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Xu J, Liu Z, Jing L, Chen J. Fabrication of PCDTBT Conductive Network via Phase Separation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5071. [PMID: 34501162 PMCID: PMC8433801 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly[N-9'-hepta-decanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5-5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) is a stable semiconducting polymer with high rigidity in its molecular chains, which makes it difficult to organize into an ordered structure and affects the device performance. Here, a PCDTBT network consisting of aggregates and nanofibers in thin films was fabricated through the phase separation of mixed PCDTBT and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), the effect of the blending conditions (weight ratio, solution concentration, and molecular weight) and processing conditions (substrate temperature and solvent) on the resulting phase-separated morphologies of the blend films after a selective washing procedure was studied. It was found that the phase-separated structure's transition from an island to a continuous structure occurred when the weight ratio of PCDTBT/PEG changed from 2:8 to 7:3. Increasing the solution concentration from 0.1 to 3.0 wt% led to an increase in both the height of the PCDTBT aggregate and the width of the nanofiber. When the molecular weight of the PEG was increased, the film exhibited a larger PCDTBT aggregate size. Meanwhile, denser nanofibers were found in films prepared using PCDTBT with higher molecular weight. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of the PCDTBT network were measured using conductive AFM. Our findings suggest that phase separation plays an important role in improving the molecular chain diffusion rate and fabricating the PCDTBT network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.L.); (L.J.)
| | | | | | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.L.); (L.J.)
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Carmona P, Röding M, Särkkä A, von Corswant C, Olsson E, Lorén N. Structure evolution during phase separation in spin-coated ethylcellulose/hydroxypropylcellulose films. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3913-3922. [PMID: 33710242 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous phase-separated films made of ethylcellulose (EC) and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) are commonly used for controlled drug release. The structure of these thin films is controlling the drug transport from the core to the surrounding liquids in the stomach or intestine. However, detailed understanding of the time evolution of these porous structures as they are formed remains elusive. In this work, spin-coating, a widely applied technique for making thin uniform polymer films, was used to mimic the industrial manufacturing process. The focus of this work was on understanding the structure evolution of phase-separated spin-coated EC/HPC films. The structure evolution was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and image analysis. In particular, we determined the influence of spin-coating parameters and EC : HPC ratio on the final phase-separated structure and the film thickness. The film thickness was determined by profilometry and it influences the ethanol solvent evaporation rate and thereby the phase separation kinetics. The spin speed was varied between 1000 and 10 000 rpm and the ratio of EC : HPC in the polymer blend was varied between 78 : 22 wt% and 40 : 60 wt%. The obtained CLSM micrographs showed phase separated structures, typical for the spinodal decomposition phase separation mechanism. By using confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with Fourier image analysis, we could extract the characteristic length scale of the phase-separated final structure. Varying spin speed and EC : HPC ratio gave us precise control over the characteristic length scale and the thickness of the film. The results showed that the characteristic length scale increases with decreasing spin speed and with increasing HPC ratio. The thickness of the spin-coated film decreases with increasing spin speed. It was found that the relation between film thickness and spin speed followed the Meyerhofer equation with an exponent close to 0.5. Furthermore, good correlations between thickness and spin speed were found for the compositions 22 wt% HPC, 30 wt% HPC and 45 wt% HPC. These findings give a good basis for understanding the mechanisms responsible for the morphology development and increase the possibilities to tailor thin EC/HPC film structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Carmona
- Unit Product Design, Department Agriculture and Food, Division Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institute of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Division Nano-and BioPhysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Röding
- Unit Product Design, Department Agriculture and Food, Division Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institute of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aila Särkkä
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian von Corswant
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Division Nano-and BioPhysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Lorén
- Unit Product Design, Department Agriculture and Food, Division Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institute of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Division Nano-and BioPhysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lux C, Tilger T, Geisler R, Soltwedel O, von Klitzing R. Model Surfaces for Paper Fibers Prepared from Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Polycations. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:435. [PMID: 33573003 PMCID: PMC7866410 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For tailored functionalization of cellulose based papers, the interaction between paper fibers and functional additives must be understood. Planar cellulose surfaces represent a suitable model system for studying the binding of additives. In this work, polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are prepared by alternating dip-coating of the negatively charged cellulose derivate carboxymethyl cellulose and a polycation, either polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) or chitosan (CHI). The parameters varied during PEM formation are the concentrations (0.1-5 g/L) and pH (pH = 2-6) of the dipping solutions. Both PEM systems grow exponentially, revealing a high mobility of the polyelectrolytes (PEs). The pH-tunable charge density leads to PEMs with different surface topographies. Quartz crystal microbalance experiments with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) reveal the pronounced viscoelastic properties of the PEMs. Ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements show that the strong and highly charged polycation PDADMAC leads to the formation of smooth PEMs. The weak polycation CHI forms cellulose model surfaces with higher film thicknesses and a tunable roughness. Both PEM systems exhibit a high water uptake when exposed to a humid environment, with the PDADMAC/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) PEMs resulting in a water uptake up to 60% and CHI/CMC up to 20%. The resulting PEMs are water-stable, but water swellable model surfaces with a controllable roughness and topography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Department of Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; (C.L.); (T.T.); (R.G.); (O.S.)
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Guo S, Lu Y, Wang B, Shen C, Chen J, Reiter G, Zhang B. Controlling the pore size in conjugated polymer films via crystallization-driven phase separation. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2981-2989. [PMID: 30912567 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of possible applications in sensors and optoelectronic devices have focused considerable attention on porous membranes made of semi-conducting polymers. In this study, porous films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were conveniently constructed through spin-coating of solutions of a blend of P3HT and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Pores were formed by phase separation driven simultaneously by incompatibility and crystallization. The influence of the polymer concentration (c), molecular weight (Mn) and spin-coating temperature (Tsp) on the pore size and structure was investigated. With increasing c from 0.5 to 5.0 wt%, the pore diameter (d) varied from ≈1.3 μm to ≈38 μm. Similarly, we observed a substantial increase of d with increasing Mn of PEG, while changing Mn of P3HT did not affect d. Micron- and nano-scale pores coexisted in porous P3HT films. While incompatibility of P3HT and PEG caused the formation of nano-pores, micron-scale pores resulted from crystallization in the PEG-rich domains by forcing PEG molecules to diffuse from the surrounding PEG-P3HT blend region to the crystal growth front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.
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Bai Y, Yang B, Chen X, Wang F, Hayat T, Alsaedi A, Tan Z. Constructing Desired Vertical Component Distribution Within a PBDB-T:ITIC-M Photoactive Layer via Fine-Tuning the Surface Free Energy of a Titanium Chelate Cathode Buffer Layer. Front Chem 2018; 6:292. [PMID: 30177964 PMCID: PMC6109755 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationally controlling the vertical component distribution within a photoactive layer is crucial for efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs). Herein, fine-tuning the surface free energy (SFE) of the titanium(IV) oxide bis(2,4-pentanedionate) (TOPD) cathode buffer layer is proposed to achieve a desired perpendicular component distribution for the PBDB-T:ITIC-M photoactive layer. The Owens-Wendt method is adopted to precisely calculate the SFE of TOPD film jointly based on the water contact angle and the diiodomethane contact angle. We find that the SFE of TOPD film increases as the annealing temperature rises, and the subtle SFE change causes the profound vertical component distribution within the bulk region of PBDB-T:ITIC-M. The results of secondary-ion mass spectroscopy visibly demonstrate that the TOPD film with an SFE of 48.71 mJ/cm2, which is very close to that of the ITIC film (43.98 mJ/cm2), tends to form desired vertical component distribution. Consequently, compared with conventional bulk heterojunction devices, the power conversion efficiency increases from 9.00 to 10.20% benefiting from the short circuit current density increase from 14.76 to 16.88 mA/cm2. Our findings confirm that the SFE adjustment is an effective way of constructing the desired vertical component distribution and therefore achieving high-efficiency PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
| | - Tasawar Hayat
- Department of Mathematics, Quiad-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- NAAM Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alsaedi
- NAAM Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhan'ao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Safety and Clean Utilization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
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Kuei B, Gomez ED. Chain conformations and phase behavior of conjugated polymers. SOFT MATTER 2016; 13:49-67. [PMID: 27506183 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00979d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers may play an important role in various emerging optoelectronic applications because they combine the chemical versatility of organic molecules and the flexibility, stretchability and toughness of polymers with semiconducting properties. Nevertheless, in order to achieve the full potential of conjugated polymers, a clear description of how their structure, morphology, and macroscopic properties are interrelated is needed. We propose that the starting point for understanding conjugated polymers includes understanding chain conformations and phase behavior. Efforts to predict and measure the persistence length have significantly refined our intuition of the chain stiffness, and have led to predictions of nematic-to-isotropic transitions. Exploring mixing between conjugated polymers and small molecules or other polymers has demonstrated tremendous advancements in attaining the needed properties for various optoelectronic devices. Current efforts continue to refine our knowledge of chain conformations and phase behavior and the factors that influence these properties, thereby providing opportunities for the development of novel optoelectronic materials based on conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Synchrotron X-ray scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy studies on thin film morphology details and structural changes of an amorphous-crystalline brush diblock copolymer. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ree M. Probing the self-assembled nanostructures of functional polymers with synchrotron grazing incidence X-ray scattering. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:930-59. [PMID: 24706560 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For advanced functional polymers such as biopolymers, biomimic polymers, brush polymers, star polymers, dendritic polymers, and block copolymers, information about their surface structures, morphologies, and atomic structures is essential for understanding their properties and investigating their potential applications. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) is established for the last 15 years as the most powerful, versatile, and nondestructive tool for determining these structural details when performed with the aid of an advanced third-generation synchrotron radiation source with high flux, high energy resolution, energy tunability, and small beam size. One particular merit of this technique is that GIXS data can be obtained facilely for material specimens of any size, type, or shape. However, GIXS data analysis requires an understanding of GIXS theory and of refraction and reflection effects, and for any given material specimen, the best methods for extracting the form factor and the structure factor from the data need to be established. GIXS theory is reviewed here from the perspective of practical GIXS measurements and quantitative data analysis. In addition, schemes are discussed for the detailed analysis of GIXS data for the various self-assembled nanostructures of functional homopolymers, brush, star, and dendritic polymers, and block copolymers. Moreover, enhancements to the GIXS technique are discussed that can significantly improve its structure analysis by using the new synchrotron radiation sources such as third-generation X-ray sources with picosecond pulses and partial coherence and fourth-generation X-ray laser sources with femtosecond pulses and full coherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonhor Ree
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Center for Electro-Photo Behaviors in Advanced Molecular Systems, Polymer Research Institute, and BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Ruderer MA, Wang C, Schaible E, Hexemer A, Xu T, Müller-Buschbaum P. Morphology and Optical Properties of P3HT:MEH-CN-PPV Blend Films. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4006999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias A. Ruderer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching,
Germany
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric Schaible
- Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light
Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle
Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching,
Germany
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Surface phase separation, dewetting feature size, and crystal morphology in thin films of polystyrene/poly(ε-caprolactone) blend. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 387:262-9. [PMID: 22964091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thin films of polystyrene (PS)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) blends were prepared by spin-coating and characterized by tapping mode force microscopy (AFM). Effects of the relative concentration of PS in polymer solution on the surface phase separation and dewetting feature size of the blend films were systematically studied. Due to the coupling of phase separation, dewetting, and crystallization of the blend films with the evaporation of solvent during spin-coating, different size of PS islands decorated with various PCL crystal structures including spherulite-like, flat-on individual lamellae, and flat-on dendritic crystal were obtained in the blend films by changing the film composition. The average distance of PS islands was shown to increase with the relative concentration of PS in casting solution. For a given ratio of PS/PCL, the feature size of PS appeared to increase linearly with the square of PS concentration while the PCL concentration only determined the crystal morphology of the blend films with no influence on the upper PS domain features. This is explained in terms of vertical phase separation and spinodal dewetting of the PS rich layer from the underlying PCL rich layer, leading to the upper PS dewetting process and the underlying PCL crystalline process to be mutually independent.
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13
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Ruderer MA, Meier R, Porcar L, Cubitt R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Phase Separation and Molecular Intermixing in Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Thin Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:683-688. [PMID: 26286273 DOI: 10.1021/jz300039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The phase separation and molecular intermixing in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction thin films are investigated as a function of the overall PCBM content. The structural length scales, phase sizes, and molecular miscibility ratio in bulk heterojunction films are probed with grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS). The PCBM content is varied between 9 and 67 wt %. For the symmetric P3HT/PCBM ratio, which is typically highly efficient in photovoltaic devices, a structure size of 20 nm, the largest PCBM phases, and 18 vol % dispersed PCBM in the amorphous P3HT phase are found. The molecularly dispersed PCBM content is found to increase with the overall PCBM content. Absorption measurements complement the GISANS investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias A Ruderer
- †Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Meier
- †Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lionel Porcar
- ‡Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), 6 Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Robert Cubitt
- ‡Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), 6 Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- †Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Lin Y, Shangguan Y, Zuo M, Harkin-Jones E, Zheng Q. Effects of molecular entanglement on molecular dynamics and phase-separation kinetics of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) blends. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Liou JY, Sun YS. Monolayers of Diblock Copolymer Micelles by Spin-Coating from o-Xylene on SiOx/Si Studied in Real and Reciprocal Space. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2025946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-You Liou
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sen Sun
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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Meier R, Chiang HY, Ruderer MA, Guo S, Körstgens V, Perlich J, Müller-Buschbaum P. In situ
film characterization of thermally treated microstructured conducting polymer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Meier R, Birkenstock C, Palumbiny CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Efficiency-improved organic solar cells based on plasticizer assisted soft embossed PEDOT:PSS layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15088-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42918g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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