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Tateyama A, Nagura K, Yamanaka M, Nakanishi T. Alkyl-π Functional Molecular Gels: Control of Elastic Modulus and Improvement of Electret Performance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402874. [PMID: 38512717 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of optoelectronically-active soft materials is drawing attention to the application of soft electronics. A room-temperature solvent-free liquid obtained by modifying a π-conjugated moiety with flexible yet bulky alkyl chains is a promising functional soft material. Tuning the elastic modulus (G') is essential for employing optoelectronically-active alkyl-π liquids in deformable devices. However, the range of G' achieved through the molecular design of alkyl-π liquids is limited. We report herein a method for controlling G' of alkyl-π liquids by gelation. Adding 1 wt % low-molecular-weight gelator formed the alkyl-π functional molecular gel (FMG) and increased G' of alkyl-π liquids by up to seven orders of magnitude while retaining the optical properties. Because alkyl-π FMGs have functional π-moieties in the gel medium, this new class of gels has a much higher content of π-moieties of up to 59 wt % compared to conventional π-gels of only a few wt %. More importantly, the gel state has a 23 % higher charge-retention capacity than the liquid, providing better performance in deformable mechanoelectric generator-electret devices. The strategy used in this study is a novel approach for developing next-generation optoelectronically-active FMG materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Tateyama
- Division of Soft Matter, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nagura
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamanaka
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University (MPU), 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakanishi
- Division of Soft Matter, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
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2
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Umut E, Beira MJ, Oztop MH, Sahiner N, Sebastião PJ, Kruk D. Water Dynamics in Dextran-Based Hydrogel Micro/Nanoparticles Studied by NMR Diffusometry and Relaxometry. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8950-8960. [PMID: 37812396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Water dynamics in mesoporous dextran hydrogel micro/nanoparticles was investigated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. High-resolution 1H NMR spectra and pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR diffusometry measurements obtained on swollen state dextran micro/nanogel revealed the existence of different fractions of water molecules based on their interaction with the gel matrix. In addition to the translational diffusion of bulk water, two more diffusion processes characterized with self-diffusion coefficients 1 and 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of bulk water were identified. 1H spin-lattice relaxation dispersion profiles obtained for a broad range of Larmor frequencies using fast field cycling (FFC) and conventional NMR relaxometry techniques allowed us to further clarify the mechanisms of molecular motion. According to the water proton pool fractions and associated self-diffusion coefficients, it is shown that the relaxation contribution associated with reorientation-mediated translational motions (RMTDs) dominates the relaxation dispersion observed at intermediate frequencies. At very low frequencies, the spin-lattice relaxation rate is dominated by the slow solid-gel dynamics probed by the water molecules interacting with the pores' surface hydroxyl groups due to the rapid chemical exchange between surface hydroxyl groups and free water. The correlation time for the thumbling-like motion of the dextran gel was found to be in the submillisecond range. The values of the self-diffusion and coherence lengths associated with motion of water molecules interacting with the solid-gel particles are consistent with the particle size and pore size distributions obtained for the studied dextran gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Umut
- Department of Medical Imaging Techniques, School of Healthcare, Dokuz Eylul University, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
- BioIzmir - Health Technologies Development and Accelerator Research Center, 35330 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Maria Jardim Beira
- CeFEMA - Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials and Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mecit Halil Oztop
- Department of Food Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Sahiner
- Department of Chemistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 B. Downs Blv., MDC 21, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Pedro José Sebastião
- CeFEMA - Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials and Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Danuta Kruk
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Lazrag M, Lemaitre C, Castel C, Hannachi A, Barth D. Aerogel production by supercritical drying of organogels: Experimental study and modelling investigation of drying kinetics. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Jones CD, Steed JW. Gels with sense: supramolecular materials that respond to heat, light and sound. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:6546-6596. [PMID: 27711667 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00435k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the field of supramolecular chemistry have made it possible, in many situations, to reliably engineer soft materials to address a specific technological problem. Particularly exciting are "smart" gels that undergo reversible physical changes on exposure to remote, non-invasive environmental stimuli. This review explores the development of gels which are transformed by heat, light and ultrasound, as well as other mechanical inputs, applied voltages and magnetic fields. Focusing on small-molecule gelators, but with reference to organic polymers and metal-organic systems, we examine how the structures of gelator assemblies influence the physical and chemical mechanisms leading to thermo-, photo- and mechano-switchable behaviour. In addition, we evaluate how the unique and versatile properties of smart materials may be exploited in a wide range of applications, including catalysis, crystal growth, ion sensing, drug delivery, data storage and biomaterial replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan W Steed
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK.
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5
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Salazar-Bautista SC, Chebil A, Pickaert G, Gaucher C, Jamart-Gregoire B, Durand A, Leonard M. Encapsulation and release of hydrophobic molecules from particles of gelled triglyceride with aminoacid-based low-molecular weight gelators. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Nano- and microparticles of gelled oil combining aminoacid-based low molecular weight organogelators and nonionic amphiphilic polysaccharides. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Lazrag M, Mejia-Mendez DL, Lemaitre C, Stafford PHE, Hreiz R, Privat R, Hannachi A, Barth D. Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic study of a gas-liquid flow in a cyclone separator downstream supercritical drying. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Effect of gel matrix confinement on the solvent dynamics in supramolecular gels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 472:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bielejewski M, Puszkarska A, Tritt-Goc J. Thermal Properties, Conductivity, and Spin-lattice Relaxation of Gel Electrolyte Based on Low Molecular Weight Gelator and Solution of High Temperature Ionic Liquid. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Löfman M, Lahtinen M, Rissanen K, Sievänen E. Two-component self-assembly with solvent leading to “wet” and microcrystalline organogel fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 438:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tritt-Goc J, Rachocki A, Bielejewski M. The solvent dynamics at pore surfaces in molecular gels studied by field-cycling magnetic resonance relaxometry. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7810-7818. [PMID: 25145831 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01140f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular dynamics of the solvent molecules at liquid-solid interfaces in low molecular mass gels and in bulk solvents have been identified and characterized with the aid of field-cycling NMR relaxometry. The gels are formed using ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,3-propanediol (PG) with different concentrations of 4,6,4',6'-O-terephthalylidene-bis(methyl α-D-glucopyranoside) (gelator 1). The spin-lattice relaxation times of bulk solvents measured in the function of Larmor frequency were analyzed assuming the intramolecular and intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. For analysis of the relaxation data for confined solvents the two-phase fast-exchange model was assumed. It was found that in a low-frequency range a dominating NMR relaxation mechanism of solvent interacting with internal surfaces of pores in studied molecular gels is reorientation mediated by translational displacements (RMTD). This dynamic process allows us to explain a very long correlation time of the order of 10(-5) s calculated for confined EG molecules and an even longer one for PG. The RMTD contribution to the relaxation is described by power-law frequency dependence. In the 1/EG gels the exponent is equal to 0.5 for all gelator concentrations suggesting the equipartition of the diffusion modes with different wavelengths. In this gel the relaxation dispersion data were transformed to a susceptibility representation and a "master-like" curve was constructed. In the 1/PG gel the exponent varies in the function of gelator concentration. Different behavior of the relaxation dispersion shape is due to the relative sizes of the ordered (at surface) and bulk-like phase. In the 1/EG gel the surface layer of the ordered molecules is always much smaller than the dimensions of the gel cavities whereas it differs in the 1/PG gel as a consequence of the disruption of the PG aggregates due to the solvent-gelator interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Tritt-Goc
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland.
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Caragheorgheopol A, Edwards W, Hardy JG, Smith DK, Chechik V. Using EPR spectroscopy as a unique probe of molecular-scale reorganization and solvation in self-assembled gel-phase materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9210-9218. [PMID: 25017326 DOI: 10.1021/la501641q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of spin-labeled bis-ureas which coassemble with bis-urea gelators and report on self-assembly as detected using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Specifically, EPR detects the gel-sol transition and allows us to quantify how much spin-label is immobilized within the gel fibers and how much is present in mobile solvent pools-as controlled by temperature, gelator structure, and thermal history. EPR is also able to report on the initial self-assembly processes below the gelation threshold which are not macroscopically visible and appears to be more sensitive than NMR to intermediate-sized nongelating oligomeric species. By studying dilute solutions of gelator molecules and using either single or double spin-labels, EPR allows quantification of the initial steps of the hierarchical self-assembly process in terms of cooperativity and association constant. Finally, EPR enables us to estimate the degree of gel-fiber solvation by probing the distances between spin-labels. Comparison of experimental data against the predicted distances assuming the nanofibers are only composed of gelator molecules indicates a significant difference, which can be assigned to the presence of a quantifiable number of explicit solvent molecules. In summary, EPR provides unique data and yields powerful insight into how molecular-scale mobility and solvation impact on assembly of supramolecular gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Caragheorgheopol
- Ilie Murgulescu Institute of Physical Chemistry, Romanian Academy , 202 Spl. Independentei, Bucharest 060021, Romania
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Kowalczuk J, Bielejewski M, Łapiński A, Luboradzki R, Tritt-Goc J. The Solvent–Gelator Interaction as the Origin of Different Diffusivity Behavior of Diols in Gels Formed with Sugar-Based Low-Molecular-Mass Gelator. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4005-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp412511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kowalczuk
- Institute
of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego
17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Bielejewski
- Institute
of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego
17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Łapiński
- Institute
of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego
17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Roman Luboradzki
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka
44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Tritt-Goc
- Institute
of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. M. Smoluchowskiego
17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
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14
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Babu SS, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Functional π-gelators and their applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:1973-2129. [PMID: 24400783 DOI: 10.1021/cr400195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1220] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Santhosh Babu
- Photosciences and Photonics Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Trivandrum 695019, India
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15
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Bouguet-Bonnet S, Yemloul M, Canet D. New Application of Proton Nuclear Spin Relaxation Unraveling the Intermolecular Structural Features of Low-Molecular-Weight Organogel Fibers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10621-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303679z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bouguet-Bonnet
- Méthodologie RMN (CRM2, UMR 7036,
UL-CNRS), Université de Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
(cedex), France
| | - Mehdi Yemloul
- Méthodologie RMN (CRM2, UMR 7036,
UL-CNRS), Université de Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
(cedex), France
| | - Daniel Canet
- Méthodologie RMN (CRM2, UMR 7036,
UL-CNRS), Université de Lorraine, Campus Aiguillettes, B.P. 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
(cedex), France
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16
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Steiner E, Bouguet-Bonnet S, Blin JL, Canet D. Water behavior in mesoporous materials as studied by NMR relaxometry. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:9941-6. [PMID: 21793571 DOI: 10.1021/jp205456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Water in mesoporous materials possessing a two-dimensional hexagonal structure has been studied by the variation of its NMR longitudinal relaxation time T(1) as a function of the static magnetic field value, or equivalently of the NMR measurement frequency. This technique, dubbed relaxometry, has been applied from 5 kHz (measurement frequency) up to 400 MHz with various instruments including a variable-field spectrometer operating between 8 and 90 MHz. Moreover, the range 0-5 kHz could be investigated by transverse relaxation, T(2) denoting the corresponding relaxation time, and relaxation in the rotating frame, T(1ρ) denoting the corresponding relaxation time. Measurements of proton relaxation rates (inverse of relaxation times) have been performed with H(2)O and HOD (residual protons of heavy water) at water volumes of 80%, 60%, and 40% relative to the porous volume. Comparison between H(2)O and HOD shows clearly that, above 1 MHz where both sets of data are superposed, relaxation is purely intermolecular and due to paramagnetic relaxation (dipolar interactions of water protons with unpaired electrons of paramagnetic entities). Below 1 MHz, it is possible to subtract the intermolecular contribution (given by HOD data) from H(2)O data so that one is left with intramolecular relaxation which is solely due to water reorientational motions. The analysis of these low-frequency data (in terms of Lorentzian functions) reveals two types of water within the pores: one interacting strongly with the surface and the other corresponding to a second layer. High-frequency data, which arise from paramagnetic relaxation, exhibit again two types of water. Due to their correlation times, one type is assigned to relatively free water within the pores while the other type corresponds to bulk (interparticular) water. Their proportions, given as a function of the volume fraction, are consistent with the above assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Steiner
- Méthodologie RMN (CRM2, UMR 7036 CNRS), Nancy-Université, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
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Bile acid alkylamide derivatives as low molecular weight organogelators: Systematic gelation studies and qualitative structural analysis of the systems. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 360:633-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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