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Kubicsek F, Kozák Á, Turányi T, Zsély IG, Papp M, Al-Awamleh A, Hegedûs F. Ammonia production by microbubbles: A theoretical analysis of achievable energy intensity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 106:106876. [PMID: 38714012 PMCID: PMC11096746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The present paper studies the energy intensity of ammonia production by a freely oscillating microbubble placed in an infinite domain of liquid. The initial content of the bubble is a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen. The bubble is expanded isothermically to a maximum radius, then it is "released" and oscillates freely. The input energy is composed of the potential energy of the bubble at the maximum radius, the energy required to produce hydrogen, and the pumping work in case a vacuum is employed. The chemical yield is computed by solving the underlying governing equations: the Keller-Miksis equation for the radial dynamics, the first law of thermodynamics for the internal temperature and the reaction mechanism for the evolution of the concentration of the chemical species. The control parameters during the simulations are the equilibrium bubble size, initial expansion ratio, ambient pressure, the initial concentration ratio of hydrogen and the material properties of the liquid. At the optimal parameter setup, the energy intensity is 90.17GJ/t that is 2.31 times higher than the best available technology, the Haber-Bosch process. In both cases, the hydrogen is generated via water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Kubicsek
- Department of Hydrodynamic Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Áron Kozák
- Department of Hydrodynamic Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Turányi
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Gyula Zsély
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Papp
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; HUN-REN - ELTE Complex Chemical Systems Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ahmad Al-Awamleh
- Department of Hydrodynamic Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hegedûs
- Department of Hydrodynamic Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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Dehane A, Merouani S, Chibani A, Hamdaoui O, Yasui K, Ashokkumar M. Estimation of the number density of active cavitation bubbles in a sono-irradiated aqueous solution using a thermodynamic approach. ULTRASONICS 2022; 126:106824. [PMID: 36041384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An alternative semi-empirical technique is developed to determine the number density of active cavitation bubbles (N) formed in sonicated solutions. This was achieved by relating the acoustic power supplied to the solution (i.e., determined experimentally) to the released heat by a single bubble. The energy dissipation via heat exchange is obtained by an advanced cavitation model accounting for the liquid compressibility and viscosity, the non-equilibrium condensation/evaporation of water vapor, and heat conduction across the bubble wall and heats of chemical reactions resulting within the bubble at the collapse. A good concordance was observed between our results and those found in the literature. It was found that the number of active bubbles increased proportionally with a rise in ultrasound frequency. Additionally, the increase of acoustic intensity increases the number of active bubbles, whatever the sonicated solution's volume. On the other hand, it was observed that the rise of the irradiated solution volume causes the number of active bubbles to be reduced even when the acoustic power is increased. A decrease in acoustic energy accelerates this negative impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Dehane
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Constantine 3 Salah Boubnider, P.O. Box 72, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Constantine 3 Salah Boubnider, P.O. Box 72, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Atef Chibani
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Constantine 3 Salah Boubnider, P.O. Box 72, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kyuichi Yasui
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2266-98 Anagahora, Shimoshidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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3
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Song Y, Hou R, Liu Z, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhang L. Cavitation characteristics analysis of a novel rotor-radial groove hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 86:106028. [PMID: 35569441 PMCID: PMC9111974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic cavitation was widely used in sterilization, emulsion preparation and other industrial fields. Cavitation intensity is the key performance index of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. In this study, a novel rotor-radial groove (RRG) hydrodynamic cavitation reactor was proposed with good cavitation intensity and energy utilization. The cavitation performances of RRG hydrodynamic cavitation reactor was analyzed by utilizing computational fluid dynamics method. The cavitation intensity and the cavitation energy efficiency were used as evaluation indicators for RRG hydrodynamic cavitation reactor with different internal structures. The amount of generated cavitation for various shapes of the CGU, interaction distances and rotor speed were analyzed. The evolution cycle of cavitation morphology is periodicity (0.46 ms) in the CGU of RRG hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. The main cavitation regions of CGU were the outflow and inflow separation zones. The cavitation performance of rectangular-shaped CGU was better than the cylindrical-shaped CGU. In addition, the cavitation performance could be improved more effectively by increasing the rotor speed and decreasing the interaction distance. The research results could provide theoretical support for the research of cavitation mechanism of cavitation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Song
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery at Xihua University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610039, China.
| | - Ruijie Hou
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengyang Liu
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Jingting Liu
- Key Laboratory of High-efficiency and Clean Mechanical Manufacture, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical Engineering Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery at Xihua University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Linhua Zhang
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, Shandong, China
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4
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Dehane A, Merouani S, Hamdaoui O, Ashokkumar M. An alternative technique for determining the number density of acoustic cavitation bubbles in sonochemical reactors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 82:105872. [PMID: 34920350 PMCID: PMC8686066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present paper introduces a novel semi-empirical technique for the determination of active bubbles' number in sonicated solutions. This method links the chemistry of a single bubble to that taking place over the whole sonochemical reactor (solution). The probe compound is CCl4, where its eliminated amount within a single bubble (though pyrolysis) is determined via a cavitation model which takes into account the non-equilibrium condensation/evaporation of water vapor and heat exchange across the bubble wall, reactions heats and liquid compressibility and viscosity, all along the bubble oscillation under the temporal perturbation of the ultrasonic wave. The CCl4 degradation data in aqueous solution (available in literature) are used to determine the number density through dividing the degradation yield of CCl4 to that predicted by a single bubble model (at the same experimental condition of the aqueous data). The impact of ultrasonic frequency on the number density of bubbles is shown and compared with data from the literature, where a high level of consistency is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissa Dehane
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Process Engineering, University Constantine 3 Salah Boubnider, P.O. Box 72, 25000 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Valadbaigi P, Ettelaie R, Kulak AN, Murray BS. Generation of ultra-stable Pickering microbubbles via poly alkylcyanoacrylates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 536:618-627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gusniah A, Veny H, Hamzah F. Ultrasonic Assisted Enzymatic Transesterification for Biodiesel Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azianna Gusniah
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Harumi Veny
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fazlena Hamzah
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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7
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Ji R, Pflieger R, Virot M, Nikitenko SI. Multibubble Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence at 100 kHz: The Missing Link between Low- and High-Frequency Ultrasound. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:6989-6994. [PMID: 29889527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b04267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic frequency is one of the most important parameters that decides the characteristics of acoustic cavitation. Low- (16-50 kHz) and high- (≥200 kHz) frequency ultrasounds present opposite physical and chemical behaviors and have been extensively studied, yet frequencies in between are poorly characterized. In this study, acoustic cavitation at the intermediate ultrasonic frequency of 100 kHz is compared with that at 20 kHz and at 362 kHz by different experimental investigations: sonochemical yield (H2O2), images of sonochemiluminescence and sonoluminescence, as well as sonoluminescence spectra in aqueous media saturated with Ar or Ar/(20 vol %)O2. The chemical activity (H2O2 yield) of cavitation bubbles at 100 kHz presents a transitional behavior between low and high frequencies. The active cavitation zone distributes in the whole sonicated volume, similarly to high-frequency ultrasound and much further than at 20 kHz. The spectral shape of 100 kHz spectra is similar to that at 20 kHz. On the contrary, 100 kHz ultrasound provides the dissociation of O2 and N2 molecules inside the bubble, which is more typical for high-frequency ultrasound. This faculty is explained by the more extreme conditions reached at collapse compared with 20 kHz. Rovibronic temperatures of OH (A2Σ+) excited radicals derived from spectroscopic simulations confirm this interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ji
- ICSM, UMR 5257, CEA, CNRS , Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM , 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex , France
| | - R Pflieger
- ICSM, UMR 5257, CEA, CNRS , Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM , 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex , France
| | - M Virot
- ICSM, UMR 5257, CEA, CNRS , Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM , 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex , France
| | - S I Nikitenko
- ICSM, UMR 5257, CEA, CNRS , Univ. Montpellier, ENSCM , 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex , France
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8
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Schoellhammer CM, Schroeder A, Maa R, Lauwers GY, Swiston A, Zervas M, Barman R, DiCiccio AM, Brugge WR, Anderson DG, Blankschtein D, Langer R, Traverso G. Ultrasound-mediated gastrointestinal drug delivery. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:310ra168. [PMID: 26491078 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant clinical need for rapid and efficient delivery of drugs directly to the site of diseased tissues for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies, in particular, Crohn's and ulcerative colitis. However, complex therapeutic molecules cannot easily be delivered through the GI tract because of physiologic and structural barriers. We report the use of ultrasound as a modality for enhanced drug delivery to the GI tract, with an emphasis on rectal delivery. Ultrasound increased the absorption of model therapeutics inulin, hydrocortisone, and mesalamine two- to tenfold in ex vivo tissue, depending on location in the GI tract. In pigs, ultrasound induced transient cavitation with negligible heating, leading to an order of magnitude enhancement in the delivery of mesalamine, as well as successful systemic delivery of a macromolecule, insulin, with the expected hypoglycemic response. In a rodent model of chemically induced acute colitis, the addition of ultrasound to a daily mesalamine enema (compared to enema alone) resulted in superior clinical and histological scores of disease activity. In both animal models, ultrasound treatment was well tolerated and resulted in minimal tissue disruption, and in mice, there was no significant effect on histology, fecal score, or tissue inflammatory cytokine levels. The use of ultrasound to enhance GI drug delivery is safe in animals and could augment the efficacy of GI therapies and broaden the scope of agents that could be delivered locally and systemically through the GI tract for chronic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Schoellhammer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Avi Schroeder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ruby Maa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gregory Yves Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Albert Swiston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Zervas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ross Barman
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela M DiCiccio
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William R Brugge
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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9
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Luo X, He L, Wang H, Yan H, Qin Y. An experimental study on the motion of water droplets in oil under ultrasonic irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 28:110-117. [PMID: 26384889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The motion of a single water droplet in oil under ultrasonic irradiation is investigated with high-speed photography in this paper. First, we described the trajectory of water droplet in oil under ultrasonic irradiation. Results indicate that in acoustic field the motion of water droplet subjected to intermittent positive and negative ultrasonic pressure shows obvious quasi-sinusoidal oscillation. Afterwards, the influence of major parameters on the motion characteristics of water droplet was studied, such as acoustic intensity, ultrasonic frequency, continuous phase viscosity, interfacial tension, and droplet diameter, etc. It is found that when the acoustic intensity and frequency are 4.89 W cm(-2) and 20 kHz respectively, which are the critical conditions, the droplet varying from 250 to 300 μm in lower viscous oil has the largest oscillation amplitude and highest oscillation frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Luo
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China.
| | - Limin He
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Hongping Wang
- CNOOC Refinery QingDao Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Haipeng Yan
- College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Yahua Qin
- Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6151, Australia
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10
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Pflieger R, Lee J, Nikitenko SI, Ashokkumar M. Influence of He and Ar Flow Rates and NaCl Concentration on the Size Distribution of Bubbles Generated by Power Ultrasound. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12682-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pflieger
- Institut de Chimie
Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), UMR 5257 CEA − CNRS −
UM − ENSCM, Centre de Marcoule, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Judy Lee
- Chemical
and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, U.K
| | - Sergey I. Nikitenko
- Institut de Chimie
Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), UMR 5257 CEA − CNRS −
UM − ENSCM, Centre de Marcoule, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Cedex, France
| | - Muthupandian Ashokkumar
- Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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11
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Zhang YN, Zhang YN, Li SC. Bubble dynamics under acoustic excitation with multiple frequencies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/72/1/012003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Merouani S, Ferkous H, Hamdaoui O, Rezgui Y, Guemini M. A method for predicting the number of active bubbles in sonochemical reactors. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 22:51-8. [PMID: 25127247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the number of active bubbles in acoustic cavitation field is very important for the prediction of the performance of ultrasonic reactors toward most chemical processes induced by ultrasound. The literature in this field is scarce, probably due to the complicated nature of the phenomena. We introduce here a relatively simple semi-empirical method for predicting the number of active bubbles in an acoustic cavitation field. By coupling the bubble dynamics in an acoustical field with chemical kinetics occurring in the bubble during oscillation, the amount of the radical species OH and HO2 and molecular H2O2 released by a single bubble was estimated. Knowing that the H2O2 measured experimentally during sonication of water comes from the recombination of hydroxyl (OH) and perhydroxyl (HO2) radicals in the liquid phase and assuming that in sonochemistry applications, the cavitation is transient and the bubble fragments at the first collapse, the number of bubbles formed per unit time per unit volume is then easily determined using material balances for H2O2, OH and HO2 in the liquid phase. The effect of ultrasonic frequency on the number of active bubbles was examined. It was shown that increasing ultrasonic frequency leads to a substantial increase in the number of bubbles formed in the reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimane Merouani
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Engineering Process, University of Constantine 3, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Hamza Ferkous
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
| | - Oualid Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Badji Mokhtar - Annaba University, P.O. Box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
| | - Yacine Rezgui
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Materials Technology, University of Oum El-Bouaghi, P.O. Box 358, 04000 Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
| | - Miloud Guemini
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Materials Technology, University of Oum El-Bouaghi, P.O. Box 358, 04000 Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
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13
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Abouelmagd SA, Hyun H, Yeo Y. Extracellularly activatable nanocarriers for drug delivery to tumors. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1601-1618. [PMID: 24950343 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.930434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanoparticles (NPs) for drug delivery to tumors need to satisfy two seemingly conflicting requirements: they should maintain physical and chemical stability during circulation and be able to interact with target cells and release the drug at desired locations with no substantial delay. The unique microenvironment of tumors and externally applied stimuli provide a useful means to maintain a balance between the two requirements. AREAS COVERED We discuss nanoparticulate drug carriers that maintain stable structures in normal conditions but respond to stimuli for the spatiotemporal control of drug delivery. We first define the desired effects of extracellular activation of NPs and frequently used stimuli and then review the examples of extracellularly activated NPs. EXPERT OPINION Several challenges remain in developing extracellularly activatable NPs. First, some of the stimuli-responsive NPs undergo incremental changes in response to stimuli, losing circulation stability. Second, the applicability of stimuli in clinical settings is limited due to the occasional occurrence of the activating conditions in normal tissues. Third, the construction of stimuli-responsive NPs involves increasing complexity in NP structure and production methods. Future efforts are needed to identify new targeting conditions and increase the contrast between activated and nonactivated NPs while keeping the production methods simple and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Abouelmagd
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyesun Hyun
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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14
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Schoellhammer CM, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Skin permeabilization for transdermal drug delivery: recent advances and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:393-407. [PMID: 24392787 PMCID: PMC3980659 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.875528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal delivery has potential advantages over other routes of administration. It could reduce first-pass metabolism associated with oral delivery and is less painful than injections. However, the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), limits passive diffusion to small lipophilic molecules. Therefore, methods are needed to safely permeabilize the SC so that ionic and larger molecules may be delivered transdermally. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on low-frequency sonophoresis, microneedles, electroporation and iontophoresis, and combinations of these methods to permeabilize the SC. The mechanisms of enhancements and developments in the last 5 years are discussed. Potentially high-impact applications, including protein delivery, vaccination and sensing are presented. Finally, commercial interest and clinical trials are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Not all permeabilization methods are appropriate for all applications. Focused studies into applications utilizing the advantages of each method are needed. The total dose and kinetics of delivery must be considered. Vaccination is one application where permeabilization methods could make an impact. Protein delivery and analyte sensing are also areas of potential impact, although the amount of material that can be delivered (or extracted) is of critical importance. Additional work on the miniaturization of these technologies will help to increase commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Schoellhammer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Room 76-661, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA +1 617 253 3107 ; +1 617 258 8827 ;
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15
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Hauptmann M, Struyf H, Mertens P, Heyns M, De Gendt S, Glorieux C, Brems S. Towards an understanding and control of cavitation activity in 1 MHz ultrasound fields. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2013; 20:77-88. [PMID: 22705075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various industrial processes such as sonochemical processing and ultrasonic cleaning strongly rely on the phenomenon of acoustic cavitation. As the occurrence of acoustic cavitation is incorporating a multitude of interdependent effects, the amount of cavitation activity in a vessel is strongly depending on the ultrasonic process conditions. It is therefore crucial to quantify cavitation activity as a function of the process parameters. At 1 MHz, the active cavitation bubbles are so small that it is becoming difficult to observe them in a direct way. Hence, another metrology based on secondary effects of acoustic cavitation is more suitable to study cavitation activity. In this paper we present a detailed analysis of acoustic cavitation phenomena at 1 MHz ultrasound by means of time-resolved measurements of sonoluminescence, cavitation noise, and synchronized high-speed stroboscopic Schlieren imaging. It is shown that a correlation exists between sonoluminescence, and the ultraharmonic and broadband signals extracted from the cavitation noise spectra. The signals can be utilized to characterize different regimes of cavitation activity at different acoustic power densities. When cavitation activity sets on, the aforementioned signals correlate to fluctuations in the Schlieren contrast as well as the number of nucleated bubbles extracted from the Schlieren Images. This additionally proves that signals extracted from cavitation noise spectra truly represent a measure for cavitation activity. The cyclic behavior of cavitation activity is investigated and related to the evolution of the bubble populations in the ultrasonic tank. It is shown that cavitation activity is strongly linked to the occurrence of fast-moving bubbles. The origin of this "bubble streamers" is investigated and their role in the initialization and propagation of cavitation activity throughout the sonicated liquid is discussed. Finally, it is shown that bubble activity can be stabilized and enhanced by the use of pulsed ultrasound by conserving and recycling active bubbles between subsequent pulsing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hauptmann
- IMEC vzw, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Tronson R, Tchea MF, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F. The Behavior of Acoustic Bubbles in Aqueous Solutions Containing Soluble Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13806-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Tronson
- Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle F. Tchea
- Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Muthupandian Ashokkumar
- Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Franz Grieser
- Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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17
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Dharmarathne L, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F. Reaction of ferricyanide and methyl viologen with free radicals produced by ultrasound in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:7775-82. [PMID: 22770565 DOI: 10.1021/jp3037507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The redox reactions of organic radicals, with Fe(CN)63− and methyl viologen, generated from the sonochemical decomposition of aliphatic alcohols in aqueous solutions, have been studied. The number of radicals produced was found to relate to the amount of adsorbed alcohol molecules (Gibbs surface excess) at the gas−aqueous solution interface for any bulk solution concentration of the alcohol. The majority of the radicals produced stem from the thermal degradation of the alcohol molecules that have entered imploding cavitation bubbles. The maximum rate of reduction at 355 kHz, of Fe(CN)63−, was 2.6 ± 0.3 μM min−1, whereas for methyl viologen, it was 1.2 ± 0.3 μM min−1 under the conditions used.The difference in the rates is attributed to the reaction of various pyrolytically produced organic radicals with the methyl viologen radical cation. The possible reactions occurring in the sonolysis of alcohol/water systems are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Dharmarathne
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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18
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Browne C, Tabor RF, Chan DYC, Dagastine RR, Ashokkumar M, Grieser F. Bubble coalescence during acoustic cavitation in aqueous electrolyte solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12025-12032. [PMID: 21866892 DOI: 10.1021/la202804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bubble coalescence behavior in aqueous electrolyte (MgSO(4), NaCl, KCl, HCl, H(2)SO(4)) solutions exposed to an ultrasound field (213 kHz) has been examined. The extent of coalescence was found to be dependent on electrolyte type and concentration, and could be directly linked to the amount of solubilized gas (He, Ar, air) in solution for the conditions used. No evidence of specific ion effects in acoustic bubble coalescence was found. The results have been compared with several previous coalescence studies on bubbles in aqueous electrolyte and aliphatic alcohol solutions in the absence of an ultrasound field. It is concluded that the impedance of bubble coalescence by electrolytes observed in a number of studies is the result of dynamic processes involving several key steps. First, ions (or more likely, ion-pairs) are required to adsorb at the gas/solution interface, a process that takes longer than 0.5 ms and probably fractions of a second. At a sufficient interfacial loading (estimated to be less than 1-2% monolayer coverage) of the adsorbed species, the hydrodynamic boundary condition at the bubble/solution interface switches from tangentially mobile (with zero shear stress) to tangentially immobile, commensurate with that of a solid-liquid interface. This condition is the result of spatially nonuniform coverage of the surface by solute molecules and the ensuing generation of surface tension gradients. This change reduces the film drainage rate between interacting bubbles, thereby reducing the relative rate of bubble coalescence. We have identified this point of immobilization of tangential interfacial fluid flow with the "critical transition concentration" that has been widely observed for electrolytes and nonelectrolytes. We also present arguments to support the speculation that in aqueous electrolyte solutions the adsorbed surface species responsible for the immobilization of the interface is an ion-pair complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Browne
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
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