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Ghosh A, Conradie J. Theoretical Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Metal-Metal Quintuple Bonds: Relativity-Driven Reordering of Frontier Orbitals. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:301-305. [PMID: 38855336 PMCID: PMC11157506 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.4c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A recent reinvestigation of the gas-phase photoelectron spectra of Group 6 metal-metal quadruple-bonded complexes with scalar-relativistic DFT calculations showed that common exchange-correlation functionals reproduce the lowest ionization potentials in a semiquantitative manner. The finding encouraged us to undertake a DFT study of metal-metal quintuple bonds in a set of bisamidinato complexes with the formula MI 2[HC(NR)2]2 (M = Cr, Mo, W; R = H, Ph, 2,6-iPr2C6H3) and idealized D 2h symmetry. Scalar-relativistic OLYP/STO-TZ2P calculations indicated significant shifts in valence orbital energies among the three metals, which translate to lower first ionization potentials, higher electron affinities, and lower HOMO-LUMO gaps for the W complexes relative to their Cr and Mo counterparts. These differences are largely attributable to substantially larger relativistic effects in the case of tungsten relative to those of its lighter congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT − The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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2
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Structure-property relationships of photofunctional diiridium(II) complexes with tetracationic charge and an unsupported Ir-Ir bond. Commun Chem 2022; 5:159. [PMID: 36698025 PMCID: PMC9814866 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the extensively studied dirhodium(II) complexes and iridium(III) complexes, neutral or dicationic dinuclear iridium(II) complexes with an unsupported ligand are underdeveloped. Here, a series of tetracationic dinuclear iridium(II) complexes, featuring the unsupported Ir(II)-Ir(II) single bond with long bond distances (2.8942(4)-2.9731(4) Å), are synthesized and structurally characterized. Interestingly, compared to the previous unsupported neutral or dicationic diiridium(II) complexes, our DFT and high-level DLPNO-CCSD(T) results found the largest binding energy in these tetracationic complexes even with the long Ir(II)-Ir(II) bond. Our study further reveals that London dispersion interactions enhance the stability cooperatively and significantly to overcome the strong electrostatic repulsion between two half dicationic metal fragments. This class of complexes also exhibit photoluminescence in solution and solid states, which, to our knowledge, represents the first example of this unsupported dinuclear iridium(II) system. In addition, their photoreactivity involving the generation of iridium(II) radical monomer from homolytic cleavage was also explored. The experimental results of photophysical and photochemical behaviours were also correlated with computational studies.
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3
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Lamb JR, Brown CM, Johnson JA. N-Heterocyclic carbene-carbodiimide (NHC-CDI) betaine adducts: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2699-2715. [PMID: 34164037 PMCID: PMC8179359 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06465c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are an important class of reactive organic molecules used as ligands, organocatalysts, and σ-donors in a variety of electroneutral ylide or betaine adducts with main-group compounds. An emerging class of betaine adducts made from the reaction of NHCs with carbodiimides (CDIs) form zwitterionic amidinate-like structures with tunable properties based on the highly modular NHC and CDI scaffolds. The adduct stability is controlled by the substituents on the CDI nitrogens, while the NHC substituents greatly affect the configuration of the adduct in the solid state. This Perspective is intended as a primer to these adducts, touching on their history, synthesis, characterization, and general properties. Despite the infancy of the field, NHC-CDI adducts have been applied as amidinate-type ligands for transition metals and nanoparticles, as junctions in zwitterionic polymers, and to stabilize distonic radical cations. These applications and potential future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
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4
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Levi E, Aurbach D, Gatti C. Metal-Metal Bond in the Light of Pauling's Rules. Molecules 2021; 26:E304. [PMID: 33435625 PMCID: PMC7827070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
About 70 years ago, in the framework of his theory of chemical bonding, Pauling proposed an empirical correlation between the bond valences (or effective bond orders (BOs)) and the bond lengths. Till now, this simple correlation, basic in the bond valence model (BVM), is widely used in crystal chemistry, but it was considered irrelevant for metal-metal bonds. An extensive analysis of the quantum chemistry data computed in the last years confirms very well the validity of Pauling's correlation for both localized and delocalized interactions. This paper briefly summarizes advances in the application of the BVM for compounds with TM-TM bonds (TM = transition metal) and provides further convincing examples. In particular, the BVM model allows for very simple but precise calculations of the effective BOs of the TM-TM interactions. Based on the comparison between formal and effective BOs, we can easily describe steric and electrostatic effects. A possible influence of these effects on materials stability is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Levi
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Carlo Gatti
- CNR-SCITEC Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, sezione di via Golgi, via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, via Brera 28, I-20121 Milano, Italy
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5
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Bhaskararao B, Singh S, Anand M, Verma P, Prakash P, C A, Malakar S, Schaefer HF, Sunoj RB. Is silver a mere terminal oxidant in palladium catalyzed C-H bond activation reactions? Chem Sci 2020; 11:208-216. [PMID: 32110372 PMCID: PMC7012060 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04540f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the contemporary practice of palladium catalysis, a molecular understanding of the role of vital additives used in such reactions continues to remain rather vague. Herein, we disclose an intriguing and a potentially general role for one of the most commonly used silver salt additives, discovered through rigorous computational investigations on four diverse Pd-catalyzed C-H bond activation reactions involving sp2 aryl C-H bonds. The catalytic pathways of different reactions such as phosphorylation, arylation, alkynylation, and oxidative cycloaddition are analyzed, with and without the explicit inclusion of the silver additive in the respective transition states and intermediates. Our results indicate that the pivotal role of silver salts is likely to manifest in the form of a Pd-Ag heterobimetallic species that facilitates intermetallic electronic communication. The Pd-Ag interaction is found to provide a consistently lower energetic span as compared to an analogous pathway devoid of such interaction. Identification of a lower energy pathway as well as enhanced catalytic efficiency due to Pd-Ag interaction could have broad practical implications in the mechanism of transition metal catalysis and the current perceptions on the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangaru Bhaskararao
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Sukriti Singh
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Megha Anand
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602 , USA .
| | - Pritha Verma
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Prafull Prakash
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Athira C
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Santanu Malakar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , GA 30602 , USA .
| | - Raghavan B Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
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6
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Alkorta I, Elguero J. Theoretical studies of conformational analysis and intramolecular dynamic phenomena. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Nakagaki M, Nakatani N, Sakaki S. How to understand very weak Cr-Cr double bonds and negative spin populations in trinuclear Cr complexes: theoretical insight. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22976-22989. [PMID: 31599298 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear Cr(ii) complex [Cr3(dpa)4Cl2] 1 (Hdpa = dipyridylamine) has two Cr-Cr double bonds linked with each other. DMRG-CASPT2 calculations reproduced its symmetrical structure. The Cr-Cr effective bond order (EBO) was evaluated to be only 0.59 based on the density matrix based on localized orbitals from DMRG-CASSCF orbitals. The CASCI calculations showed a significantly large α-spin population on the terminal Cr atoms as expected but a significantly large β-spin population on the central Cr atom against expectations. The very small EBO and the presence of a large β-spin population are not consistent with the simple understanding that 1 has two Cr-Cr double bonds and a quintet ground state, which requests correct understanding of 1 from the viewpoint of chemical bond theory. Comparison of 1 with the allene molecule and allyl radical disclosed that the linked Cr-Cr bonds of 1 resembled the C-C bond of the allyl radical but completely differed from the linked C-C double bonds of allene despite the similar molecular structure. Its N3 analogue [Cr3(dpa)4(N3)2] 2 has non-symmetrical structure with shorter Cr1-Cr2 and longer Cr2-Cr3 bonds unlike 1, indicating that 2 is a valence tautomer of 1. DMRG-CASPT2 could reproduce its non-symmetrical structure but DFT/B3PW91 could not. In 2, the EBO is 0.95 for the shorter Cr1-Cr2 bond and 0.47 for the longer Cr2-Cr3 one. The terminal Cr3 has a very large α spin population, and the other terminal Cr1 has a somewhat large α spin population, but the central Cr2 has a considerably large β spin population. These results indicate that the Cr1-Cr2 bond conjugates with the Cr2-Cr3 bond, which is inconsistent with the simple understanding that 2 has a quadruple bond between Cr1 and Cr2 and no bond between Cr2 and Cr3. The symmetrical structure has a stronger Cr-X coordinate bond (X = Cl or N3) but less stable Cr3 core than does the non-symmetrical one. The relative stabilities of the symmetrical and the non-symmetrical structures are determined by the balance between stabilization energies from the Cr3 core and the Cr-X coordinate bond. All these findings show that electronic structures and Cr-Cr bonds of 1 and 2 are interesting from the viewpoint of molecular science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakagaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
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8
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Huang GT, Yu JSK. Analyses on Molecular Properties of the Diamidinate Cr I-Cr I Complex by Multireference and DFT Approaches. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7803-7813. [PMID: 31424207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The model system of the diamidinate CrI-CrI complex is investigated by wave function theory (WFT) and Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT). The multireference perturbation theory (RASPT2) estimates a stabilization energy of ca. 20 kcal mol-1 for the δ bonding. The multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) with the ftPBE functional well predicts the singlet energy curve comparable to the RASPT2 level. For the KS-DFT scheme based on a single determinant, seven functionals including BP86, BLYP, PBE, B3LYP, M06-L, M06, and ωB97X-D are assessed: two types of functionals are classified according to the nature of the restricted and broken symmetry potential energy curves. The broken symmetry scheme with the type I functionals can give good results for the energy curve in agreement with the multireference calculations. In regard to the metal-metal bonding, the restricted KS-DFT calculations performed by all of the seven functionals yield inferior description due to the lack of significant multiconfigurational character. The Mayer bond order, the electron localization function, and electron density predicted by the broken symmetry formalism with the type II functionals are consistent with those obtained with the multireference theory.
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9
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Yen C, Lin Y, Hsueh H, Shieh Y, Wu P, Kuo T, Tsai Y. Chromium to chromium quintuple bonds in a trigonal lantern configuration. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Hsu Yen
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Deng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Hsiang‐Wen Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yun‐Jen Shieh
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Fang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Ting‐Shen Kuo
- Department of ChemistryNational Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of MattersNational Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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10
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Moore JT, Chatterjee S, Tarrago M, Clouston LJ, Sproules S, Bill E, Bernales V, Gagliardi L, Ye S, Lancaster KM, Lu CC. Enhanced Fe-Centered Redox Flexibility in Fe-Ti Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6199-6214. [PMID: 30957996 PMCID: PMC6727590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Previously, we reported the synthesis
of Ti[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3] and
the Fe–Ti complex, FeTi[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3], abbreviated as TiL (1), and FeTiL
(2), respectively. Herein, we describe the synthesis
and characterization of the complete redox families of the monometallic
Ti and Fe–Ti compounds. Cyclic voltammetry studies on FeTiL
reveal both reduction and oxidation processes at −2.16 and
−1.36 V (versus Fc/Fc+), respectively. Two isostructural
redox members, [FeTiL]+ and [FeTiL]− (2ox and 2red, respectively)
were synthesized and characterized, along with BrFeTiL (2-Br) and the monometallic [TiL]+ complex (1ox). The solid-state structures of the [FeTiL]+/0/– series feature short metal–metal bonds, ranging from 1.94–2.38
Å, which are all shorter than the sum of the Ti and Fe single-bond
metallic radii (cf. 2.49 Å). To elucidate the bonding and electronic
structures, the complexes were characterized with a host of spectroscopic
methods, including NMR, EPR, and 57Fe Mössbauer,
as well as Ti and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). These
studies, along with hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent
DFT calculations, suggest that the redox processes in the isostructural
[FeTiL]+,0,– series are primarily Fe-based and that
the polarized Fe–Ti π-bonds play a role in delocalizing
some of the additional electron density from Fe to Ti (net 13%). An isostructural redox series of Fe≡Ti complexes was investigated
using a combination of spectroscopic methods and density functional
theory to elucidate their electronic structures and to understand
their polarized metal−metal bonding. Overall, the results support
that the redox changes occur primarily at the Fe site though some
electron density is delocalized to Ti. Hence, the Ti plays an important
role in enhancing the redox flexibility of the single Fe site.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Moore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Maxime Tarrago
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Laura J Clouston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstraße 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Varinia Bernales
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Connie C Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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11
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Removal of Ni(II) from fuel ethanol by PAMAM dendrimers/silica hybrid materials: Combined experimental and theoretical study. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Spivak M, López X, de Graaf C. Trends in the Bond Multiplicity of Cr2, Cr3, and Cr2M (M = Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn) Complexes Extracted from Multiconfigurational Wave Functions. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1538-1547. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b10124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Spivak
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xavier López
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Zhao TT, Zhao XF, Bian JH, Tong WY, Jin B, Wang X, Yuan C, Wu YB. Computational design of species with ultrashort Be–Be distances using planar hexacoordinate carbon structures as the templates. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:6581-6587. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00630c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Replacing the planar hexacoordinate carbon in CX3M3+ species with the Be2 moiety leads to isoelectronic species with ultrashort Be–Be distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Jian-Hong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Wen-Yan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Bo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Xiaotai Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado Denver
- Denver
- USA
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- China
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14
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Tong WY, Zhao TT, Zhao XF, Wang X, Wu YB, Yuan C. Neutral nano-polygons with ultrashort Be–Be distances. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15802-15809. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03322j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations revealed that neutral polygons (E-Be2H3)n are the viable targets for realizing ultrashort metal–metal distances between main group metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Tao-Tao Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotai Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- People's Republic of China
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15
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Duncan Lyngdoh RH, Schaefer HF, King RB. Metal-Metal (MM) Bond Distances and Bond Orders in Binuclear Metal Complexes of the First Row Transition Metals Titanium Through Zinc. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11626-11706. [PMID: 30543419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This survey of metal-metal (MM) bond distances in binuclear complexes of the first row 3d-block elements reviews experimental and computational research on a wide range of such systems. The metals surveyed are titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc, representing the only comprehensive presentation of such results to date. Factors impacting MM bond lengths that are discussed here include (a) the formal MM bond order, (b) size of the metal ion present in the bimetallic core (M2) n+, (c) the metal oxidation state, (d) effects of ligand basicity, coordination mode and number, and (e) steric effects of bulky ligands. Correlations between experimental and computational findings are examined wherever possible, often yielding good agreement for MM bond lengths. The formal bond order provides a key basis for assessing experimental and computationally derived MM bond lengths. The effects of change in the metal upon MM bond length ranges in binuclear complexes suggest trends for single, double, triple, and quadruple MM bonds which are related to the available information on metal atomic radii. It emerges that while specific factors for a limited range of complexes are found to have their expected impact in many cases, the assessment of the net effect of these factors is challenging. The combination of experimental and computational results leads us to propose for the first time the ranges and "best" estimates for MM bond distances of all types (Ti-Ti through Zn-Zn, single through quintuple).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - R Bruce King
- Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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16
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Genoni A, Bučinský L, Claiser N, Contreras-García J, Dittrich B, Dominiak PM, Espinosa E, Gatti C, Giannozzi P, Gillet JM, Jayatilaka D, Macchi P, Madsen AØ, Massa L, Matta CF, Merz KM, Nakashima PNH, Ott H, Ryde U, Schwarz K, Sierka M, Grabowsky S. Quantum Crystallography: Current Developments and Future Perspectives. Chemistry 2018; 24:10881-10905. [PMID: 29488652 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Crystallography and quantum mechanics have always been tightly connected because reliable quantum mechanical models are needed to determine crystal structures. Due to this natural synergy, nowadays accurate distributions of electrons in space can be obtained from diffraction and scattering experiments. In the original definition of quantum crystallography (QCr) given by Massa, Karle and Huang, direct extraction of wavefunctions or density matrices from measured intensities of reflections or, conversely, ad hoc quantum mechanical calculations to enhance the accuracy of the crystallographic refinement are implicated. Nevertheless, many other active and emerging research areas involving quantum mechanics and scattering experiments are not covered by the original definition although they enable to observe and explain quantum phenomena as accurately and successfully as the original strategies. Therefore, we give an overview over current research that is related to a broader notion of QCr, and discuss options how QCr can evolve to become a complete and independent domain of natural sciences. The goal of this paper is to initiate discussions around QCr, but not to find a final definition of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Genoni
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire LPCT, 1 Boulevard Arago, F-57078, Metz, France
| | - Lukas Bučinský
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology, FCHPT SUT, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nicolas Claiser
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire CRM2, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julia Contreras-García
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Anorganische und Strukturchemie II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paulina M Dominiak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Enrique Espinosa
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire CRM2, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Carlo Gatti
- CNR-ISTM Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, Milano, I-20133, Italy.,Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere, via Brera 28, 20121, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Giannozzi
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, I-33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Gillet
- Structure, Properties and Modeling of Solids Laboratory, CentraleSupelec, Paris-Saclay University, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dylan Jayatilaka
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Piero Macchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anders Ø Madsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lou Massa
- Hunter College & the Ph.D. Program of the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Chérif F Matta
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada.,Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kenneth M Merz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA.,Institute for Cyber Enabled Research, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, Room 1440, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Philip N H Nakashima
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Holger Ott
- Bruker AXS GmbH, Östliche Rheinbrückenstraße 49, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karlheinz Schwarz
- Technische Universität Wien, Institut für Materialwissenschaften, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marek Sierka
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Str. 3, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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17
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Zhao XF, Yuan C, Li SD, Wu YB, Wang X. Simulating the effect of a triple bond to achieve the shortest main group metal–metal distance in diberyllium complexes: a computational study. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14462-14467. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[Ne → Be2H3 ← Ne]+ represents the first global energy minimum having a main group metal–metal distance under 1.700 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Dian Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage of Shanxi Province
- Institute of Molecular Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotai Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Colorado Denver
- Denver
- USA
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18
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Tsipis AC. RETRACTED: DFT challenge of intermetallic interactions: From metallophilicity and metallaromaticity to sextuple bonding. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Chuang YC, Sheu CF, Lee GH, Chen YS, Wang Y. Charge density studies of 3d metal (Ni/Cu) complexes with a non-innocent ligand. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2017; 73:634-642. [PMID: 28762973 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520617007119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution X-ray diffraction experiments and atom-specific X-ray absorption experiments are applied to investigate a series of square planar complexes with the non-innocent ligand of maleonitriledithiolate (mnt), [S2C2(CN)2]z-, containing M-S bonds. Four complexes of (PyH)z[M(mnt)2]z-, where M = Ni or Cu, z = 2 or 1 and PyH+ = C5NH6+, were studied in order to clarify whether such one-electron oxidation-reduction, [M(mnt)2]2-/[M(mnt)2]1-, is taking place at the metal or the ligand site. Combining the techniques of metal K-, L-edge and S K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with high-resolution X-ray charge density studies, it is unambiguously demonstrated that the electron redox reaction is ligand based and metal based for Ni and Cu pairs, respectively. The bonding characters in terms of topological properties associated with the bond critical points are compared between the oxidized form [ML]- and the reduced form [ML]2-. In the case of Ni complexes, the formal oxidation state of Ni remains as Ni2+ and each mnt ligand carries a 2- charge in [Ni(mnt)2]2-, but only one of the ligands is formally oxidized in [Ni(mnt)2]1-. In contrast, in the case of Cu complexes, the mnt remains as 2- in both complexes, but the formal oxidation states of the metal are Cu2+ and Cu3+. Bond characterizations and d-orbital populations will be presented. The complementary results of XAS, XRD and DFT calculations will be discussed. The conclusion on the redox reactions in these complexes can be firmly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chun Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chou Fu Sheu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Gene Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS Beamline, The University of Chicago, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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20
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Mokhtarzadeh CC, Carpenter AE, Spence DP, Melaimi M, Agnew DW, Weidemann N, Moore CE, Rheingold AL, Figueroa JS. Geometric and Electronic Structure Analysis of the Three-Membered Electron-Transfer Series [(μ-CNR)2[CpCo]2]n (n = 0, 1–, 2−) and Its Relevance to the Classical Bridging-Carbonyl System. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles C. Mokhtarzadeh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Alex E. Carpenter
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Daniel P. Spence
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
- UCSD-CNRS
Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Douglas W. Agnew
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Nils Weidemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Joshua S. Figueroa
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
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21
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Chen Y, Sakaki S. Mo-Mo Quintuple Bond is Highly Reactive in H-H, C-H, and O-H σ-Bond Cleavages Because of the Polarized Electronic Structure in Transition State. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4011-4020. [PMID: 28290678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recently reported high reactivity of the Mo-Mo quintuple bond of Mo2(N∧N)2 (1) {N∧N = μ-κ2-CH[N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2} in the H-H σ-bond cleavage was investigated. DFT calculations disclosed that the H-H σ-bond cleavage by 1 occurs with nearly no barrier to afford the cis-dihydride species followed by cis-trans isomerization to form the trans-dihydride product, which is consistent with the experimental result. The O-H and C-H bond cleavages by 1 were computationally predicted to occur with moderate (ΔG°⧧ = 9.0 kcal/mol) and acceptable activation energies (ΔG°⧧ = 22.5 kcal/mol), respectively, suggesting that the Mo-Mo quintuple bond can be applied to various σ-bond cleavages. In these σ-bond cleavage reactions, the charge-transfer (CTMo→XH) from the Mo-Mo quintuple bond to the X-H (X = H, C, or O) bond and that (CTXH→Mo) from the X-H bond to the Mo-Mo bond play crucial roles. Though the HOMO (dδ-MO) of 1 is at lower energy and the LUMO + 2 (dδ*-MO) of 1 is at higher energy than those of RhCl(PMe3)2 (LUMO and LUMO + 1 of 1 are not frontier MO), the H-H σ-bond cleavage by 1 more easily occurs than that by the Rh complex. Hence, the frontier MO energies are not the reason for the high reactivity of 1. The high reactivity of 1 arises from the polarization of dδ-type MOs of the Mo-Mo quintuple bond in the transition state. Such a polarized electronic structure enhances the bonding overlap between the dδ-MO of the Mo-Mo bond and the σ*-antibonding MO of the X-H bond to facilitate the CTMo→XH and reduce the exchange repulsion between the Mo-Mo bond and the X-H bond. This polarized electronic structure of the transition state is similar to that of a frustrated Lewis pair. The easy polarization of the dδ-type MOs is one of the advantages of the metal-metal multiple bond, because such polarization is impossible in the mononuclear metal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University , Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Sakaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University , Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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22
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Spivak M, Arcisauskaite V, López X, McGrady JE, de Graaf C. A multiconfigurational approach to the electronic structure of trichromium extended metal atom chains. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:6202-6211. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01096f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory, Complete Active Space Self-Consistent Field (CASSCF) and perturbation theory (CASPT2) methodologies have been used to explore the electronic structure of a series of trichromium Extended Metal Atom Chains (EMACS) with different capping ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Spivak
- Departament de Quimica Fisica i Inorgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- E-43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - V. Arcisauskaite
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
| | - X. López
- Departament de Quimica Fisica i Inorgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- E-43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - J. E. McGrady
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
| | - C. de Graaf
- Departament de Quimica Fisica i Inorgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- E-43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- ICREA
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23
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Singh V, Dixit M, Kosa M, Major DT, Levi E, Aurbach D. Is it True That the Normal Valence-Length Correlation Is Irrelevant for Metal-Metal Bonds? Chemistry 2016; 22:5269-76. [PMID: 26929001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The most intriguing feature of metal-metal bonds in inorganic compounds is an apparent lack of correlation between the bond order and the bond length. In this study, we combine a variety of literature data obtained by quantum chemistry and our results based on the empirical bond valence model (BVM), to confirm for the first time the existence of a normal exponential correlation between the effective bond order (EBO) and the length of the metal-metal bonds. The difference between the EBO and the formal bond order is attributed to steric conflict between the (TM)n cluster (TM=transition metal) and its environment. This conflict, affected mainly by structural type, should cause high lattice strains, but electron redistribution around TM atoms, evident from the BVM calculations, results in a full or partial strain relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry and, the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemistry and, the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Monica Kosa
- Department of Chemistry and, the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Dan Thomas Major
- Department of Chemistry and, the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Elena Levi
- Department of Chemistry and, the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry and, the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
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24
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A topological analysis of the bonding in [M2(CO)10] and [M3(μ-H)3(CO)12] complexes (M = Mn, Tc, Re). Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Falceto A, Theopold KH, Alvarez S. Cr-Cr Quintuple Bonds: Ligand Topology and Interplay Between Metal-Metal and Metal-Ligand Bonding. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10966-77. [PMID: 26502158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromium-chromium quintuple bonds seem to be approaching the lower limit for their bond distances, and this computational density functional theory study tries to explore the geometrical and electronic factors that determine that distance and to find ways to fine-tune it via the ligand choice. While for monodentate ligands the Cr-Cr distance is predicted to shorten as the Cr-Cr-L bond angle increases, with bridging bidentate ligands the trend is the opposite, since those ligands with a larger number of spacers between the donor atoms favor larger bond angles and longer bond distances. Compared to Cr-Cr quadruple bonds, the quintuple bonding in Cr2L2 compounds (with L a bridging bidentate N-donor ligand) involves a sophisticated mechanism that comprises a positive pyramidality effect for the σ and one π bond, but a negative effect for one of the δ bonds. Moreover, the shorter Cr-Cr distances produce a mismatch of the bridging ligand lone pairs and the metal acceptor orbitals, which results in a negative correlation of the Cr-Cr and Cr-N bond distances in both experimental and calculated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Falceto
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus H Theopold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Catalytic Science and Technology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona , Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Eisenhart RJ, Rudd PA, Planas N, Boyce DW, Carlson RK, Tolman WB, Bill E, Gagliardi L, Lu CC. Pushing the Limits of Delta Bonding in Metal-Chromium Complexes with Redox Changes and Metal Swapping. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7579-92. [PMID: 26168331 PMCID: PMC5960016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Into the metalloligand Cr[N(o-(NCH2P((i)Pr)2)C6H4)3] (1, CrL) was inserted a second chromium atom to generate the dichromium complex Cr2L (2), which is a homobimetallic analogue of the known MCrL complexes, where M is manganese (3) or iron (4). The cationic and anionic counterparts, [MCrL](+) and [MCrL](-), respectively, were targeted, and each MCr pair was isolated in at least one other redox state. The solid-state structures of the [MCrL](+,0,-) redox members are essentially the same, with ultrashort metal-metal bonds between 1.96 and 1.74 Å. The formal shortness ratios (r) of these interactions are between 0.84 and 0.74 and are interpreted as triple to quintuple metal-metal bonds with the aid of theory. The trio of (d-d)(10) species [Cr2L](-) (2(red)), MnCrL (3), and [FeCrL](+) (4(ox)) are S = 0 diamagnets. On the basis of M-Cr bond distances and theoretical calculations, the strength of the metal-metal bond across the (d-d)(10) series increases in the order Fe < Mn < Cr. The methylene protons in the ligand are shifted downfield in the (1)H NMR spectra, and the diamagnetic anisotropy of the metal-metal bond was calculated as -3500 × 10(-36), -3900 × 10(-36), and -5800 × 10(-36) m(3) molecule(-1) for 2(red), 3, and 4(ox) respectively. The magnitude of diamagnetic anisotropy is, thus, affected more by bond polarity than by bond order. A comparative vis-NIR study of quintuply bonded 2(red) and 3 revealed a large red shift in the δ(4) → δ(3)δ* transition energy upon swapping from the (Cr2)(2+) to the (MnCr)(3+) core. Complex 2(red) was further investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy, and a band at 434 cm(-1) was assigned as the Cr-Cr bond vibration. Finally, 4(ox) exhibited a Mössbauer doublet with an isomer shift of 0.18 mm/s that suggests a primarily Fe-based oxidation to Fe(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed J. Eisenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - P. Alex Rudd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nora Planas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David W. Boyce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William B. Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion (MPI-CEC), Stiftstraße 34–36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Supercomputing Institute and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Connie C. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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27
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Wu LC, Lee GH. Experimental and Theoretical Charge Density Study on Di-2-pyrazylamine (Hdpza) Molecule in Crystal. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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28
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29
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Structure and bonding in trimetallic arrays containing a Cr–Cr quadruple bond: A challenge to density functional theory. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Wu LC, Chung WC, Wang CC, Lee GH, Lu SI, Wang Y. A charge density study of π-delocalization and intermolecular interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14177-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01575h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The location of bond critical points (red dots) and its associated bond path (black line) provide the evidence on the existence of the weak intermolecular interactions of the π–π interactions between triazole rings of atrz molecules in crystal with the close ring distance of 3.17 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.-C. Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - W.-C. Chung
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - C.-C. Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Soochow University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - G.-H. Lee
- Instrumentation Center
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - S.-I. Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- Soochow University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Y. Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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31
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Noor A, Sobgwi Tamne E, Oelkers B, Bauer T, Demeshko S, Meyer F, Heinemann FW, Kempe R. From chromium-chromium quintuple bonds to molecular squares and porous coordination polymers. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12283-8. [PMID: 25384210 DOI: 10.1021/ic501400n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of the quintuply bonded chromium(I) dimer [ApCrCrAp] (Ap = sterically demanding 2-aminopyridinate) with pyrazine yields a chromium(II) complex with a η(4):η(4) face-on coordinated pyrazine dianion. Reaction with 4,4'-bipyridine, on the other hand, completely cleaves the metal-metal bond, leading to a chromium(II)-based molecular square. XRD and magnetic measurements show ligand radical anions and a ferrimagnetic alignment of alternating metal and ligand magnetic moments. Controlled polymerization of the molecular square with pyrazine yields a porous coordination polymer featuring both reduced and nonreduced linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awal Noor
- Lehrstuhl Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Wu LC, Thomsen MK, Madsen SR, Schmoekel M, Jørgensen MRV, Cheng MC, Peng SM, Chen YS, Overgaard J, Iversen BB. Chemical Bonding in a Linear Chromium Metal String Complex. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12489-98. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501603x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Chin Wu
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Maja K. Thomsen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Solveig R. Madsen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Mette Schmoekel
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Mads R. V. Jørgensen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | | | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS Beamline, Advanced Photon Source, The University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
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33
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Alzamly A, Gorelsky SI, Gambarotta S, Korobkov I, Le Roy J, Murugesu M. Chromium–Chromium Interaction in a Binuclear Mixed-Valent CrI–CrII Complex. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11492-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501404v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alzamly
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Serge I. Gorelsky
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sandro Gambarotta
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ilia Korobkov
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jennifer Le Roy
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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34
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Alzamly A, Gambarotta S, Korobkov I, Murugesu M, Le Roy JJH, Budzelaar PHM. Isolation of a hexanuclear chromium cluster with a tetrahedral hydridic core and its catalytic behavior for ethylene oligomerization. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:6073-81. [PMID: 24874446 DOI: 10.1021/ic500445b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A chromium complex [2-(NHCH2PPh2)C5H4N]CrCl3·THF2 (1) of the ligand PyNHCH2PPh2 has been synthesized, characterized, and examined for its catalytic behavior toward ethylene oligomerization. When complex 1 was treated with (i-Bu)3Al, an unprecedented divalent polyhydride chromium cluster μ,κ(1),κ(2),κ(3)-N,N,P-{[2-(NCH2PPh2)C5H4N]Cr(μ-H)}4[(μ-Cl)Cr(μ-Cl)Al(i-Bu)2Cl]2 (2) was obtained. The complex contains a Cr4H4 core, which is expected to be diamagnetic, and which remains coordinated to two additional divalent high-spin Cr atoms via bridging interactions. Two aluminate residues remain bonded to the peripheral chromium atoms. The structure, magnetism, and electronic configuration are herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alzamly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa , 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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35
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Nair AK, Harisomayajula NVS, Tsai YC. Theory, synthesis and reactivity of quintuple bonded complexes. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:5618-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent achievements in the area of metal–metal quintuple bonding are highlighted, including synthesis of quintuple bonded complexes, metal-to-metal bonding schemes, and their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anokh K. Nair
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - N. V. Satyachand Harisomayajula
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chou Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Centre on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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36
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Chen Y, Sakaki S. The important role of the Mo–Mo quintuple bond in catalytic synthesis of benzene from alkynes. A theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:11478-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of catalytic synthesis of benzene from alkynes by the Mo–Mo quintuple bond and the electronic structure and bonding nature of dimetallacyclobutadiene and dimetallabenzyne were studied theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
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37
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Wang Y. Charge Density Analysis and Bond Characterization of 3d-Transition Metal Complexes. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Wu LC, Weng TC, Hsu IJ, Liu YH, Lee GH, Lee JF, Wang Y. Chemical Bond Characterization of a Mixed-Valence Tri-Cobalt Complex, Co3(μ-admtrz)4(μ-OH)2(CN)6·2H2O. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11023-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401147b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - I-Jui Hsu
- Department
of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Fu, Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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39
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Sun Z, Schaefer HF, Xie Y, Liu Y, Zhong R. Does the metal–metal sextuple bond exist in the bimetallic sandwich compounds Cr2(C6H6)2, Mo2(C6H6)2, and W2(C6H6)2?†. Mol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.798434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Ndambuki S, Ziegler T. A Theoretical Analysis of Supported Quintuple and Quadruple Chromium–Chromium Bonds. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:3860-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302569c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Ndambuki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary,
Alberta Canada, T2N1N4
| | - Tom Ziegler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary,
Alberta Canada, T2N1N4
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41
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Carrasco M, Curado N, Maya C, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, Ruiz E, Alvarez S, Carmona E. Interconversion of Quadruply and Quintuply Bonded Molybdenum Complexes by Reductive Elimination and Oxidative Addition of Dihydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3227-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Carrasco M, Curado N, Maya C, Peloso R, Rodríguez A, Ruiz E, Alvarez S, Carmona E. Interconversion of Quadruply and Quintuply Bonded Molybdenum Complexes by Reductive Elimination and Oxidative Addition of Dihydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Wu PF, Liu SC, Shieh YJ, Kuo TS, Lee GH, Wang Y, Tsai YC. Divergent reactivity of nitric oxide with metal–metal quintuple bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4391-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc37118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Skelton AA, Fried JR. The insertion of gas molecules into polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cages: understanding the energy of insertion using quantum chemical calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:4341-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp43738h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Chen HZ, Liu SC, Yen CH, Yu JSK, Shieh YJ, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Reactions of Metal-Metal Quintuple Bonds with Alkynes: [2+2+2] and [2+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10342-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Chen HZ, Liu SC, Yen CH, Yu JSK, Shieh YJ, Kuo TS, Tsai YC. Reactions of Metal-Metal Quintuple Bonds with Alkynes: [2+2+2] and [2+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Chopra D. Advances in understanding of chemical bonding: inputs from experimental and theoretical charge density analysis. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9791-801. [PMID: 22928665 DOI: 10.1021/jp306169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of charge density analysis has undergone a major renaissance in the last two decades. In recent years, the characterization of bonding features associated with atoms in molecules and in crystals has been explored using high-resolution X-ray diffraction data (laboratory or synchrotron) complemented by high level ab initio theoretical calculations. The extraction of one electron topological properties, namely, electrostatic charges, dipole moment and higher moments, electrostatic potential, electric field gradients, in addition to evaluation of the local kinetic and potential energy densities, have contributed toward an understanding of the electron density distributions in molecular solids. New topological descriptors, namely, the source function (SF) and electron localization function (ELF) provide additional information as regards characterization of the topology of the electron density. In addition, delocalization indices have also been developed to account for bonding features pertinent to M-M bonds. The evaluation of these properties have contributed significantly toward the understanding of intra- and intermolecular bonding features in organic, inorganic, and biomolecules in the crystalline phase, with concomitant applications in the understanding of chemical reactivity and material/biological properties. In recent years, the focus has strongly shifted toward the understanding of structure-property relationships in organometallic complexes containing labile M-C bonds in the crystal structure with subsequent implications in catalysis. This perspective aims to highlight the major developments in electron density measurements in the past few years and provides pointers directed toward the potential use of this technique in future applications for an improved understanding of chemical bonding in systems that have been unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462023, India.
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49
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Ndambuki S, Ziegler T. Analysis of the Putative Cr–Cr Quintuple Bond in Ar′CrCrAr′ (Ar′ = C6H3-2,6(C6H3-2,6-Pri2)2 Based on the Combined Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence and Extended Transition State Method. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:7794-800. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300824u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Ndambuki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N1N4
| | - Tom Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N1N4
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50
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Huang YL, Lu DY, Yu HC, Yu JSK, Hsu CW, Kuo TS, Lee GH, Wang Y, Tsai YC. Stepwise Construction of the CrCr Quintuple Bond and Its Destruction upon Axial Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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