and, to a much lesser extent, film-glass interfaces. SDS demonstrated the greatest tendency to concentrate near film surfaces followed by STS and SODS. For all three surfactants, water CA values for dried films decreased sharply with increasing concentrations in the latex, but significant differences were observed, with SDS again having the greatest impact followed by STS and SODS. Tack of dried polymer films was also found to decrease with increasing latex surfactant levels, with SDS producing the sharpest drop as well as the lowest plateau values. Results indicate that interfacial enrichment by surfactants is detectable via both CRM and CA measurements, and this enrichment can significantly affect the performance of films. Finally, surface enrichment levels are qualitatively related to measures of the surfactants' affinity for aqueous solutions, as characterized by the logarithm of their 1-octanol-water distribution coefficients (K(ow)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Zhang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
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Arnold C, Klein G, Maaloum M, Ernstsson M, Larsson A, Marie P, Holl Y. Surfactant distribution in waterborne acrylic films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moffat JR, Smith DK. Fluorescent ‘two-faced’ polymer wafers with embedded pyrene-functionalised gelator nanofibres. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11864-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14803f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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