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Mohammed FA, Xiao T, Wang L, Elmes RBP. Macrocyclic receptors for anion recognition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39323234 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Macrocyclic receptors have emerged as versatile and efficient molecular tools for the recognition and sensing of anions, playing a pivotal role in molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry. The following review provides an overview of the recent advances in the design, synthesis, and applications of macrocyclic receptors specifically tailored for anion recognition. The unique structural features of macrocycles, such as their well-defined structures and pre-organised binding sites, contribute to their exceptional anion-binding capabilities that have led to their application across a broad range of the chemical and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ali Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co, Kildare, Ireland.
- SSPC - the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tangxin Xiao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Leyong Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Robert B P Elmes
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co, Kildare, Ireland.
- SSPC - the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Co. Kildare, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
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2
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Abstract
Large water-soluble anions with chaotropic character display surprisingly strong supramolecular interactions in water, for example, with macrocyclic receptors, polymers, biomembranes, and other hydrophobic cavities and interfaces. The high affinity is traced back to a hitherto underestimated driving force, the chaotropic effect, which is orthogonal to the common hydrophobic effect. This review focuses on the binding of large anions with water-soluble macrocyclic hosts, including cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, bambusurils, biotinurils, and other organic receptors. The high affinity of large anions to molecular receptors has been implemented in several lines of new applications, which are highlighted herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleel I Assaf
- Constructor University, School of Science, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, 19117 Al-Salt, Jordan.
| | - Werner M Nau
- Constructor University, School of Science, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
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3
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Perchlorate Solid-Contact Ion-Selective Electrode Based on Dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dodecabenzylbambus[6]uril (Bn12BU[6]) is an anion receptor that binds the perchlorate ion the most tightly (stability constant ~1010 M−1) of all anions due to the excellent match between the ion size in relation to the receptor cavity. This new bambusuril compound was used as an ionophore in the ion-selective membrane (ISM) to develop ion selective electrodes (ISEs) for determination of perchlorate concentration utilizing the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer film as a solid-contact material. Variation of the content of Bn12BU[6] and tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMACl) in the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)-based ISM was also tested. All the prepared solid-contact ISEs and their analytical performance were characterized by potentiometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronopotentiometry. The ISEs showed rapid response and a sub-Nernstian slope (~57 mV/decade) during potentiometric measurements in perchlorate solutions in the concentration range from 10−1 to 10−6 M simultaneously with their high stability and sufficient selectivity to other common inorganic anions like bromide, chloride, nitrate and sulphate. The function of the ISE was further verified by analysis of real water samples (lake, sea, and mineral water), which gave accurate and precise results.
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4
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Heravi T, Shen J, Johnson S, Asplund MC, Dearden DV. Halide Size-Selective Binding by Cucurbit[5]uril-Alkali Cation Complexes in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7803-7812. [PMID: 34492182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report data that suggest complexes with alkali cations capping the portals of cucurbit[5]uril (CB[5]) bind halide anions size-selectively as observed in the gas phase: Cl- binds inside the CB[5] cavity, Br- is observed both inside and outside, and I- binds weakly outside. This is reflected in sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID) experiments: all detected Cl- complexes dissociate at higher energies, and Br- complexes exhibit unusual bimodal dissociation behavior, with part of the ion population dissociating at very low energies and the remainder dissociating at significantly higher energies comparable to those observed for Cl-. Decoherence cross sections measured in SF6 using cross-sectional areas by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance techniques for [CB[5] + M2X]+ (M = Na, X = Cl or Br) are comparable to or less than that of [CB[5] + Na]+ over a wide energy range, suggesting that Cl- or Br- in these complexes are bound inside the CB[5] cavity. In contrast, [CB[5] + K2Br]+ has a cross section measured about 20% larger than that of [CB[5] + Na]+, suggesting external binding that may correspond with the weakly bound component seen in SORI. While I- complexes with alkali cation caps were not observed, alkaline earth iodides with CB[5] yielded complexes with cross sections 5-10% larger than that of [CB[5] + Na]+, suggesting externally bound iodide. Geometry optimization at the M06-2X/6-31+G* level of ab initio theory suggests that internal anion binding is energetically favored by approximately 50-200 kJ mol-1 over external binding; thus, the externally bound complexes observed experimentally must be due to large energetic barriers hindering the passing of large anions through the CB[5] portal, preventing access to the interior. Calculation of the barriers to anion egress using MMFF//M06-2X/6-31+G* theory supports this idea and suggests that the size-selective binding we observe is due to anion size-dependent differences in the barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Heravi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jiewen Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Spencer Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Matthew C Asplund
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - David V Dearden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Damyanov D, Nikolova V, Angelova S, Dudev T. Halide anion solvation and recognition by bambusurils: A DFT study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Yawer MA, Bano S, Saleem M, Yawer A, Hussain R, Imran M, Irfan A, Rauf A, Abu-Izneid T. Synthesis of urease inhibitory 2, 4-bis (4-cyanobenzyl)glycoluril using sandmeyer reaction and density functional theory investigation. Curr Org Synth 2021; 18:592-597. [PMID: 33441077 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210113162909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of present research was to synthesize glycoluril derivative 2,4-Bis(4-cyanobenzyl)glycoluril through convergent scheme. BACKGROUND For this purpose Sandmeyer reaction procedure was employed for the synthesis of said compound. The structure of the pure compound was confirmed by using different spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and (HR-MS) Mass spectrometry. OBJECTIVE Convergent synthesis of 2,4-BIS (4-CYANOBENZYL)GLYCOLURIL USING SANDMEYER REACTION and urease inhibition study. METHODS The structure of the pure compound was confirmed by using different spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and (HR-MS) Mass spectrometry. The electronic properties of newly synthesized compound and thiourea were determined by using density functional theory. RESULTS Furthermore compound was evaluated against urease enzyme and was found to be potent inhibitors with IC50 value of 11.5 ± 1.50 µM when compared with standard inhibitor thiourea (IC50 = 21.0 ± 1.90 µM). Compound may serve as lead compound for the synthesis of new cyano based bambusuril in future with enhanced biological properties. CONCLUSION We have synthesized a new glycoluril derivative 2,4-Bis(4-cyanobenzyl)glycoluril by the sandmeyer reaction. It has obtained in the form of light yellowish powder in good yield (96%). Glycoluril based macrocycles have been used in various fields. Starting from the 2,4-Bis(4-nitrobenzyl)glycoluril (already reported compound) which has undergone reduction (CH3OH,Pt/C) , diazotization (NaNO2/HCl), cyanation (CuCl/KCN) respectively in order to synthesize the desired new glycoluril derivative. The obtained product will be used as a building block for the synthesis of the cyano based bambusuril marcocycle in future. The yield of the obtained product has been monitored by using different amount of cyanating reagent but the best results shown by the use of 4 mmol of CuCl/KCN. KCN with CuCl assisted the conversion of diazo group into cyano group with enhanced yield when used in excess amount. It act as a catalyst. Solubility characteristic of 2,4-Bis(4-cyanobenzyl)glycoluril has determined also in different organic solvents. 1H NMR technique proved to be very helpful for the structure determination of our desired product. Benzylic protons give signals at 7.5 ppm and 7.8 ppm respectively. The downfield peaks confirm about the presence of CN group near the benzylic protons. Methine protons show signal at 5.2 ppm which ensures about the basic skeleton of glycoluril. Ureidyl protons also confirm the synthesis of the heterocyclic 2,4-Bis(4-cyanobenzyl)glycoluril compound. The negative and positive electrostatic potential sites, molecular descriptors, and charge density distribution of frontier molecular orbitals are revealing that 4a with promising sites for electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks would result to enhance the urease inhbition which is in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Arfan Yawer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Shehar Bano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology Johar Town C-II Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Affiefa Yawer
- Department of Chemistry & RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno. Czech Republic
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore. Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413. Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413. Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar-23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University of Science and Technology, Al Ain Campus. United Arab Emirates
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7
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Theoretical study on the complexation of the hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate, and hexafluoroantimonate anions with dodecabenzylbambus[6] uril. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Azazna D, Lafosse M, Rivollier J, Wang J, Cheikh IB, Meyer M, Thuéry P, Dognon JP, Huber G, Heck MP. Functionalization of Bambusurils by a Thiol-Ene Click Reaction and a Facile Method for the Preparation of Anion-Free Bambus[6]urils. Chemistry 2018; 24:10793-10801. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Djamille Azazna
- SCBM, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Marine Lafosse
- SCBM, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Julie Rivollier
- SCBM, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Jialan Wang
- SCBM, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Imen Ben Cheikh
- SCBM, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Michel Meyer
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, CNRS; Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté; 9 avenue Alain Savary, BP 47870 21078 Dijon cedex France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- NIMBE, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | | | - Gaspard Huber
- NIMBE, CEA; Université Paris-Saclay; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Reany
- Department of Natural Sciences; The Open University of Israel; 1 University Rd Ra'anana 43537 Israel
| | - Amar Mohite
- Department of Natural Sciences; The Open University of Israel; 1 University Rd Ra'anana 43537 Israel
| | - Ehud Keinan
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 32000 Israel
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lizal
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sindelar
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
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11
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Cova TF, Nunes SC, Valente AJ, Pinho e Melo TM, Pais AA. Properties and patterns in anion-receptors: A closer look at bambusurils. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Fiala T, Ludvíková L, Heger D, Švec J, Slanina T, Vetráková L, Babiak M, Nečas M, Kulhánek P, Klán P, Sindelar V. Bambusuril as a One-Electron Donor for Photoinduced Electron Transfer to Methyl Viologen in Mixed Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2597-2603. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Fiala
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Ludvíková
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Švec
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L’ubica Vetráková
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Babiak
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC
- Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for
Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Nečas
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kulhánek
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC
- Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for
Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sindelar
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Singh M, Solel E, Keinan E, Reany O. Aza-Bambusurils En Route to Anion Transporters. Chemistry 2016; 22:8848-54. [PMID: 27225332 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous calculations of anion binding with various bambusuril analogs predicted that the replacement of oxygen by nitrogen atoms to produce semiaza-bambus[6]urils would award these new cavitands with multiple anion binding properties. This study validates the hypothesis by efficient synthesis, crystallography, thermogravimetric analysis and calorimetry. These unique host molecules are easily accessible from the corresponding semithio-bambusurils in a one-pot reaction, which converts a single anion receptor into a potential anion channel. Solid-state structures exhibit simultaneous accommodation of three anions, linearly positioned within the cavity along the main symmetry axis. The ability to hold anions at a short distance of about 4 Å is reminiscent of natural chloride channels in E. coli, which exhibit similar distances between their adjacent anion binding sites. The calculated transition-state energy for double-anion movement through the channel suggests that although these host-guest complexes are thermodynamically stable they enjoy high kinetic flexibility to render them efficient anion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, P.O. Box 808, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel
| | - Ephrath Solel
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Ehud Keinan
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 32000, Israel. .,Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology and Department of Chemistry, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P. R. China.
| | - Ofer Reany
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 1 University Road, P.O. Box 808, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel.
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14
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Theoretical Studies on Hydrogen Bonds in Anions Encapsulated by an Azamacrocyclic Receptor. CRYSTALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst6030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Syntheses and complexing ability of α-d-gluco- and α-d-xylofuranoside-based lariat ethers. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-016-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Fiala
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Gilberg L, Zhang B, Zavalij PY, Sindelar V, Isaacs L. Acyclic cucurbit[n]uril-type molecular containers: influence of glycoluril oligomer length on their function as solubilizing agents. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4041-50. [PMID: 25731639 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00184f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis of a series of six new glycoluril derived molecular clips and acyclic CB[n]-type molecular containers (1–3) that all feature SO3(−) solubilizing groups but differ in the number of glycoluril rings between the two terminal dialkoxyaromatic sidewalls. We report the X-ray crystal structure of 3b which shows that its dialkoxynaphthalene sidewalls actively define a hydrophobic cavity with high potential to engage in π–π interactions with insoluble aromatic guests. Compounds 1–3 possess very good solubility characteristics (≥38 mM) and undergo only very weak self-association (Ks < 92 M(−1)) in water. The weak self-association is attributed to unfavorable SO3(−)···SO3(−) electrostatic interactions in the putative dimers 12–42. Accordingly, we created phase solubility diagrams to study their ability to act as solubilizing agents for four water insoluble drugs (PBS-1086, camptothecin, β-estradiol, and ziprasidone). We find that the containers 3a and 3b which feature three glycoluril rings between the terminal dialkoxy-o-xylylene and dialkoxynaphthalene sidewalls are less efficient solubilizing agents than 4a and 4b because of their smaller hydrophobic cavities. Containers 1 and 2 behave as molecular clip type receptors and therefore possess the ability to bind to and thereby solubilize aromatic drugs like camptothecin, ziprasidone, and PBS-1086.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gilberg
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Havel V, Sindelar V. Anion Binding Inside a Bambus[6]uril Macrocycle in Chloroform. Chempluschem 2015; 80:1601-1606. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Havel
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sindelar
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
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Öeren M, Shmatova E, Tamm T, Aav R. Computational and ion mobility MS study of (all-S)-cyclohexylhemicucurbit[6]uril structure and complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:19198-205. [PMID: 25046516 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02202e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A computational study of (all-S)-cyclohexylhemicucurbit[6]uril and its complexes with anions (Cl(-), Br(-), I(-) and HCOO(-)), the proton (H(+)) and non-dissociated acid (HCl, HBr, HI and HCOOH) guests was performed. The geometries of guest-host complexes were optimized via density functional theory using the BP86 functional, SV(P) basis set and Stuttgart pseudopotentials for iodide. Binding affinities and their trends were evaluated at the BP86/TZVPD level of theory. In addition, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules was used to gain insight into guest-host interactions. A computational study in the gas phase and ion-mobility mass-spectrometry analysis revealed that the studied macrocycle formed inclusion complexes with anions. Protonation of the macrocycle is preferred at the nitrogen atom pointing inside of the cavity. In the studied conditions, non-dissociated acids formed complexes at the oxygen atom pointing outside of the macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Öeren
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
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20
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Ahmed L, Rhaman MM, Mendy JS, Wang J, Fronczek FR, Powell DR, Leszczynski J, Hossain MA. Experimental and theoretical studies on halide binding with a p-xylyl-based azamacrocycle. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:383-94. [PMID: 25517862 PMCID: PMC4298355 DOI: 10.1021/jp511040p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A p-xylyl-based macrocycle L has been synthesized and its binding properties with halides have been investigated by (1)H NMR titrations, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. As investigated by (1)H NMR titrations, the ligand preferentially binds a halide in a 1:2 binding mode, with the association constants (in log K2) of 2.82, 2.70, 2.28, and 2.20 for fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide, respectively. The overall binding trend was found to be in the order of fluoride > chloride > bromide > iodide, reflecting that the binding strength correlates with the relative basicity and size of the respective halide. Crystallographic studies indicate that the ligand forms 1:2 complexes with chloride, bromide and iodide. In the chloride complex, the ligand is hexaprotonated and each chloride is held via three NH···Cl(-) bonds. The ligand is tetraprotonated for the other complexes, where each halide is H-bonded to two secondary ammonium NH(+) groups via NH···X(-) bonds. The results of DFT calculations performed on [H6L](6+) at M062x/6-311G (d,p) level in both gas and solvent phases, suggest that the ligand binds halides with the binding energy in the order of F(-) > Cl(-) > Br(-) > I(-), supporting the experimental data obtained from (1)H NMR studies. Results from DFT calculations further indicate that a 1:2 binding is energetically more favorable than a 1:1 binding of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University , Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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Assaf KI, Nau WM. Cucurbiturils: from synthesis to high-affinity binding and catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:394-418. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 922] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Major developments in the synthesis of cucurbiturils and applications related to their high-affinity binding and catalysis have recently taken place.
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22
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Havel V, Yawer MA, Sindelar V. Real-time analysis of multiple anion mixtures in aqueous media using a single receptor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4666-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bambusuril macrocycles allow qualitative and quantitative sensing of anion mixtures in water using 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Havel
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Masaryk University
- 625 00 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Mirza Arfan Yawer
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Masaryk University
- 625 00 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Sindelar
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Masaryk University
- 625 00 Brno
- Czech Republic
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23
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Yawer MA, Havel V, Sindelar V. A bambusuril macrocycle that binds anions in water with high affinity and selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:276-9. [PMID: 25385515 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic receptors that function in water are important for the qualitative and quantitative detection of anions, which may act as pollutants in the environment or play important roles in biological processes. Neutral receptors are particularly appealing because they are often more selective than positively charged receptors; however, their affinity towards anions in pure water is only in range of 1-10(3) L mol(-1) . The anion-templated synthesis of a water-soluble bambusuril derivative is shown to be an outstanding receptor for various inorganic anions in pure water, with association constants of up to 10(7) L mol(-1) . Furthermore, the macrocycle discriminates between anions with unprecedented selectivity (up to 500 000-fold). We anticipate that the combination of remarkable affinity and selectivity of this macrocycle will enable the efficient detection and isolation of diverse anions in aqueous solutions, which is not possible with current supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Arfan Yawer
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno (Czech Republic)
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24
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Yawer MA, Havel V, Sindelar V. A Bambusuril Macrocycle that Binds Anions in Water with High Affinity and Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Arfan Yawer
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Vaclav Havel
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Vladimir Sindelar
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno (Czech Republic)
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25
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Havel V, Sindelar V, Necas M, Kaifer AE. Water-mediated inclusion of benzoates and tosylates inside the bambusuril macrocycle. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1372-4. [PMID: 24345867 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular complex between benzoates and a bambusuril crystallizes out immediately after mixing in chloroform but only in the presence of residual water molecules. In this complex each of the two portals of the macrocycle is occupied by one benzoate. Carboxylate groups are connected through hydrogen bonding interactions with one molecule of water positioned between them in the center of the bambusuril cavity. Similar water assisted host-guest behavior was also observed when tosylates instead of benzoates were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Havel
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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26
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Fomitšenko M, Shmatova E, Öeren M, Järving I, Aav R. New homologues of chiral cyclohexylhemicucurbit[n]urils. Supramol Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2014.926362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fomitšenko
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Elena Shmatova
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mario Öeren
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ivar Järving
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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27
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28
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Denis PA, Gancheff JS. Coupled cluster and density functional investigation of the hydrogen bond between halides, paraffines, olefins, and alkynes. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Lemaur V, Carroy G, Poussigue F, Chirot F, De Winter J, Isaacs L, Dugourd P, Cornil J, Gerbaux P. Homotropic Allosterism: In-Depth Structural Analysis of the Gas-Phase Noncovalent Complexes Associating a Double-Cavity Cucurbit[n]uril-Type Host and Size-Selected Protonated Amino Compounds. Chempluschem 2013; 78:959-969. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Czirok JB, Jágerszki G, Tóth K, Révész Á, Drahos L, Bitter I. Click synthesis of triazole-linked calix[4]arene ionophores. Potentiometric and ESI-MS screening of ion-selectivity. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-013-0289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Rivollier J, Thuéry P, Heck MP. Extension of the Bambus[n]uril Family: Microwave Synthesis and Reactivity of Allylbambus[n]urils. Org Lett 2013; 15:480-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol303277u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- CEA-iBiTecS, SCBM, Bât. 547, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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32
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Phillips HIA, Chernikov AV, Fletcher NC, Ashcroft AE, Ault JR, Filby MH, Wilson AJ. The use of electrospray mass spectrometry to determine speciation in a dynamic combinatorial library for anion recognition. Chemistry 2012; 18:13733-42. [PMID: 22996943 PMCID: PMC3569615 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The composition of a dynamic mixture of similar 2,2'-bipyridine complexes of iron(II) bearing either an amide (5-benzylamido-2,2'-bipyridine and 5-(2-methoxyethane)amido-2,2'-bipyridine) or an ester (2,2'-bipyridine-5-carboxylic acid benzylester and 2,2'-bipyridine-5-carboxylic acid 2-methoxyethane ester) side chain have been evaluated by electrospray mass spectroscopy in acetonitrile. The time taken for the complexes to come to equilibrium appears to be dependent on the counteranion, with chloride causing a rapid redistribution of two preformed heteroleptic complexes (of the order of 1 hour), whereas the time it takes in the presence of tetrafluoroborate salts is in excess of 24 h. Similarly the final distribution of products is dependent on the anion present, with the presence of chloride, and to a lesser extent bromide, preferring three amide-functionalized ligands, and a slight preference for an appended benzyl over a methoxyethyl group. Furthermore, for the first time, this study shows that the distribution of a dynamic library of metal complexes monitored by ESI-MS can adapt following the introduction of a different anion, in this case tetrabutylammonium chloride to give the most favoured heteroleptic complex despite the increasing ionic strength of the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel I A Phillips
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University BelfastStranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG (UK)
| | - Aleksey V Chernikov
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University BelfastStranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG (UK)
| | - Nicholas C Fletcher
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University BelfastStranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG (UK)
| | - Alison E Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds InstitutionWoodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - James R Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds InstitutionWoodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Maria H Filby
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds InstitutionWoodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT (UK)
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds InstitutionWoodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT (UK)
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds InstitutionWoodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT (UK)
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33
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Tsybizova A, Tarábek J, Buchta M, Holý P, Schröder D. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric investigations of the complexation behavior of macrocyclic thiacrown ethers with bivalent transitional metals (Cu, Co, Ni and Zn). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2287-2294. [PMID: 22956320 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Heavy metals are both a problem for the environment and an important resource for industry. Their selective extraction by means of organic ligands therefore is an attractive topic. The coordination of three thiacrown ethers to late 3d-metal ions was investigated by a combination of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). METHODS The mass spectrometric experiments were carried out in an ion trap mass spectrometer with an ESI source. Absolute binding constants were estimated by comparison with data for 18-crown-6/Na(+). EPR spectroscopy was used as a complementary method for investigating the Cu(I) /Cu(II) redox couple. RESULTS The study found that thiacrown ethers preferentially bind traces of copper even at an excess of other metal ions (Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II)). The absolute association constants of the Cu(I) complexes were about 10(8) M(-1), and about two orders of magnitude lower for the other 3d-metal cations. The EPR spectra demonstrated that the reduction from Cu(II) to Cu(I) upon formation of the [(thiacrown)Cu](+) species takes place in solution. CONCLUSIONS ESI-MS demonstrated that the three thiacrown ligands examined had high binding constants as well as good selectivities for copper(I) at low concentrations, and in the presence of other metal ions. By a combination of ESI-MS and EPR spectrometry it was shown that the reduction from Cu(II) to Cu(I) occurred in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsybizova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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34
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Schröder D. Applications of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in mechanistic studies and catalysis research. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1521-32. [PMID: 22702223 DOI: 10.1021/ar3000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies form the basis for a better understanding of chemical processes, helping researchers develop more sustainable reactions by increasing the yields of the desired products, reducing waste production, and lowering the consumption of resources and energy overall. Conventional methods for the investigation of reaction mechanisms in solution include kinetic studies, isotope labeling, trapping of reactive intermediates, and advanced spectroscopic techniques. Within the past decade, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has provided an additional tool for mechanistic studies because researchers can directly probe liquid samples by mass spectrometry under gentle conditions. Specifically, ESI-MS allows researchers to identify the molecular entities present in solution over the course of a chemical transformation. ESI-MS is particularly useful for investigations of organic reactions or metal catalysis that involve ionic intermediates. Accordingly, researchers are increasingly using ESI-MS in mechanistic studies and catalyst development. However, a further understanding of the ESI process and how it can facilitate mechanistic studies has not accompanied this increased use of the technique. Therefore, at least in part the ESI-MS method not only has offered great promise for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms but also became a black box with the occasional risk of misinterpretation. In this Account, we summarize applications of ESI-MS for synthetic and mechanistic research. Recently researchers have established direct linkages between gas-phase data obtained via ESI-MS and processes occurring in solution, and these results reveal qualitative and quantitative correlations between ESI-MS measurements and solution properties. In this context, time dependences, concentration series, and counterion effects can serve as criteria that allow researchers assess if the gas-phase measurements correlate with the situation in the solution. Furthermore, we report developments that bridge the gap between gas-phase and solution-phase studies. We also describe predictions derived from ESI-MS that have been verified with solution-phase chemistry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schröder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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35
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Schröder D, Buděšínský M, Roithová J. Deprotonation of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid: Does Electrospray Ionization Sample Solution or Gas-Phase Structures? J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15897-905. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Schröder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2,
16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flemingovo nám. 2,
16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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36
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Tsybizova A, Rulíšek L, Schröder D, Rokob TA. Coordination and Bond Activation in Complexes of Regioisomeric Phenylpyridines with the Nickel(II) Chloride Cation in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:1171-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3052455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsybizova
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - Detlef Schröder
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor András Rokob
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague
6, Czech Republic
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37
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Evans JD, Hollis CA, Hack S, Gentleman AS, Hoffmann P, Buntine MA, Sumby CJ. Anion−π Interactions of Hexaaryl[3]radialenes. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:8001-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301464s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Evans
- School of
Chemistry and Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Courtney A. Hollis
- School of
Chemistry and Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra Hack
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark A. Buntine
- Department
of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth,
Australia
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- School of
Chemistry and Physics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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38
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Severa L, Jirásek M, Švec P, Teplý F, Révész Á, Schröder D, Koval D, Kašička V, Císařová I, Šaman D. Counterion-Induced Inversion of Conformer Stability of a [5]Helquat Dication. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Jaklová Dytrtová J, Jakl M, Schröder D. Complexation of malic acid with cadmium(II) probed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 90:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Schröder D. Ion clustering in electrospray mass spectrometry of brine and other electrolyte solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6382-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40586e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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