1
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Narmon AS, van Slagmaat CAMR, De Wildeman SMA, Dusselier M. Sustainable Polythioesters via Thio(no)lactones: Monomer Synthesis, Ring-Opening Polymerization, End-of-Life Considerations, and Industrial Perspectives. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202276. [PMID: 36649173 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the environmental effects of plastics are of ever greater concern, the industry is driven towards more sustainable polymers. Besides sustainability, our fast-developing society imposes the need for highly versatile materials. Whereas aliphatic polyesters (PEs) are widely adopted and studied as next-generation biobased and (bio)degradable materials, their sulfur-containing analogs, polythioesters (PTEs), only recently gained attention. Nevertheless, the introduction of S atoms is known to often enhance thermal, mechanical, electrochemical, and optical properties, offering prospects for broad applicability. Furthermore, thanks to their thioester-based backbone, PTEs are inherently susceptible to degradation, giving them a high sustainability potential. The key route to PTEs is through ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of thio(no)lactones. This Review critically discusses the (potential) sustainability of the most relevant state-of-the-art in every step from sulfur source to end-of-life treatment options of PTEs, obtained through ROP of thio(no)lactones. The benefits and drawbacks of PTEs versus PEs are highlighted, including their industrial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Sofie Narmon
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- B4Plastics BV, IQ-Parklaan 2 A, 3650, Dilsen-Stokkem, Belgium
| | | | | | - Michiel Dusselier
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Unimuke T, Louis H, Eno EA, Agwamba EC, Adeyinka AS. Meta-Hybrid Density Functional Theory Prediction of the Reactivity, Stability, and IGM of Azepane, Oxepane, Thiepane, and Halogenated Cycloheptane. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13704-13720. [PMID: 35559178 PMCID: PMC9088921 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of plain cycloalkanes and heterocyclic derivatives in the synthesis of valuable natural products and pharmacologically active intermediates has increased tremendously in recent times with much attention being paid to the lower cycloalkane members. The structural and molecular properties of higher seven-membered and nonaromatic heterocyclic derivatives are less known despite their stable nature and vast application; thus, an insight into their structural and electronic properties is still needed. Appropriate quantum chemical calculations utilizing the ab initio (MP2) method, meta-hybrid (M06-2X) functional, and long-range-separated functionals (ωB97XD) have been utilized in this work to investigate the structural reactivity, stability, and behavior of substituents on cycloheptane (CHP) and its derivatives: azepane, oxepane, thiepane, fluorocycloheptane (FCHP), bromocycloheptane (BrCHP), and chlorocycloheptane (ClCHP). Molecular global reactivity descriptors such as Fukui function, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), and molecular electrostatic potential were computed and compared with lower members. The results of two population methods CHELPG and Atomic Dipole Corrected Hirshfeld Charges (ADCH) were equally compared to scrutinize the charge distribution in the molecules. The susceptibility of intramolecular interactions between the substituents and cycloalkane ring is revealed by natural bond orbital analysis and intramolecular weak interactions by the independent gradient model (IGM). Other properties such as atomic density of states, intrinsic bond strength index (IBSI), and dipole moments are considered. It is acclaimed that the strain effect is a major determinant effect in the energy balance of cyclic molecules; thus, the ring strain energies and validation of spectroscopic specificities with reference to the X-ray crystallographic data are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomsmith
O. Unimuke
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540004, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540004, Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540004, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540004, Nigeria
| | - Ededet A. Eno
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540004, Nigeria
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540004, Nigeria
| | - Ernest C. Agwamba
- Computational
and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University
of Calabar, Calabar 540004, Nigeria
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University
Owerrinta, Abia State 440001, Nigeria
| | - Adedapo S. Adeyinka
- Research
Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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3
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Yang Y, Zheng W, Ren L, Xu X. A theoretical study on the proton affinity of sulfur ylides. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The proton affinities of sulfoxide ylides, carbonyl ylides, allyl ylides, benzenyl ylides and heterocyclic ylides with typical substituents were investigated using the SOGGA11-X functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wenrui Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular noncoding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lufei Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
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4
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Kao MH, Venkatraman RK, Ashfold MNR, Orr-Ewing AJ. Effects of ring-strain on the ultrafast photochemistry of cyclic ketones. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1991-2000. [PMID: 34123294 PMCID: PMC8148387 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring-strain in cyclic organic molecules is well-known to influence their chemical reactivity. Here, we examine the consequence of ring-strain for competing photochemical pathways that occur on picosecond timescales. The significance of Norrish Type-I photochemistry is explored for three cyclic ketones in cyclohexane solutions at ultraviolet (UV) excitation wavelengths from 255–312 nm, corresponding to an π* ← n excitation to the lowest excited singlet state (S1). Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy with broadband UV/visible probe laser pulses reveals processes common to cyclobutanone, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone, occurring on timescales of ≤1 ps, 7–9 ps and >500 ps. These kinetic components are respectively assigned to prompt cleavage of an α C–C bond in the internally excited S1-state molecules prepared by UV absorption, vibrational cooling of these hot-S1 molecules to energies below the barrier to C–C bond cleavage on the S1 state potential energy surface (with commensurate reductions in the energy-dependent α-cleavage rate), and slower loss of thermalized S1-state population. The thermalized S1-state molecules may competitively decay by activated reaction over the barrier to α C–C bond fission on the S1-state potential energy surface, internal conversion to the ground (S0) electronic state, or intersystem crossing to the lowest lying triplet state (T1) and subsequent C–C bond breaking. The α C–C bond fission barrier height in the S1 state is significantly reduced by the ring-strain in cyclobutanone, affecting the relative contributions of the three decay time components which depend systematically on the excitation energy above the S1-state energy barrier. Transient infra-red absorption spectra obtained after UV excitation identify ring-opened ketene photoproducts of cyclobutanone and their timescales for formation. Ultrafast spectroscopy of ring-opening in three cyclic ketones reveals how ring-strain affects Norrish Type-I α-cleavage mechanisms.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsien Kao
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | | | - Michael N R Ashfold
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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5
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Agouridas V, El Mahdi O, Diemer V, Cargoët M, Monbaliu JCM, Melnyk O. Native Chemical Ligation and Extended Methods: Mechanisms, Catalysis, Scope, and Limitations. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7328-7443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vangelis Agouridas
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ouafâa El Mahdi
- Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Taza, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, BP 1223 Taza Gare, Morocco
| | - Vincent Diemer
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marine Cargoët
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Building B6a, Room 3/16a, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- UMR CNRS 8204, Centre d’Immunité et d’Infection de Lille, University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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6
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Ault BS. Matrix isolation study of the reaction of O (3P) with 1,3 butadiene: Unexpected formation of ethylketene. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Porterfield JP, Bross DH, Ruscic B, Thorpe JH, Nguyen TL, Baraban JH, Stanton JF, Daily JW, Ellison GB. Thermal Decomposition of Potential Ester Biofuels. Part I: Methyl Acetate and Methyl Butanoate. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4658-4677. [PMID: 28517940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two methyl esters were examined as models for the pyrolysis of biofuels. Dilute samples (0.06-0.13%) of methyl acetate (CH3COOCH3) and methyl butanoate (CH3CH2CH2COOCH3) were entrained in (He, Ar) carrier gas and decomposed in a set of flash-pyrolysis microreactors. The pyrolysis products resulting from the methyl esters were detected and identified by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Complementary product identification was provided by matrix infrared absorption spectroscopy. Pyrolysis pressures in the pulsed microreactor were about 20 Torr and residence times through the reactors were roughly 25-150 μs. Reactor temperatures of 300-1600 K were explored. Decomposition of CH3COOCH3 commences at 1000 K, and the initial products are (CH2═C═O and CH3OH). As the microreactor is heated to 1300 K, a mixture of CH2═C═O and CH3OH, CH3, CH2═O, H, CO, and CO2 appears. The thermal cracking of CH3CH2CH2COOCH3 begins at 800 K with the formation of CH3CH2CH═C═O and CH3OH. By 1300 K, the pyrolysis of methyl butanoate yields a complex mixture of CH3CH2CH═C═O, CH3OH, CH3, CH2═O, CO, CO2, CH3CH═CH2, CH2CHCH2, CH2═C═CH2, HCCCH2, CH2═C═C═O, CH2═CH2, HC≡CH, and CH2═C═O. On the basis of the results from the thermal cracking of methyl acetate and methyl butanoate, we predict several important decomposition channels for the pyrolysis of fatty acid methyl esters, R-CH2-COOCH3. The lowest-energy fragmentation will be a 4-center elimination of methanol to form the ketene RCH═C═O. At higher temperatures, concerted fragmentation to radicals will ensue to produce a mixture of species: (RCH2 + CO2 + CH3) and (RCH2 + CO + CH2═O + H). Thermal cracking of the β C-C bond of the methyl ester will generate the radicals (R and H) as well as CH2═C═O + CH2═O. The thermochemistry of methyl acetate and its fragmentation products were obtained via the Active Thermochemical Tables (ATcT) approach, resulting in ΔfH298(CH3COOCH3) = -98.7 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1, ΔfH298(CH3CO2) = -45.7 ± 0.3 kcal mol-1, and ΔfH298(COOCH3) = -38.3 ± 0.4 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David H Bross
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Branko Ruscic
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States.,Computation Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - James H Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Thanh Lam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - John F Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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8
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Bew SP, Stephenson GR, Rouden J, Godemert J, Seylani H, Martinez-Lozano LA. Gaining Insight Into Reactivity Differences Between Malonic Acid Half Thioesters (MAHT) and Malonic Acid Half Oxyesters (MAHO). Chemistry 2017; 23:4557-4569. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Bew
- School of Chemistry; Norwich Research Park; University of East Anglia; NR4 7TJ UK
| | | | - Jacques Rouden
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moleculaire et thio-organique (LCMT); UMR CNRS 6507, Ensicaen; 6 Boulevard du Marechal Juin 14050 Caen France
| | - Jeremy Godemert
- School of Chemistry; Norwich Research Park; University of East Anglia; NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Haseena Seylani
- School of Chemistry; Norwich Research Park; University of East Anglia; NR4 7TJ UK
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9
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Desmet GB, Sabbe MK, D'hooge DR, Espeel P, Celasun S, Marin GB, Du Prez FE, Reyniers MF. Thiol-Michael addition in polar aprotic solvents: nucleophilic initiation or base catalysis? Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thiol-Michael addition of ethanethiol to ethyl acrylate, methyl vinylsulfone and maleimide initiated by ethyl-, diethyl-, triethylamine and triethylphosphine in tetrahydrofuran (THF) is investigated at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dagmar. R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- Gent
- Belgium
- Department of Textiles
| | - Pieter Espeel
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Gent
- Belgium
| | - Sensu Celasun
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Gent
- Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- Gent
- Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Gent
- Belgium
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10
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Hatten CD, Kaskey KR, Warner BJ, Wright EM, McCunn LR. Thermal decomposition products of butyraldehyde. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:214303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4832898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Dugarte NY, Erben MF, Hey-Hawkins E, Lönnecke P, Stadlbauer S, Ge MF, Li Y, Piro OE, Echeverría GA, Della Védova CO. Conformational Transferability of the Sulfenyl Carbonyl Group −SC(O)– in Cyclic Thioesters. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5706-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4045308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahir Y. Dugarte
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT-La
Plata), Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900),
La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Mauricio F. Erben
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT-La
Plata), Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900),
La Plata, República Argentina
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie der Universität Leipzig,
Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie der Universität Leipzig,
Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Stadlbauer
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie der Universität Leipzig,
Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mao-Fa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural
Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural
Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Oscar E. Piro
- Departamento de
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and Instituto IFLP (CONICET-UNLP, CCT-La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A. Echeverría
- Departamento de
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and Instituto IFLP (CONICET-UNLP, CCT-La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos O. Della Védova
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT-La
Plata), Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900),
La Plata, República Argentina
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12
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Dugarte NY, Erben MF, Boese R, Ge MF, Yao L, Della Védova CO. Molecular and Electronic Structure of δ-Valerothiolactone. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12540-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108885s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahir Y. Dugarte
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT La Plata), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900), La Plata, República Argentina, LaSeISiC (CIC-UNLP-CONICET) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Camino Centenario y 508, Gonnet, República Argentina, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany, and State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of
| | - Mauricio F. Erben
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT La Plata), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900), La Plata, República Argentina, LaSeISiC (CIC-UNLP-CONICET) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Camino Centenario y 508, Gonnet, República Argentina, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany, and State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of
| | - Roland Boese
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT La Plata), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900), La Plata, República Argentina, LaSeISiC (CIC-UNLP-CONICET) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Camino Centenario y 508, Gonnet, República Argentina, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany, and State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of
| | - Mao-Fa Ge
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT La Plata), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900), La Plata, República Argentina, LaSeISiC (CIC-UNLP-CONICET) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Camino Centenario y 508, Gonnet, República Argentina, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany, and State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of
| | - Li Yao
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT La Plata), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900), La Plata, República Argentina, LaSeISiC (CIC-UNLP-CONICET) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Camino Centenario y 508, Gonnet, República Argentina, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany, and State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of
| | - Carlos O. Della Védova
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET, CCT La Plata), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, C.C. 962 (1900), La Plata, República Argentina, LaSeISiC (CIC-UNLP-CONICET) Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Camino Centenario y 508, Gonnet, República Argentina, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5-7, D-45117 Essen, Germany, and State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of
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