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Dunning TH, Xu LT, Cooper DL, Karadakov PB. Spin-Coupled Generalized Valence Bond Theory: New Perspect ives on the Electronic Structure of Molecules and Chemical Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2021-2050. [PMID: 33677960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spin-Coupled Generalized Valence Bond (SCGVB) theory provides the foundation for a comprehensive theory of the electronic structure of molecules. SCGVB theory offers a compelling orbital description of the electronic structure of molecules as well as an efficient and effective zero-order wave function for calculations striving for quantitative predictions of molecular structures, energetics, and other properties. The orbitals in the SCGVB wave function are usually semilocalized, and for most molecules, they can be interpreted using concepts familiar to all chemists (hybrid orbitals, localized bond pairs, lone pairs, etc.). SCGVB theory also provides new perspectives on the nature of the bonds in molecules such as C2, Be2 and SF4/SF6. SCGVB theory contributes unparalleled insights into the underlying cause of the first-row anomaly in inorganic chemistry as well as the electronic structure of organic molecules and the electronic mechanisms of organic reactions. The SCGVB wave function accounts for nondynamical correlation effects and, thus, corrects the most serious deficiency in molecular orbital (RHF) wave functions. Dynamical correlation effects, which are critical for quantitative predictions, can be taken into account using the SCGVB wave function as the zero-order wave function for multireference configuration interaction or coupled cluster calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Lu T Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David L Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K
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Lu N, Wu WQ, Zhang CZ, Wan MJ, Jin YY, Zhang WB, Chen SJ, Li S. Theoretical study of the low-lying electronic states, including the spin-orbit interactions, of the sulfur monochloride cation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 237:118301. [PMID: 32375078 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-level ab initio computations have been performed on the experimentally unknown species SCl+. The low-lying Λ-S electronic states correlated to the first and the second dissociation channels as well as their corresponding Ω states have been investigated by the icMRCI+Q methodology employing basis sets up to quintuple-ζ quality. Information about potential energy curves, electron configurations, spectroscopic constants, dipole moments and transition properties are derived and discussed. The results for SCl+ represent an improvement over our previous theoretical descriptions for the ground state. In addition, several low-lying excited states that have not been accessed experimentally and theoretically are also been well characterized in this work. The accuracy of our predictions for SCl+ are verified by comparisons of spectroscopic constants and vibrational levels between our accompany SCl computations and those reported in literatures for the neutral species. The feasibility of performing laser cooling of SCl+ has also been discussed and the photoelectron spectrum of SCl+(X3Σ-) + e ← SCl(X2Π) is simulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Lu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qi Wu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Zhao Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ming-Jie Wan
- Computational Physics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin University, Yibin, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Jin
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei-Bin Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shan-Jun Chen
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Song Li
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
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Dirican D, Pfister N, Wozniak M, Braun T. Reactivity of Binary and Ternary Sulfur Halides towards Transition-Metal Compounds. Chemistry 2020; 26:6945-6963. [PMID: 31840851 PMCID: PMC7318666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Binary sulfur fluorides exhibit an interesting reactivity towards transition metal complexes. They open up routes for the generation of sulfur‐containing building blocks. Often ligands with particular properties can be constructed. This includes their ability to transfer sulfur atoms or polysulfide units as well as fluorination reactions. This Minireview provides an insight into the reactivity of the binary and ternary sulfur halides S2Cl2, SCl2, SF4, SF6 and SF5Cl towards transition‐metal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilcan Dirican
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Pfister
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wozniak
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Chen L, Woon DE, Dunning TH. High level ab initio calculations on ClF n − ( n = 1–6): Recoupled pair bonding involving a closed-shell central ion. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Takeshita TY, Dunning TH. Fundamental Aspects of Recoupled Pair Bonds. III. The Frustrated Recoupled Pair Bond in Oxygen Monofluoride. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9607-9611. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Y. Takeshita
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Dunning TH, Xu LT, Takeshita TY, Lindquist BA. Insights into the Electronic Structure of Molecules from Generalized Valence Bond Theory. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1763-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lu T. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tyler Y. Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Beth A. Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Takeshita TY, Dunning TH. Generalized Valence Bond Description of Chalcogen–Nitrogen Compounds. I. NS, F(NS), and H(NS). J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1446-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508391r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Y. Takeshita
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Dunning TH, Takeshita TY, Xu LT. Fundamental aspects of recoupled pair bonds. II. Recoupled pair bond dyads in carbon and sulfur difluoride. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:034114. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4905272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Tyler Y. Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Lu T. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Dunning TH, Xu LT, Takeshita TY. Fundamental aspects of recoupled pair bonds. I. Recoupled pair bonds in carbon and sulfur monofluoride. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:034113. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4905271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Lu T. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Tyler Y. Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Lindquist BA, Woon DE, Dunning TH. Effects of Ligand Electronegativity on Recoupled Pair Bonds with Application to Sulfurane Precursors. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5709-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jp503982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 601 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Woon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 601 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 601 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Lindquist BA, Woon DE, Dunning TH. Electronic Structure of H2S, SF2, and HSF and Implications for Hydrogen-Substituted Hypervalent Sulfur Fluorides. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:1267-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp412624h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Woon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Leiding J, Woon DE, Dunning TH. Bonding in PF2Cl, PF3Cl, and PF4Cl: insight into isomerism and apicophilicity from ab initio calculations and the recoupled pair bonding model. Theor Chem Acc 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-013-1428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lindquist BA, Takeshita TY, Woon DE, Dunning TH. Bonding in Sulfur–Oxygen Compounds—HSO/SOH and SOO/OSO: An Example of Recoupled Pair π Bonding. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:4444-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ct4006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Lindquist
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tyler Y. Takeshita
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Woon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Li S, Chen SJ, Zhu DS, Fan QC. Theoretical study on the ground electronic state of SCl+ and SCl−. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Chen L, Woon DE, Dunning TH. High Level ab Initio Calculations for ClFn+ (n = 1–6) Ions: Refining the Recoupled Pair Bonding Model. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4251-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312103v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Box 92-6, CLSL
600 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Woon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Box 92-6, CLSL
600 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Box 92-6, CLSL
600 S. Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Dunning TH, Woon DE, Leiding J, Chen L. The first row anomaly and recoupled pair bonding in the halides of the late p-block elements. Acc Chem Res 2013; 46:359-68. [PMID: 23151313 PMCID: PMC3589100 DOI: 10.1021/ar300154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The dramatic differences between the properties of molecules formed from the late p-block elements of the first row of the periodic table (N–F) and those of the corresponding elements in subsequent rows is well recognized as the first row anomaly. Certain properties of the atoms, such as the relative energies and spatial extents of the ns and np orbitals, can explain some of these differences, but not others. In this Account, we summarize the results of our recent computational studies of the halides of the late p-block elements. Our studies point to a single underlying cause for many of these differences: the ability of the late p-block elements in the second and subsequent rows of the periodic table to form recoupled pair bonds and recoupled pair bond dyads with very electronegative ligands. Recoupled pair bonds form when an electron in a singly occupied ligand orbital recouples the pair of electrons in a doubly occupied lone pair orbital on the central atom, leading to a central atom-ligand bond. Recoupled pair bond dyads occur when a second ligand forms a bond with the orbital left over from the initial recoupled pair bond. Recoupled pair bonds and recoupled pair bond dyads enable the late p-block elements to form remarkably stable hypervalent compounds such as PF5 and SF6 and lead to unexpected excited states in smaller halides of the late p-block elements such as SF and SF2. Recoupled pair bonding also causes the Fn–1X–F bond energies to oscillate dramatically once the normal valences of the central atoms have been satisfied. In addition, recoupled pair bonding provides a lower-energy pathway for inversion in heavily fluorinated compounds (PF3 and PF2H, but not PH2F and PH3) and leads to unusual intermediates and products in reactions involving halogens and late p-block element compounds, such as (CH3)2S + F2. Although this Account focuses on the halides of the second row, late p-block elements, recoupled pair bonds and recoupled pair bond dyads are important in the chemistry of p-block elements beyond the second row (As, Se, and Br) and for compounds of these elements with other very electronegative ligands, such as OH and O. Knowledge of recoupled pair bonding is thus critical to understanding the properties and reactivity of molecules containing the late p-block elements beyond the first row.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Woon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeff Leiding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Leiding J, Woon DE, Dunning TH. Insights into the Unusual Barrierless Reaction between Two Closed Shell Molecules, (CH3)2S + F2, and Its H2S + F2 Analogue: Role of Recoupled Pair Bonding. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5247-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303223r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Leiding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Box 86-6, CLSL
600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Woon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Box 86-6, CLSL
600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Box 86-6, CLSL
600 South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Leiding J, Woon DE, Dunning TH. Theoretical Studies of the Excited Doublet States of SF and SCl and Singlet States of SF2, SFCl, and SCl2. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1655-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Leiding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Box 86-6, CLSL
600, South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David E. Woon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Box 86-6, CLSL
600, South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thom H. Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Box 86-6, CLSL
600, South Mathews, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Leiding J, Woon DE, Dunning TH. Bonding in SCln (n = 1-6): a quantum chemical study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:4757-64. [PMID: 21491858 DOI: 10.1021/jp2004024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Following a previous study of bonding and isomerism in the SF(n) and singly chloro-substituted SF(n-1)Cl (n = 1-6) series, we describe bonding in the ground and low-lying excited states of the completely substituted series, SCl(n) (n = 1-6). All structures were characterized at least at the RCCSD(T)/aug-cc-pV(Q+d)Z level of theory. Both differences and similarities were observed between SCl(n) and our previous results on SF(n-1)Cl and SF(n). Several minimum structures that exist in SF(n) and SF(n-1)Cl are absent in SCl(n). For example, the optimized structure of SCl(2)((3)A(2)) is a transition state in C(s) symmetry, whereas the analogous states are minima in SF(n) and SF(n-1)Cl. Second, we found a continuation of a trend discovered in the SF(n-1)Cl series, where Cl substitution has a destabilizing effect that weakens bonds with respect to SF(n). This effect is much stronger in the SCl(n) series than it is in the SF(n-1)Cl series, which is why SCl(2) is the most stable observed species in the family and why SCl(4), SCl(5), and SCl(6) are unstable (SCl(n-2) + Cl(2) additions are endothermic for n = 4-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Leiding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
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