1
|
Lu H, Kong W, Zhang C, Wang J, Li X. The kinetic model of cyclohexene-air combustion over a wide temperature range. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39907-39916. [PMID: 35494125 PMCID: PMC9044623 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclohexene is an important intermediate during the combustion process of hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels. In view of the lack of study on the combustion of cyclohexene in air, an experimental and modeling study is performed to investigate the chemistry of cyclohexene–air mixtures under a wide temperature range. The shock tube experiments are conducted at pressures of 2 and 10 atm with equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 to determine the ignition delay times. The ignition data under 10 atm cover a wide temperature range varying from a low temperature of 770 K to a high temperature of 1222 K. No typical negative-temperature-coefficient is observed, but the ignition at low temperatures is shorter than the extrapolation at high temperatures. A detailed kinetic model of cyclohexene oxidation is proposed based on the low temperature mechanism of 1,3-cyclohexadiene and the existing high temperature mechanism of cyclohexene. The developed model reproduces the ignition delay times in air well, but it over predicts the ignition delays in argon conditions at higher temperatures. Sensitivity analyses under different temperatures and equivalence ratios are carried out to identify the key reactions affecting ignition. The reactions of H + O2 = O + OH and hydrogen abstraction reaction of cyclohexene with oxygen (CYHEXEN + O2 = CYHEXEN-3J + HO2) explain the change of ignition delay time of cyclohexene with equivalence ratios. Flux analysis gives the change of main reaction pathways under wide temperatures and different pressures. The retro-Diels–Alder reaction as the most important consumption channel of cyclohexene at the pressure of 2 atm and temperature of 1350 K is greatly suppressed when the pressure is increased to 10 atm, while the hydrogen abstraction reaction becomes the main consumption channel of cyclohexene at the high pressure. The proposed kinetic model for cyclohexene oxidation can be used to develop models of hydrocarbon and oxygenated fuels. The model developed in this work provides a better understanding for the combustion chemistry of cyclohexene. Flux analysis gives the change of main reaction pathways under wide temperatures and different pressures.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China .,Engineering Research Center of Combustion and Cooling for Aerospace Power, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Wenhui Kong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China .,Engineering Research Center of Combustion and Cooling for Aerospace Power, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Changhua Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Combustion and Cooling for Aerospace Power, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China .,Engineering Research Center of Combustion and Cooling for Aerospace Power, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Xiangyuan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China .,Engineering Research Center of Combustion and Cooling for Aerospace Power, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Accidental Combustion Phenomena at Cryogenic Conditions. SAFETY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/safety7040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented state of the art can be intended as an overview of the current understandings and the remaining challenges on the phenomenological aspects involving systems operating at ultra-low temperature, which typically characterize the cryogenic fuels, i.e., liquefied natural gas and liquefied hydrogen. To this aim, thermodynamic, kinetic, and technological aspects were included and integrated. Either experimental or numerical techniques currently available for the evaluation of safety parameters and the overall reactivity of systems at cryogenic temperatures were discussed. The main advantages and disadvantages of different alternatives were compared. Theoretical background and suitable models were reported given possible implementation to the analyzed conditions. Attention was paid to models describing peculiar phenomena mainly relevant at cryogenic temperatures (e.g., para-to-ortho transformation and thermal stratification in case of accidental release) as well as critical aspects involving standard phenomena (e.g., ultra-low temperature combustion and evaporation rate).
Collapse
|
3
|
Detailed kinetic mechanism for the hydrogen production via the oxidative reforming of ethanol. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
4
|
Xu SM, Sun XH, Zong WG, Li ZR, Li XY. Kinetic Analysis for Reaction of Cyclopentadiene with Hydroperoxyl Radical under Low- and Medium-Temperature Combustion. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8280-8291. [PMID: 32924506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic data of cyclopentadiene C5H6 oxidation reactions are significant for the construction of aromatics oxidation mechanism because cyclopentadiene C5H6 has been proved to be an important intermediate in the aromatics combustion. Kinetics for the elementary reactions on the potential energy surface (PES) relevant for the C5H6 + HO2 reaction are studied in this work. Stationary points on the PES are calculated by employing the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. High-pressure limit and pressure-dependent rate constants for elementary reactions on this PES are calculated using conventional transition state theory (TST), variational transition-state theory (VTST) and Rice-Ramsberger-Kassel-Marcus/master equation (RRKM/ME) theory. In this work, the reaction channels for the C5H6 + HO2 reaction, which include H-abstraction channels from C5H6 by HO2 to form the C5H5 + H2O2 and the addition channels through well-skipping pathways to form the bimolecular products C5H7 + O2 or C5H6O + OH, or through C5H7O2 stabilization and its unimolecular decomposition to form the bimolecular products C5H7 + O2 or C5H6O + OH, namely sequential pathways, are studied. Also, the consuming reaction channels for the compounds C5H6O and C5H7 in the addition products are studied. The dominant reaction channels for these reactions are unraveled through comparing the energy barriers and rate constants of all elementary reactions and it is found: (1) HO2 addition to cyclopentadiene C5H6 is more important than direct H-abstraction. (2) in the HO2 addition channels, the well-skipping pathways and sequential pathways are competing and the well-skipping pathways will be favor in the higher pressures and the sequential pathways will be favor in the higher temperature. (3) The major consumption reaction channel for the five-member-ring compound C5H6O is the reaction channel to form C4H6 + CO and the major consumption reaction channel for the five-member-ring compound C5H7 is the reaction channel to form C3H5 + C2H2. High-pressure limit rate constants and pressure-dependent rate constants for elementary reactions on the PES are calculated, which will be useful in modeling the oxidation of aromatic compounds at low- and medium-temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Min Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Gang Zong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Rong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yuan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Combustion and Cooling for Aerospace Power, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao XM, Li ZR, Wang JB, Li XY. Rate rules for hydrogen abstraction reaction kinetics of alkenes from allylic sites by HO2 radical. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
6
|
Pelucchi M, Cavallotti C, Faravelli T, Klippenstein SJ. H-Abstraction reactions by OH, HO 2, O, O 2 and benzyl radical addition to O 2 and their implications for kinetic modelling of toluene oxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10607-10627. [PMID: 29387837 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07779c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkylated aromatics constitute a significant fraction of the components commonly found in commercial fuels. Toluene is typically considered as a reference fuel. Together with n-heptane and iso-octane, it allows for realistic emulations of the behavior of real fuels by the means of surrogate mixture formulations. Moreover, it is a key precursor for the formation of poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, which are of relevance to understanding soot growth and oxidation mechanisms. In this study the POLIMI kinetic model is first updated based on the literature and on recent kinetic modelling studies of toluene pyrolysis and oxidation. Then, important reaction pathways are investigated by means of high-level theoretical methods, thereby advancing the present knowledge on toluene oxidation. H-Abstraction reactions by OH, HO2, O and O2, and the reactivity on the multi well benzyl-oxygen (C6H5CH2 + O2) potential energy surface (PES) were investigated using electronic structure calculations, transition state theory in its conventional, variational, and variable reaction coordinate forms (VRC-TST), and master equation calculations. Exploration of the effect on POLIMI model performance of literature rate constants and of the present calculations provides valuable guidelines for implementation of the new rate parameters in existing toluene kinetic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pelucchi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chan B, Simmie JM. Barriometry – an enhanced database of accurate barrier heights for gas-phase reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:10732-10740. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp08045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of many reactions are critically dependent upon the barrier heights for which accurate determination can be difficult. More than 100 accurate barriers are obtained with the high-level W3X-L composite procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagasaki University
- Nagasaki 852-8521
- Japan
| | - John M. Simmie
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland
- Galway
- Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cagnina S, Nicolle A, de Bruin T, Georgievskii Y, Klippenstein SJ. First-Principles Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Methyl trans-3-Hexenoate Epoxidation by HO 2. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1909-1915. [PMID: 28207262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design of innovative combustion processes relies on a comprehensive understanding of biodiesel oxidation kinetics. The present study aims at unraveling the reaction mechanism involved in the epoxidation of a realistic biodiesel surrogate, methyl trans-3-hexenoate, by hydroperoxy radicals using a bottom-up theoretical kinetics methodology. The obtained rate constants are in good agreement with experimental data for alkene epoxidation by HO2. The impact of temperature and pressure on epoxidation pathways involving H-bonded and non-H-bonded conformers was assessed. The obtained rate constant was finally implemented into a state-of-the-art detailed combustion mechanism, resulting in fairly good agreement with engine experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cagnina
- IFP Energies Nouvelles , Engine and Vehicle Modeling Department, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France.,Institut Carnot IFPEN Transports Energie , 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France
| | - A Nicolle
- IFP Energies Nouvelles , Engine and Vehicle Modeling Department, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France.,Institut Carnot IFPEN Transports Energie , 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France
| | - T de Bruin
- IFP Energies Nouvelles , Thermodynamics and Molecular Modeling Department, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France
| | - Y Georgievskii
- Argonne National Laboratory , Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - S J Klippenstein
- Argonne National Laboratory , Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo J, Tang S, Tan N. Theoretical and kinetic study of the reaction of C2H3 + HO2 on the C2H3O2H potential energy surface. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07734c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically investigate the C2H3 + HO2 reaction combined with conventional transition state theory, variable reaction coordinate transition state theory and Rice–Ramsberger–Kassel–Marcus/master-equation theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjiang Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Guizhou Institute of Technology
- Guiyang 550003
- PR China
| | - Shiyun Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Guizhou Institute of Technology
- Guiyang 550003
- PR China
| | - Ningxin Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ali MA, Sonk JA, Barker JR. Predicted Chemical Activation Rate Constants for HO2 + CH2NH: The Dominant Role of a Hydrogen-Bonded Pre-reactive Complex. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7060-70. [PMID: 27529639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Akbar Ali
- Department of Climate and
Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, United States
| | - Jason A. Sonk
- Department of Climate and
Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, United States
| | - John R. Barker
- Department of Climate and
Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ning H, Gong C, Li Z, Li X. Pressure-Dependent Kinetics of Initial Reactions in Iso-octane Pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4093-107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HongBo Ning
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - ChunMing Gong
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZeRong Li
- College
of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
| | - XiangYuan Li
- College
of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo J, Xu J, Li Z, Tan N, Li X. Temperature and pressure dependent rate coefficients for the reaction of C2H4 + HO2 on the C2H4O2H potential energy surface. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3161-70. [PMID: 25774424 DOI: 10.1021/jp511991n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surface (PES) for reaction C2H4 + HO2 was examined by using the quantum chemical methods. All rates were determined computationally using the CBS-QB3 composite method combined with conventional transition state theory(TST), variational transition-state theory (VTST) and Rice-Ramsberger-Kassel-Marcus/master-equation (RRKM/ME) theory. The geometries optimization and the vibrational frequency analysis of reactants, transition states, and products were performed at the B3LYP/CBSB7 level. The composite CBS-QB3 method was applied for energy calculations. The major product channel of reaction C2H4 + HO2 is the formation C2H4O2H via an OH(···)π complex with 3.7 kcal/mol binding energy which exhibits negative-temperature dependence. We further investigated the reactions related to this complex, which were ignored in previous studies. Thermochemical properties of the species involved in the reactions were determined using the CBS-QB3 method, and enthalpies of formation of species were compared with literature values. The calculated rate constants are in good agreement with those available from literature and given in modified Arrhenius equation form, which are serviceable in combustion modeling of hydrocarbons. Finally, in order to illustrate the effect for low-temperature ignition of our new rate constants, we have implemented them into the existing mechanisms, which can predict ethylene ignition in a shock tube with better performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JunJiang Guo
- †College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - JiaQi Xu
- ‡College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - ZeRong Li
- ‡College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - NingXin Tan
- †College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - XiangYuan Li
- †College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Villano SM, Carstensen HH, Dean AM. Rate Rules, Branching Ratios, and Pressure Dependence of the HO2 + Olefin Addition Channels. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6458-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405262r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Villano
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Hans-Heinrich Carstensen
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Anthony M. Dean
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado
School of Mines, Golden Colorado 80301, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Glowacki DR, Liang CH, Morley C, Pilling MJ, Robertson SH. MESMER: An Open-Source Master Equation Solver for Multi-Energy Well Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9545-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liang
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT,
U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Villano SM, Huynh LK, Carstensen HH, Dean AM. High-Pressure Rate Rules for Alkyl + O2 Reactions. 2. The Isomerization, Cyclic Ether Formation, and β-Scission Reactions of Hydroperoxy Alkyl Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5068-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3023887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Villano
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80301, United
States
| | - Lam K. Huynh
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80301, United
States
| | - Hans-Heinrich Carstensen
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80301, United
States
| | - Anthony M. Dean
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80301, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
da Silva G, Kirk BB, Lloyd C, Trevitt AJ, Blanksby SJ. Concerted HO2 Elimination from α-Aminoalkylperoxyl Free Radicals: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence from the Gas-Phase NH2(•)CHCO2(-) + O2 Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:805-811. [PMID: 26286401 DOI: 10.1021/jz300118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the gas-phase reaction of the α-aminoacetate (glycyl) radical anion (NH2(•)CHCO2(-)) with O2 using ion trap mass spectrometry, quantum chemistry, and statistical reaction rate theory. This radical is found to undergo a remarkably rapid reaction with O2 to form the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2(•)) and an even-electron imine (NHCHCO2(-)), with experiments and master equation simulations revealing that reaction proceeds at the ion-molecule collision rate. This reaction is facilitated by a low-energy concerted HO2(•) elimination mechanism in the NH2CH(OO(•))CO2(-) peroxyl radical. These findings can explain the widely observed free-radical-mediated oxidation of simple amino acids to amides plus α-keto acids (their imine hydrolysis products). This work also suggests that imines will be the main intermediates in the atmospheric oxidation of primary and secondary amines, including amine carbon capture solvents such as 2-aminoethanol (commonly known as monoethanolamine, or MEA), in a process that avoids the ozone-promoting conversion of (•)NO to (•)NO2 commonly encountered in peroxyl radical chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel da Silva
- †Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Benjamin B Kirk
- ‡ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Celli Lloyd
- ‡ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- ‡ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- ‡ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|