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Ghosh J, Vishwakarma G, Kumar R, Pradeep T. Formation and Transformation of Clathrate Hydrates under Interstellar Conditions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2241-2252. [PMID: 37531446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusContinuing efforts by many research groups have led to the discovery of ∼240 species in the interstellar medium (ISM). Observatory- and laboratory-based astrochemical experiments have led to the discovery of these species, including several complex organic molecules (COMs). Interstellar molecular clouds, consisting of water-rich icy grains, have been recognized as the primordial sources of COMs even at extremely low temperatures (∼10 K). Therefore, it is paramount to understand the chemical processes of this region, which may contribute to the chemical evolution and formation of new planetary systems and the origin of life.This Account discusses our effort to discover clathrate hydrates (CHs) of several molecules and their structural varieties, transformations, and kinetics in a simulated interstellar environment. CHs are nonstochiometric crystalline host-guest complexes in which water molecules form cages of different sizes to entrap guest molecules. CHs are abundant on earth and require moderate temperatures and high pressures for their formation. Our focus has been to form CHs at extremely low pressure and temperature as in the ISM, although their existence under such conditions has been a long-standing question since water and guest molecules (CH4, CO2, CO, etc.) exist in space. In multiple studies conducted at ∼10-10 mbar, we showed that CH4, CO2, and C2H6 hydrates could be formed at 30, 10, and 60 K, respectively. Well-defined IR spectroscopic features supported by quantum chemical simulations and temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometric analyses confirmed the existence of the 512 (for CH4 and CO2) and 51262 (for C2H6) CH cages. Mild thermal activation for long periods under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) allowed efficient molecular diffusion, which is crucial for forming CHs. We also explored the formation of THF hydrate (a promoter/stabilizer for binary CHs), and a spontaneous method was found for its formation under UHV. In a subsequent study, we observed a binary THF-CO2 hydrate and its thermal processing at 130 K leading to the transportation of CO2 from the hydrate cages to the matrix of amorphous water. The findings imply that such systems possess a dynamic setting that facilitates the movement of molecules, potentially accounting for the chemical changes observed in the ISM. Furthermore, an intriguing fundamental phenomenon is the consequences of these CHs and their dynamics. We showed that preformed acetone and formaldehyde hydrates dissociate to form cubic (Ic) and hexagonal (Ih) ices at 130-135 K, respectively. These unique processes could be the mechanistic routes for the formation of various ices in astrophysical environments.Other than adding a new entry, namely, CHs, to the list of species found in ISM, its existence opens new directions to astrochemistry, observational astronomy, and astrobiology. Our work provides a molecular-level understanding of the formation pathways of CHs and their transformation to crystalline ices, which sheds light on the chemical evolution of simple molecules to COMs in ISM. Furthermore, CHs can be potential candidates for studies involving radiation, ionization, and electron impact to initiate chemical transformations between the host and guest species and may be critical in understanding the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Gaurav Vishwakarma
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Vishwakarma G, Malla BK, Reddy KSSVP, Ghosh J, Chowdhury S, Yamijala SSRKC, Reddy SK, Kumar R, Pradeep T. Induced Migration of CO 2 from Hydrate Cages to Amorphous Solid Water under Ultrahigh Vacuum and Cryogenic Conditions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2823-2829. [PMID: 36912757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Restricted migration of reactive species limits chemical transformations within interstellar and cometary ices. We report the migration of CO2 from clathrate hydrate (CH) cages to amorphous solid water (ASW) in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and cryogenic conditions. Thermal annealing of sequentially deposited CO2 and H2O ice, CO2@H2O, to 90 K resulted in the partitioning of CO2 in 512 and 51262 CH cages (CO2@512, CO2@51262). However, upon preparing a composite ice film composed of CO2@512, CO2@51262 and THF distributed in the water matrix at 90 K, and annealing the mixture for 6 h at 130 K produced mixed CO2-THF CH, where THF occupied the 51264 cages (THF@51264) exclusively while CO2 in 51262 cages (CO2@51262) got transferred to the ASW matrix and CO2 in the 512 cages (CO2@512) remained as is. This cage-matrix exchange may create a more conducive environment for chemical transformations in interstellar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Vishwakarma
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Bijesh K Malla
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - K S S V Prasad Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Soham Chowdhury
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sharma S R K C Yamijala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Centre for Atomistic Modelling and Materials Design, Centre for Quantum Information, Communication, and Computing, and Centre for Molecular Materials and Functions, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sandeep K Reddy
- Centre for Computational and Data Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- International Centre for Clean Water, IIT Madras Research Park, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- International Centre for Clean Water, IIT Madras Research Park, Chennai 600113, India
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Pakhomova A, Collings IE, Journaux B, Petitgirard S, Boffa Ballaran T, Huang D, Ott J, Kurnosov A, Hanfland M, Garbarino G, Comboni D. Host-Guest Hydrogen Bonding in High-Pressure Acetone Clathrate Hydrates: In Situ Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1833-1838. [PMID: 35171613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of host-guest hydrogen bonding in clathrate hydrate crystal structures and its effect on physical and chemical properties have become subjects of extensive research. Hydrogen bonding has been studied for cubic (sI and sII) and hexagonal (sH) binary clathrates, while it has not been addressed for clathrate structures that exist at elevated pressures. Here, four acetone hydrate clathrates have been grown at high-pressure and low-temperature conditions. In situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the synthesized phases possess already known trigonal (sTr), orthorhombic (sO), and tetragonal (sT) crystal structures as well as a previously unknown orthorhombic structure, so-called sO-II. Only sO and sII have previously been reported for acetone clathrates. Structural analysis suggests that acetone oxygens are hydrogen-bonded to the closest water oxygens of the host frameworks. Our discoveries show that clathrate hydrates hosting polar molecules are not as exotic as previously thought and could be stabilized at high-pressure conditions through hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pakhomova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ines E Collings
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Baptiste Journaux
- Department of Earth and Space Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sylvain Petitgirard
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dongyang Huang
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jason Ott
- Department of Earth and Space Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexander Kurnosov
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | | - Davide Comboni
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
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H-bonding behavior of ethylene oxide within the clathrate hydrates revisited: Experiment and theory. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ghosh J, Bhuin RG, Vishwakarma G, Pradeep T. Formation of Cubic Ice via Clathrate Hydrate, Prepared in Ultrahigh Vacuum under Cryogenic Conditions. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:26-32. [PMID: 31804833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cubic ice (ice Ic) is a crystalline phase of solid water, which exists in the earth's atmosphere and extraterrestrial environments. We provide experimental evidence that dissociation of acetone clathrate hydrate (CH) makes ice Ic in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) at 130-135 K. In this process, we find that crystallization of ice Ic occurs below its normal crystallization temperature. Time-dependent reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) were utilized to confirm the formation of ice Ic. Associated crystallization kinetics and activation energy (Ea) for the process were evaluated. We suggest that enhanced mobility or diffusion of water molecules during acetone hydrate dissociation enabled crystallization. Moreover, this finding implied that CHs might exist in extreme low-pressure environments present in comets. These hydrates, subjected to prolonged thermal annealing, transform into ice Ic. This unique process of crystallization hints at a possible mechanistic route for the formation of ice Ic in comets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Radha Gobinda Bhuin
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Gaurav Vishwakarma
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
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Kılıç M, Devlin JP, Uras-Aytemiz N. NH 3 as simple clathrate-hydrate catalyst: Experiment and theory. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:234501. [PMID: 29935504 DOI: 10.1063/1.5029908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic action of NH3 within the all-vapor approach for instant clathrate hydrate (CH) formation is studied using both FTIR spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. A unique property of NH3, namely, the rapid abundant penetration and occupation of the water network, creates defects, particularly Bjerrum D-defects, in the hydrate frame that are generally stabilized by guest NH3 molecules in the cages. Furthermore, insertion of NH3 seriously disturbs the hydrate network where the guest NH3 molecules also make fluxional H-bonds with the host water molecules. These defects strongly facilitate a sub-second formation of the simple NH3 s-II gas hydrate at 160 K. FTIR spectra of aerosols of the NH3 s-II CH have been measured, and the displacement of both small and large cage NH3 guests by CO2 and tetrahydrofuran is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kılıç
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Paul Devlin
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Nevin Uras-Aytemiz
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Maşlakcı Z, Devlin JP, Uras-Aytemiz N. NH 3 as unique non-classical content-former within clathrate hydrates. J Chem Phys 2017. [PMID: 28641420 DOI: 10.1063/1.4985668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High quality FTIR spectra of aerosols of NH3-THF and NH3-TMO binary clathrate hydrates (CHs) have been measured. Our recently developed all-vapor sub-second approach to clathrate-hydrate formation combined with computational studies has been used to identify vibrational spectroscopic signatures of NH3 within the gas hydrates. The present study shows that there are three distinct NH3 types, namely, classical small-cage NH3, nonclassical small-cage NH3, and NH3 within the hydrate network. The network ammonia does not directly trigger the non-classical CH structure. Rather, the ammonia within the network structure perturbs the water bonding, introducing orientational defects that are stabilized by small and/or large cage guest molecules through H-bonding. This unusual behavior of NH3 within CHs opens a possibility for catalytic action of NH3 during CH-formation. Furthermore, impacts over time of the small-cage NH3-replacement molecules CO2 and CH4 on the structure and composition of the ternary CHs have been noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafer Maşlakcı
- Department of Chemistry, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
| | - J Paul Devlin
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Ochoa-Resendiz D, Batista-Romero FA, Hernández-Lamoneda R. Communication: Evidence of halogen bonds in clathrate cages. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:161104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Ochoa-Resendiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, México
- Instituto Tecnológico de Zacatepec, Calz. Tecnológico 27 Zacatepec 62780, Morelos, México
| | - Fidel A. Batista-Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, México
- Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Av. Salvador Allende y Luaces, La Habana 10600, Cuba
| | - Ramón Hernández-Lamoneda
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, México
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9
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Franklin-Mergarejo R, Rubayo-Soneira J, Halberstadt N, Janda KC, Apkarian VA. A theoretical simulation of the resonant Raman spectroscopy of the H2O⋯Cl2 and H2O⋯Br2 halogen-bonded complexes. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:054307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4940778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Franklin-Mergarejo
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR 5589, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- InSTEC, Quinta de los Molinos, Ave. Salvador Allende y Luaces, Plaza, Ciudad Habana, Cuba
| | - Jesús Rubayo-Soneira
- InSTEC, Quinta de los Molinos, Ave. Salvador Allende y Luaces, Plaza, Ciudad Habana, Cuba
| | - Nadine Halberstadt
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR 5589, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Kenneth C. Janda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - V. Ara Apkarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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Uras-Aytemiz N, Balcı FM, Maşlakcı Z, Özsoy H, Devlin JP. Molecular Modes and Dynamics of HCl and DCl Guests of Gas Clathrate Hydrates. J Phys Chem A 2015. [PMID: 26225898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have yielded advances in the placement of unusual molecules as guests within clathrate hydrates (CHs) without severe distortion of the classic lattice structures. Reports describing systems for which observable but limited distortion does occur are available for methanol, ammonia, acetone, and small ether molecules. In these particular examples, the large-cage molecules often participate as non-classical guests H-bonded to the cage walls. Here, we expand the list of such components to include HCl/DCl and HBr as small-cage guests. Based on FTIR spectra of nanocrystalline CHs from two distinct preparative methods combined with critical insights derived from on-the-fly molecular dynamics and ab initio computational data, a coherent argument emerges that these strong acids serve as a source of molecular small-cage guests, ions, and orientational defects. Depending on the HCl/DCl content the ions, defects and molecular guests determine the CH structures, some of which form in sub-seconds via an all-vapor preparative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Uras-Aytemiz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Karabuk University , 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
| | - F Mine Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University , 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Zafer Maşlakcı
- Department of Chemistry, Karabuk University , 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Hasan Özsoy
- Department of Chemistry, Karabuk University , 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
| | - J Paul Devlin
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University , Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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Devlin JP. Catalytic activity of methanol in all-vapor subsecond clathrate-hydrate formation. J Chem Phys 2015; 140:164505. [PMID: 24784285 DOI: 10.1063/1.4871879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol's property as a catalyst in the formation of gas clathrate hydrates has been recognized for several years and was recently employed in a broad ranging study [K. Shin, K. A. Udachin, I. L. Moudrakovski, D. M. Leek, S. Alavi, C. I. Ratcliffe, and J. A. Ripmeester, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 8437 (2013)]. A new measure of that activity is offered here from comparative rates of formation of methanol (MeOH) clathrate hydrates within our all-vapor aerosol methodology for which tetrahydrofuran (THF) and other small ethers have set a standard for catalytic action. We have previously described numerous examples of the complete conversion of warm all-vapor mixtures to aerosols of gas clathrate hydrates on a sub-second time scale, generally with the catalyst confined primarily to the large cage of either structure-I (s-I) or structure-II (s-II) hydrates. THF has proven to be the most versatile catalyst for the complete subsecond conversion of water to s-II hydrate nanocrystals that follows pulsing of appropriate warm vapor mixtures into a cold chamber held in the 140-220 K range. Here, the comparative ability of MeOH to catalyze the formation of s-I hydrates in the presence of a small-cage help-gas, CO2 or acetylene, is examined. The surprising result is that, in the presence of either help gas, CH-formation rates appear largely unchanged by a complete replacement of THF by MeOH in the vapor mixtures for a chamber temperature of 170 K. However, as that temperature is increased, the dependence of effective catalysis by MeOH on the partial pressure of help gases also increases. Nevertheless, added MeOH is shown to markedly accelerate the s-II THF-CO2 CH formation rate at 220 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Devlin
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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12
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Shultz MJ, Vu TH. Hydrogen Bonding between Water and Tetrahydrofuran Relevant to Clathrate Formation. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:9167-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509343x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Shultz
- Laboratory
for Water and Surface Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Tuan Hoang Vu
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak
Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
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13
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Devlin JP, Balcı FM, Maşlakcı Z, Uras-Aytemiz N. CO2 and C2H2 in cold nanodroplets of oxygenated organic molecules and water. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:18C506. [PMID: 25399171 DOI: 10.1063/1.4895549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of subsecond and microsecond timescales for formation of clathrate hydrate nanocrystals hint at future methods of control of environmental and industrial gases such as CO2 and methane. Combined results from cold-chamber and supersonic-nozzle [A. S. Bhabhe, "Experimental study of condensation and freezing in a supersonic nozzle," Ph.D. thesis (Ohio State University, 2012), Chap. 7] experiments indicate extremely rapid encagement of components of all-vapor pre-mixtures. The extreme rates are derived from (a) the all-vapor premixing of the gas-hydrate components and (b) catalytic activity of certain oxygenated organic large-cage guests. Premixing presents no obvious barrier to large-scale conditions of formation. Further, from sequential efforts of the groups of Trout and Buch, a credible defect-based model of the catalysis mechanism exists for guidance. Since the catalyst-generated defects are both mobile and abundant, it is often unnecessary for a high percentage of the cages to be occupied by a molecular catalyst. Droplets represent the liquid phase that bridges the premixed vapor and clathrate hydrate phases but few data exist for the droplets themselves. Here we describe a focused computational and FTIR spectroscopic effort to characterize the aerosol droplets of the all-vapor cold-chamber methodology. Computational data for CO2 and C2H2, hetero-dimerized with each of the organic catalysts and water, closely match spectroscopic redshift patterns in both magnitude and direction. Though vibrational frequency shifts are an order of magnitude greater for the acetylene stretch mode, both CO2 and C2H2 experience redshift values that increase from that for an 80% water-methanol solvent through the solvent series to approximately doubled values for tetrahydrofuran and trimethylene oxide (TMO) droplets. The TMO solvent properties extend to a 50 mol.% solution of CO2, more than an order of magnitude greater than for the water-methanol solvent mixture. The impressive agreement between heterodimer and experimental shift values throughout the two series encourages speculation concerning local droplet structures while the stable shift patterns appear to be useful indicators of the gas solubilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Devlin
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - F Mine Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Zafer Maşlakcı
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Nevin Uras-Aytemiz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
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Shin K, Kumar R, Udachin KA, Alavi S, Ripmeester JA. Ammonia clathrate hydrates as new solid phases for Titan, Enceladus, and other planetary systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14785-90. [PMID: 22908239 PMCID: PMC3443173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1205820109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is interest in the role of ammonia on Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus as the presence of water, methane, and ammonia under temperature and pressure conditions of the surface and interior make these moons rich environments for the study of phases formed by these materials. Ammonia is known to form solid hemi-, mono-, and dihydrate crystal phases under conditions consistent with the surface of Titan and Enceladus, but has also been assigned a role as water-ice antifreeze and methane hydrate inhibitor which is thought to contribute to the outgassing of methane clathrate hydrates into these moons' atmospheres. Here we show, through direct synthesis from solution and vapor deposition experiments under conditions consistent with extraterrestrial planetary atmospheres, that ammonia forms clathrate hydrates and participates synergistically in clathrate hydrate formation in the presence of methane gas at low temperatures. The binary structure II tetrahydrofuran + ammonia, structure I ammonia, and binary structure I ammonia + methane clathrate hydrate phases synthesized have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, molecular dynamics simulation, and Raman spectroscopy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuchul Shin
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6; and
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- National Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Konstantin A. Udachin
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6; and
| | - Saman Alavi
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6; and
| | - John A. Ripmeester
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6; and
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Alavi S, Ripmeester JA. Effect of small cage guests on hydrogen bonding of tetrahydrofuran in binary structure II clathrate hydrates. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:054712. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4739928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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