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Ran G, Zeb J, Lu H, Liu Y, Zhang A, Wang L, Bo Z, Zhang W. Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of Non-fullerene Acceptors with Different Planarity: Impact of Steric Hindrance. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5860-5866. [PMID: 35727229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most high-performance non-fullerene acceptors are of the acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A)-type structure. Under photoexcitation, the intramolecular charge transfer effect on the A-D-A framework results in a large dipole moment change, facilitating the efficient generation of charge carriers. Achieving more efficient intramolecular charge transfer by adjusting the molecular structure is one of the current research ideas. Recently, we found that the power conversion efficiency can be improved from 4.41 to 13.13% by tuning the planarity of the non-fused ring electron acceptor backbone through steric hindrance of lateral substituents. We found that the planar backbone can effectively improve the intramolecular charge transfer, which has a great influence on the power conversion efficiency of the device. Our results demonstrate that charge transfer dynamics can be controlled by optimizing steric hindrance, which plays a crucial role in the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangliu Ran
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Johar Zeb
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Andong Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lexuan Wang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishan Bo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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2
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Zachariasse KA, Druzhinin SI, Morawski O, Kozankiewicz B. Fluorescence of 4-(Diisopropylamino)benzonitrile (DIABN) Single Crystals from 300 K down to 5 K. Intramolecular Charge Transfer Disappears below 60 K. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6985-6996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaas A. Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergey I. Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Morawski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boleslaw Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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Xie Z, Yu T, Chen J, Ubba E, Wang L, Mao Z, Su T, Zhang Y, Aldred MP, Chi Z. Weak interactions but potent effect: tunable mechanoluminescence by adjusting intermolecular C-H···π interactions. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5787-5794. [PMID: 30079189 PMCID: PMC6050600 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new mechanoluminescent material (4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)(4-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)methanone (CDpP), which displays tunable mechanoluminescent emission colors, has been designed and successfully synthesized. CDpP shows two distinct mechanoluminescent colors (blue and green) in different crystalline states. Single-crystal analyses and femtosecond transient emission studies reveal that the striking tunable mechanoluminescence properties of CDpP mainly originate from the different C-H···π interactions in the crystal structures. CDpP crystals with more C-H···π interactions show blue mechanoluminescence (ML), and the emission is attributed to the locally excited (LE)-state because the twisting process for the excited state is restricted by C-H···π interactions. Conversely, CDpP crystals with fewer C-H···π interactions display green ML, in which the red-shifted emission band originates from the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) excited state because the diphenylamine moiety is relatively free to rotate. The manipulation of weak intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state is a useful and reliable strategy for the tuning of the ML emission wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Xie
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Tao Yu
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Junru Chen
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Eethamukkala Ubba
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Leyu Wang
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Zhu Mao
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Tongtong Su
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Yi Zhang
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Matthew P Aldred
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
| | - Zhenguo Chi
- PCFM Lab , GD HPPC Lab , Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films , State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 510275 , P. R. China . ; ;
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4
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Bohnwagner MV, Dreuw A. Regular Fluorescence of 4-Fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline: No Charge Transfer and No Twisting. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5834-5841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Vanessa Bohnwagner
- Interdisciplinary Center
for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center
for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Zachariasse KA, Demeter A, Druzhinin SI. Absence of Intramolecular Charge Transfer with 4-Fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA4F), Contrary to an Experimental Report Supported by Computations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1223-1232. [PMID: 28099017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With 4-fluoro-N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA4F), only a single fluorescence from a locally excited (LE) state is observed, irrespective of solvent polarity, temperature, and excitation wavelength. The relatively small excited state dipole moment μe = 7.3 D confirms the identification as LE. The single exponential fluorescence decays in the nonpolar n-hexane (2.04 ns) and in the strongly polar acetonitrile (5.73 ns) are a further support. Similar results are obtained with 4-chloro-N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA4Cl), having a chlorobenzene subgroup, a somewhat better electron acceptor than the fluorobenzene moiety in DMA4F. The absence of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) with DMA4F is in accord with its large energy gap ΔE(S1,S2) of 8300 cm-1 in n-hexane between the two lowest singlet excited states, which is even larger than that (6300 cm-1) of N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), for which an LE → ICT reaction likewise does not occur. The results with DMA4F are in contradiction with a publication by Fujiwara et al. ( Chem. Phys. Lett. 2013 , 586 , 70 ), in which the appearance of dual LE + ICT emission is reported for DMA4F in n-hexane and MeCN at room temperature. The ICT/LE fluorescence quantum yield ratio Φ'(ICT)/Φ(LE) reached a maximum value of ∼2, in n-hexane and surprisingly also in MeCN, as the excitation wavelength approaches the red-edge of the absorption spectrum. These, in our opinion, erroneous observations were supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations, which compute a perpendicularly twisted lowest ICT state (TICT) state. This is a further example of the general tendency of computations to find a TICT conformation for the lowest excited singlet state of electron donor/acceptor molecules such as p-substituted anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas A Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Attila Demeter
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 286, 1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergey I Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
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Druzhinin SI, Galievsky VA, Demeter A, Kovalenko SA, Senyushkina T, Dubbaka SR, Knochel P, Mayer P, Grosse C, Stalke D, Zachariasse KA. Two-State Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT) with 3,5-Dimethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (MMD) and Its Meta-Isomer mMMD. Ground State Amino Twist Not Essential for ICT. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:11820-36. [PMID: 26559045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b09368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From X-ray structure analysis, amino twist angles of 90.0° for 2,4-dimethyl-3-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (mMMD), 82.7° for 4-(di-tert-butylamino)benzonitrile (DTABN), and 88.7° for 6-cyanobenzoquinuclidine (CBQ) are determined, all considerably larger than the 57.4° of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (MMD). This large twist leads to lengthening of the amino-phenyl bond, 143.5 pm (mMMD), 144.1 pm (DTABN), 144.6 pm (CBQ), and 141.4 pm (MMD), as compared with 136.5 pm for the planar 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN). As a consequence, the electronic coupling between the amino and phenyl subgroups in mMMD, DTABN, CBQ, and MMD is much weaker than in DMABN, as seen from the strongly reduced molar absorption coefficients. The fluorescence spectrum of MMD in n-hexane at 25 °C consists of two emissions, from a locally excited (LE) and an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state, with a fluorescence quantum yield ratio Φ'(ICT)/Φ(LE) of 12.8. In MeCN, a single ICT emission is found. With mMMD in n-hexane, in contrast, only LE fluorescence is observed, whereas the spectrum in MeCN originates from the ICT state. These differences are also seen from the half-widths of the overall fluorescence bands, which in n-hexane are larger for MMD than for mMMD, decreasing with solvent polarity for MMD and increasing for mMMD, reflecting the disappearance of LE and the onset of ICT in the overall spectra, respectively. From solvatochromic measurements the dipole moments μe(ICT) of MMD (16 D) and mMMD (15 D) are obtained. Femtosecond excited state absorption (ESA) spectra at 22 °C, together with the dual (LE + ICT) fluorescence, reveal that MMD in n-hexane undergoes a reversible LE ⇄ ICT reaction, with LE as the precursor, with a forward rate constant ka = 5.6 × 10(12) s(-1) and a back-reaction kd ∼ 0.05 × 10(12) s(-1). With MMD in the strongly polar solvent MeCN, ICT is faster: ka = 10 × 10(12) s(-1). In the case of mMMD in n-hexane, the ESA spectra show that ICT does not take place, contrary to MeCN, in which ka = 2.5 × 10(12) s(-1). The ICT reactions with MMD and mMMD are much faster than that of the parent compound DMABN in MeCN, with ka = 0.24 × 10(12) s(-1). Because of the very short ICT reaction times of 180 fs (MMD, n-hexane), 100 fs (MMD, MeCN), and 400 fs (mMMD, MeCN), it is clear that the picosecond fluorescence decays of these systems appear to be single exponential, due to the insufficient time resolution of 3 ps. It is concluded that the faster LE → ICT reaction of MMD as compared with DMABN (ka = 0.24 × 10(12) s(-1) in MeCN) is caused by a smaller energy gap ΔE(S1,S2) between the lowest singlet excited states and not by the large amino twist angle. Similarly, the larger ΔE(S1,S2) of mMMD as compared with MMD is held responsible for its smaller ICT efficiency (no reaction in n-hexane).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Victor A Galievsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Attila Demeter
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 286, 1519 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergey A Kovalenko
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Senyushkina
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Srinivas R Dubbaka
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Grosse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaas A Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik , 37070 Göttingen, Germany
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Zhong C. The driving forces for twisted or planar intramolecular charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9248-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02381a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The driving forces for twisting or planarization of excited D–A (donor–acceptor)-type chromophore have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory on Organic and Polymeric Opto-electronic Materials
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
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8
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Druzhinin SI, Demeter A, Zachariasse KA. Intramolecular charge transfer with crystal violet lactone in acetonitrile as a function of temperature: reaction is not solvent-controlled. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:7721-36. [PMID: 23865629 DOI: 10.1021/jp405530j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) with crystal violet lactone (CVL) in the excited singlet state takes place in solvents more polar than n-hexane, such as ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile (MeCN). In these solvents, the fluorescence spectrum of CVL consists of two emission bands, from a locally excited (LE) and an ICT state. The dominant deactivation channel of the lowest excited singlet state is internal conversion, as the quantum yields of fluorescence (0.007) and intersystem crossing (0.015) in MeCN at 25 °C are very small. CVL is a weakly coupled electron donor/acceptor (D/A) molecule, similar to an exciplex (1)(A(-)D(+)). A solvatochromic treatment of the LE and ICT emission maxima results in the dipole moments μe(LE) = 17 D and μe(ICT) = 33 D, much larger than those previously reported. This discrepancy is attributed to different Onsager radii and spectral fluorimeter calibration. The LE and ICT fluorescence decays of CVL in MeCN are double exponential. As determined by global analysis, the LE and ICT decays at 25 °C have the times τ2 = 9.2 ps and τ1 = 1180 ps, with an amplitude ratio of 35.3 for LE. From these parameters, the rate constants ka = 106 × 10(9) s(-1) and kd = 3.0 × 10(9) s(-1) of the forward and backward reaction in the LE ⇄ ICT equilibrium are calculated, resulting in a free enthalpy difference ΔG of -8.9 kJ/mol. The amplitude ratio of the ICT fluorescence decay equals -1.0, which signifies that the ICT state is not prepared by light absorption in the S0 ground state, but originates exclusively from the directly excited LE precursor. From the temperature dependence of the fluorescence decays of CVL in MeCN (-45 to 75 °C), activation energies E(a) = 3.9 kJ/mol (LE → ICT) and E(d) = 23.6 kJ/mol (ICT → LE) are obtained, giving an enthalpy difference ΔH (= E(a) - E(d)) of -19.7 kJ/mol, and an entropy difference ΔS = -35.5 J mol(-1) K(-1). These data show that the ICT reaction of CVL in MeCN is not barrierless. The ICT reaction time of 9.2 ps is much longer than the mean solvent relaxation time of MeCN (0.26 ps), indicating, in contrast with earlier reports in the literature, that the reaction is not solvent controlled. This conclusion is supported by the observation of double exponential LE and ICT fluorescence with the same decay times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany.
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Singh C, Ghosh R, Mondal JA, Palit DK. Excited state dynamics of a push–pull stilbene: A femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ghosh R, Palit DK. Ultrafast Dynamics of the Excited States of 1-(p-Nitrophenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:1993-2005. [DOI: 10.1021/jp209271u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Ghosh
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Dipak K. Palit
- Radiation & Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Angulo G, Dobkowski J, Kapturkiewicz A. Luminescence properties of diamino-dicyano substituted benzene and 1,4-pyrazine. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Galievsky VA, Druzhinin SI, Demeter A, Kovalenko SA, Senyushkina T, Mayer P, Zachariasse KA. Presence and Absence of Excited State Intramolecular Charge Transfer with the Six Isomers of Dicyano-N,N-dimethylaniline and Dicyano-(N-methyl-N-isopropyl)aniline. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10823-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2045614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Galievsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, pr. Nezavisimosti 68, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sergey I. Druzhinin
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Attila Demeter
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sergey A. Kovalenko
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Senyushkina
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department Chemie und Biochemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Klaas A. Zachariasse
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Spektroskopie und Photochemische Kinetik, 37070 Göttingen, Germany
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