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Roy A, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Meares A, Yu Z, Bhagavathy GV, Satraitis A, Kirmaier C, Ptaszek M, Bocian DF, Holten D. Photophysical Properties and Electronic Structure of Hydroporphyrin Dyads Exhibiting Strong Through-Space and Through-Bond Electronic Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5107-5125. [PMID: 35901315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electronic interactions between tetrapyrroles are utilized in natural photosynthetic systems to tune the light-harvesting and energy-/charge-transfer processes in these assemblies. Such interactions also can be employed to tailor the electronic properties of tetrapyrrolic dyads and larger arrays for use in materials science and biomedical research. Here, we have utilized static and time-resolved optical spectroscopy to characterize the optical absorption and emission properties of a set of chlorin and bacteriochlorin dyads with varying degrees of through-bond (TB) and through-space (TS) interactions between the constituent macrocycles. The dyads consist of two chlorins or two bacteriochlorins joined by a linker that utilizes a triple-double-triple-bond (enediyne) motif in which the double-bond portion is an ester-substituted ethylene or o-phenylene unit. The photophysical studies are coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to probe the ground-state molecular orbital (MO) characteristics of the dyads and time-dependent DFT calculations (TDDFT) to elucidate excited-state properties. The latter include electronic characteristics of the singlet excited-state manifold and the absorption transitions to these states from the electronic ground state. A comparison of the MO and calculated spectral properties of each dyad with the linker present versus disrupted (by eliminating the double-bond portion) gives insight into the relative contributions of TB versus TS interactions to the electronic properties of the dyads. The results show that the TB and TS contributions are additive (constructively interfere), which is not always the case for molecular dyads. Most of the dyads have shorter lifetimes of the lowest singlet excited state compared to the parent monomer, which derives from increased S1 → S0 internal conversion. The enhancement is greater for the dyads in benzonitrile than in toluene. The studies provide insights into the nature of the electronic interactions between the constituents in the tetrapyrrole arrays and how these interactions dictate the spectral properties and excited-state decay characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage, and Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
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Meares A, Yu Z, Viswanathan Bhagavathy G, Satraitis A, Ptaszek M. Photoisomerization of Enediynyl Linker Leads to Slipped Cofacial Hydroporphyrin Dyads with Strong Through-Bond and Through-Space Electronic Interactions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7851-7862. [PMID: 31117562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of 3,4-di(methoxycarbonyl)-enediyne linker in hydroporphyrin (chlorin or bacteriochlorin) dyads leads to thermally stable cis isomers, where macrocycles adopt a slipped cofacial mutual geometry with an edge-to-edge distance of ∼3.6 Å (determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations). Absorption spectra exhibit a significant splitting of the long-wavelength Qy band, which indicates a strong electronic coupling with a strength of V = ∼477 cm-1 that increases to 725 cm-1 upon metalation of hydroporphyrins. Each dyad features a broad, structureless emission band, with large Stokes shift, which is indicative of excimer formation. DFT calculations for dyads show both strong through-bond electronic coupling and through-space electronic interactions, due to the overlap of π-orbitals. Overall, geometry, electronic structure, strength of electronic interactions, and optical properties of reported dyads closely resemble those observed for photosynthetic special pairs. Dyads reported here represent a novel type of photoactive arrays with various modes of electronic interactions between chromophores. Combining through-bond and through-space coupling appears to be a viable strategy to engineer novel optical and photochemical properties in organic conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
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Ichino R, Momotake A, Arai T. Photochemical properties of enediyne-cored dendrimers bearing naphthalenes at the periphery. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of trans and cis enediyne-cored dendrimers bearing naphthalenes at the periphery were synthesized and their photochemical properties were examined. The trans/cis isomer ratio in the photostationary state was dependent on the excitation site in the dendrimers. When the enediyne core was selectively excited, the trans/cis isomer ratio in the photostationary state was either around 50/50 or a cis-rich mixture in all dendrimers due to the larger molar extinction coefficient of the trans-enediynes. On the other hand, when naphthalene was excited, a trans-rich mixture was unexpectedly obtained in higher generation dendrimers even though the energy transfer efficiency was almost quantitative in the trans dendrimers. These results could be explained by the energy transfer process, which was different depending on the geometric isomerism of the enediyne core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Ichino
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Atsuya Momotake
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Kobayashi T, Arai T. Photochemistry and Photophysics of Enediyne-Cored Polyphenylene Dendrimers. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science and Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Sciences (TIMS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science and Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Sciences (TIMS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571
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Gluyas JBG, Manici V, Gückel S, Vincent KB, Yufit DS, Howard JAK, Skelton BW, Beeby A, Kaupp M, Low PJ. Cross-Conjugated Systems Based On An (E)-Hexa-3-en-1,5-diyne-3,4-diyl Skeleton: Spectroscopic and Spectroelectrochemical Investigations. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11501-12. [PMID: 26496049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of cross-conjugated compounds based on an (E)-4,4'-(hexa-3-en-1,5-diyne-3,4-diyl)bis(N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline) skeleton (1-6) have been synthesized. The linear optical absorption properties can be tuned by modification of the substituents at the 1 and 5 positions of the hexa-3-en-1,5-diynyl backbone (1: Si(CH(CH3)2)3, 2: C6H4C≡CSi(CH3)3, 3: C6H4COOCH3, 4: C6H4CF3, 5: C6H4C≡N, 6: C6H4C≡CC5H4N), although attempts to introduce electron-donating (C6H4CH3, C6H4OCH3, C6H4Si(CH3)3) substituents at these positions were hampered by the ensuing decreased stability of the compounds. Spectroelectrochemical investigations of selected examples, supported by DFT-based computational studies, have shown that one- and two-electron oxidation of the 1,2-bis(triarylamine)ethene fragment also results in electronic changes to the perpendicular π-system in the hexa-3-en-1,5-diynyl branch of the molecule. These properties suggest that (E)-hexa-3-en-1,5-diynyl-based compounds could have applications in molecular sensing and molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Manici
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gückel
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry S Yufit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A K Howard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Beeby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Sekr. C7, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Suzuki M, Momotake A, Kanna Y, Nishimura Y, Hirota K, Morihashi K, Arai T. Photochemistry of arylacetylenyl-substituted stilbenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Spence JD, Rios AC, Frost MA, McCutcheon CM, Cox CD, Chavez S, Fernandez R, Gherman BF. Syntheses, thermal reactivities, and computational studies of aryl-fused quinoxalenediynes: effect of extended benzannelation on Bergman cyclization energetics. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10329-39. [PMID: 23067009 DOI: 10.1021/jo302009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of [b]-fused 6,7-diethynylquinoxaline derivatives have been synthesized through an imine condensation strategy to examine the effect of extended benzannelation on the thermal reactivity of enediynes. Absorption and emission spectra of the highly conjugated quinoxalenediynes were red-shifted approximately 100-200 nm relative to those of 1,2-diethynylbenzene. Strong exotherms indicative of enediyne cyclization were observed by differential scanning calorimetry, while solution cyclizations in the presence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene confirmed C(1)-C(6) Bergman cyclization. To provide further insight into Bergman cyclization energetics, computational studies were performed to compare changes in the cyclization enthalpy barrier, reaction enthalpy, and barrier of retro-Bergman ring-opening. Extension of benzannelation from 1,2-diethynylbenzene to either 2,3-diethynylnaphthalene or the 6,7-diethynylquinoxalines had a minimal effect on the cyclization barrier. In comparison, the enthalpies of cyclization were increased upon linearly extended benzannelation, which resulted in reduced barriers to retro-Bergman ring-opening. In addition, the orientation of extended benzannelation was found to have a significant effect on the cyclization endothermicity. In particular, 5,6-diethynylquinoxaline exhibited a 6.9 kcal/mol decrease in cyclization enthalpy compared to 6,7-diethynylquinoxaline due to increased aromatic stabilization energy in the respective angularly versus linearly fused azaacene cyclized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Spence
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento, Sacramento, California 95819, USA.
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Tasaki S, Momotake A, Kanna Y, Arai T. Excited state intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer of phenylethynyl-substituted 2′-hydroxychalcones. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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